冷链流通过程中水产品低温保鲜技术研究进展

如何较好地维持水产品的鲜度和营养价值一直是研究的热点。目前的水产品流通过程中,低温保鲜仍是最常用的保鲜技术。本文介绍了影响冷链储运过程中水产品品质的因素,对冷藏、冷海水、冰温、微冻、冻藏等低温保鲜技术的原理、特点以及最新研究进展进行综述。指出了它们在冷链流通中存在的技术问题,并对未来低温保鲜的发展趋势作出展望。     

辐照保鲜技术对肉类及其制品影响的研究现状

文中简述了辐照保鲜技术的原理与特点,详细综述了辐照保鲜技术对肉类与肉制品中碳水化合物,蛋白质、脂肪和其他成分及感官品质的影响;对其安全性作了总结,并展望了辐照食品保鲜技术的发展方向。     

气调包装技术在肉类保鲜中的应用和研究进展

气调包装是目前在肉类产品保鲜中应用较广的先进技术,文章对气调包装保鲜的机理、气体组成和主要影响因素进行介绍,详细阐述了气调包装技术目前国外的研究进展。以期为肉类保鲜以及促进肉类产业发展提供有益参考。     

鸡肉品质评价与贮藏保鲜研究进展

肉类是人类饮食中的重要组成部分，其中富含的蛋白质是人体健康的必需物质，然而肉品极易腐败，因此其贮藏保鲜成为了重要课题。鸡肉是我国禽肉中最主要的肉类之一，富含脂肪、蛋白质、无机盐等营养成分，其中任一成分的变质都可能影响肉品的食用价值。本文以鸡肉质量和鲜度为参照，分析影响肉品新鲜的因素和肉质变化机理，并结合导致肉品变质的主要因素，如微生物污染、脂肪氧化和蛋白质氧化，从温度、包装、保鲜剂以及其他相关的保鲜技术对肉品保鲜进行论述，以期为探寻新型鸡肉保鲜方法提供参考。     

美国红鱼保鲜技术的研究进展

美国红鱼属高蛋白低脂肪鱼类,其呈味氨基酸百分含量与其他鱼类相比较高,味道鲜美,常被制成生鱼片。生食对鱼肉的鲜度品质有极高要求,因此,对美国红鱼品质保鲜技术进行研究,探讨其未来的发展趋势,对延长红鱼货架期具有重要意义。本文主要综述了红鱼现有的保鲜技术,并结合其他生食海产品的保鲜方法,将气调包装结合低温保鲜等复合保鲜方式作为今后贮藏美国红鱼的研究方向。     

肉类保鲜技术的研究

肉类保鲜技术随着科学技术的发展，其领域也在不断扩展，到上前为止已经有了多种肉类保鲜技术，本文详尽地阐述了低温，降低水分活性，降低ｐＨ值，直实气调包装，天然防腐剂，辐射等肉类保鲜技术的原理和机制作用。     

电磁场辅助低温处理对肉品质影响的研究进展

低温贮藏是肉及肉制品最常规的保鲜方法。肉制品在冷藏、冷冻及解冻过程中,因微生物侵染、汁液流失、蛋白质变性等原因导致肉的品质下降。为防止肉制品在贮藏、销售中的品质劣变,近年来研究人员对电场、磁场辅助低温对肉制品的保鲜技术进行相关研究。该文详细阐述目前电磁场辅助低温处理在肉制品保鲜上的应用现状,以及该技术面临的挑战和问题,初步探究电场、磁场以及电场-磁场组合技术在肉制品保鲜领域的应用前景,旨在为肉制品低温保鲜技术的发展与突破提供参考。     

辐照技术在肉及肉制品中的应用研究进展

肉及肉制品辐照是一种利用高能电离射线提高安全性和延长货架期的非热杀菌技术,能够有效杀灭腐败微生物,延长肉及肉制品的保质期。以往的研究主要侧重于辐照处理对肉制品的杀菌保鲜效应及效果,以及辐照对肉类蛋白和脂质氧化的影响规律。近几年研究发现,辐照在达到保鲜目的的同时,通过协同其他技术能保持和改善肉类营养成分和品质特性,凸显出了良好的应用前景,特别是中式菜和糜类等预制菜领域。本文综述了食品辐照技术在肉制品保鲜的应用和对品质质构特性的影响,提出了利用抗氧化技术,可食用涂层和气调包装等辅助工艺来保持或提高肉制品原有品质和风味的建议,同时也是往后研究食品辐照科学的一个热点趋势,以期为辐照技术在肉品产业化科学应用提供参考。     

纳米技术在肉类保鲜中的应用研究进展

肉品保鲜技术能够延缓肉品氧化反应及其腐败变质，提高肉品品质和安全性。常用的保鲜方法可分为物理保鲜方法和化学保鲜方法，其中物理保鲜技术是一种有效抑制细菌或杀死细菌的保鲜方法，然而其成本高、操作复杂、难以把控；化学保鲜方法成本低、保鲜效果好，但存在潜在毒性等问题。纳米材料因其特殊结构引起表面效应、小尺寸效应、量子尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应的特性可减少保鲜剂的使用，并提高保鲜剂的作用效果。纳米技术在肉类保鲜中已有应用并呈现良好保鲜效果，因此利用纳米技术有望开发出低成本、高效、安全的保鲜方法。本文对肉品保鲜中常用纳米技术进行介绍，综述纳米技术在肉类保鲜中的应用，并对纳米技术在肉类保鲜中的应用进行展望。     

低温保鲜对水产品蛋白质品质的影响及其调控技术研究进展

水产品蛋白质含量较高且口感及风味独特,极大丰富了消费者的日常饮食。然而水产品捕捞后贮藏期间易腐败变质,低温保藏是最主要的保鲜方式之一。但是低温会造成其主要营养成分——蛋白质的损伤从而导致品质下降。为提高低温保鲜效果,减少贮藏过程中的蛋白质损伤,可利用低温保鲜技术与辅助技术联用来提高水产品品质的稳定性。该文阐述低温对水产品蛋白质结构与功能的影响,总结低温保鲜过程中蛋白质品质的调控方法,以期为水产品的贮藏保鲜技术提供理论依据。     

非热杀菌技术在低温鸡肉制品致病菌控制中的应用研究进展

由于低温鸡肉制品具有较好的感官品质,能够保留鸡肉原有的营养,成为我国肉制品发展的一个趋势。低温鸡肉制品水分含量和pH值较高,在加工和贮藏过程中极易受到食源性致病菌的污染,影响产品的质量安全,甚至引发食源性疾病,因此采用合适的杀菌技术来解决致病菌的污染是低温鸡肉制品贮藏保鲜需要解决的关键问题。由于热杀菌技术不适合用于低温鸡肉制品的灭菌,非热杀菌技术的应用就显得尤其重要。目前,应用在低温鸡肉制品加工中的非热杀菌技术主要包括超高压、辐照、超声、低温等离子体、脉冲紫外线、脉冲电场和脉冲微波。本文主要综述以上7 种非热杀菌技术的杀菌机制以及在不同低温鸡肉制品加工应用时对致病菌的控制效果,为未来非热杀菌技术在低温肉制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

肌红蛋白在加工贮藏过程中结构与功能特性的变化及其对肉制品色泽的影响研究进展

肌红蛋白是一种主要存在于肌浆中的色素蛋白质,可以赋予和提升肉及肉制品在加工、贮藏和消费过程中的色泽。在肉制品加工过程中,引起肌红蛋白结构变化的因素有很多,而蛋白质结构的改变会引起其功能特性的改变,从而对肉制品的色泽产生影响。本文主要介绍肉及肉制品中肌红蛋白在加工和贮藏过程中的结构变化,并综述了结构变化引起的肌红蛋白功能特性改变,以期为肉及肉制品的品质控制提供参考。     

Effect of low-temperature preservation on quality changes in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei: a review

Shrimp has been widely accepted as an excellent resource for white meat due to its high-protein and low-fat content, especially low cholesterol. However, shrimps are highly perishable during preservation and retailing procedures due to the activities of enzymatic proteolysis, lipid oxidation, and microbial degradation. With increasing knowledge of and demands for safety, nutrition, and freshness of shrimp products, energy efficient, quality, maintained, and sustainable preservation technologies are needed. Low-temperature preservation, a practical processing method for improving the shelf life of food products, is widely used in the aquatic industry. This review focuses on the effects of low-temperature preservation on the quality changes in Litopenaeus vannamei. It considers physicochemical properties, sensory evaluation, melanosis assessment, and microbiological analysis. The perspectives of non-protein-based techniques on quality analysis of shrimps during preservation are also discussed. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

预制肉类食品贮藏及复热过程中品质变化的研究进展

随着现代生活节奏的加快和饮食习惯的转变,预制肉类食品因其便捷性和多样性而受到广大消费者的青睐。在预制肉类食品生产、销售及消费过程中,贮藏和复热是2个关键环节。阐述了预制肉类食品在贮藏和复热过程中的品质变化及其影响因素。在贮藏期间,预制肉类食品常因为多种因素导致品质劣变,例如持水性降低、质构特性下降、色泽劣变、脂肪和蛋白质的氧化等。这些变化不仅影响食品的口感和营养价值,还可能会引发食品安全问题,进而减少消费者的购买意愿。在预制肉类食品复热过程中,不同复热方式对预制肉类食品的品质产生不同的影响。传统的蒸煮、烤制和油炸复热方式虽然使用广泛,但可能导致风味和质地的下降,而微波复热则能更快速、均匀地加热,尽管微波复热也可能引起某些品质的下降。提出了提升品质的策略,包括添加天然抗氧化剂、升级包装技术、采用新型杀菌和辅助冷冻技术等,旨在推进预制肉类食品行业的创新和可持续发展。     

MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE AND VACUUM PACKAGING OF MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS

Extension of the shelf-life of meat and poultry products is one of the technology needs to meet the demands of consumers. In this respect, increasing attention is put on packaging techniques. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and vacuum packaging (VP) are recent innovations that have been gaining importance as preservation techniques to improve the shelf-life of meat and poultry. MAP provides alterations of atmospheric gas concentrations in the pack. Controlled atmosphere (CA) packaging is also MAP, wherein the selected atmospheric concentration of gas is actively maintained throughout the storage period. In VP, air is completely removed. The three principal gases used in MAP are carbon dioxide (to inhibit bacteria and moulds), nitrogen (to avoid oxidation of fats and pack collapse), and oxygen (to prevent anaerobic growth). Retention of meat color is better in MAP than in VP. However, color is regained when meat is removed from VP packets and exposed to air. Microbial profiles of MAP- and VP-meat do not differ significantly. MAP offers several unique advantages for retaining the desirable market quality of products. The safety of MAP meat is still a concern under temperature abuse conditions but it can be improved by coupling with hurdle technology and proper preservation systems. Active packaging is a significant area of advancement of MAP technology to further improve the safety of meat and poultry products. This contribution critically reviews the existing knowledge on MAP and VP of meat and poultry in order to broaden our understanding of the subject and to suggest further areas of research to effectively use these technologies for marketing safe meat and poultry products.     

我国肉品加工科技现状及趋势

我国是世界肉品生产和消费第一大国。2018年,我国肉品总产量8 624 万t,占世界肉品总产量的1/3。 1949—2019年的70 年发展历程里,我国肉品加工业一方面引进西方先进技术改造落后产能,另一方面加强中华传 统肉制品加工技术改革创新,经历了冷冻肉、高温肉制品、冷却肉、低温肉制品、传统肉制品工业化和营养肉制品 加工等发展阶段,在品质提升、营养保持、标准加工、安全控制及绿色制造等共性关键技术研发上取得长足进步。 当前,我国人民对肉品消费的需求已从数量安全到质量安全再到营养健康快速转变,初步建立了以市场需求为导 向,以畜禽宰后保鲜、物流、加工等为主体,相关服务业为支撑的全产业链新型肉品加工产业。基于我国肉品加工 产业现状和未来产业需求,智能化屠宰分级分割、生鲜肉智慧物流保鲜、梯次化绿色加工、共产物高值化利用、质 量与安全和营养健康是肉品加工科技发展新趋势。本文综述我国当前肉品加工产业现状、科技现状、存在问题以及 肉品加工科技趋势,为未来30 年肉品加工发展提出建议。     

MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE AND VACUUM PACKAGING OF MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS

Extension of the shelf-life of meat and poultry products is one of the technology needs to meet the demands of consumers. In this respect, increasing attention is put on packaging techniques. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and vacuum packaging (VP) are recent innovations that have been gaining importance as preservation techniques to improve the shelf-life of meat and poultry. MAP provides alterations of atmospheric gas concentrations in the pack. Controlled atmosphere (CA) packaging is also MAP, wherein the selected atmospheric concentration of gas is actively maintained throughout the storage period. In VP, air is completely removed. The three principal gases used in MAP are carbon dioxide (to inhibit bacteria and moulds), nitrogen (to avoid oxidation of fats and pack collapse), and oxygen (to prevent anaerobic growth). Retention of meat color is better in MAP than in VP. However, color is regained when meat is removed from VP packets and exposed to air. Microbial profiles of MAP- and VP-meat do not differ significantly. MAP offers several unique advantages for retaining the desirable market quality of products. The safety of MAP meat is still a concern under temperature abuse conditions but it can be improved by coupling with hurdle technology and proper preservation systems. Active packaging is a significant area of advancement of MAP technology to further improve the safety of meat and poultry products. This contribution critically reviews the existing knowledge on MAP and VP of meat and poultry in order to broaden our understanding of the subject and to suggest further areas of research to effectively use these technologies for marketing safe meat and poultry products.     

冰温保藏技术在生鲜肉保藏中的应用

生鲜肉营养丰富,但在加工、运输和储存过程中易受微生物和外界环境的影响发生腐败变质,因此保鲜方式极其重要。冰温保藏较传统冷藏技术可更加有效地延长产品的货架期,同时也不会因冻结而造成产品品质下降,因此近年来在生鲜肉的保藏逐渐受到关注。目前对冰温保藏技术在生鲜肉的应用还缺乏全面的综述,因此,本文以冰温保藏技术为研究对象,阐述了其原理以及在禽肉、畜肉、水产品保鲜中的应用研究进展,论述了冰温保藏技术在生鲜肉保藏中的应用前景,介绍了冰温保藏技术与真空、气调和生物保鲜剂相结合的保藏方式在生鲜肉中的应用研究进展,为冰温保藏技术能更好地应用于生鲜肉中提供一些思路和研究方向,以期为冰温保藏技术的推广应用提供参考。     

Preservation technologies for fresh meat – A review

Fresh meat is a highly perishable product due to its biological composition. Many interrelated factors influence the shelf life and freshness of meat such as holding temperature, atmospheric oxygen (O₂), endogenous enzymes, moisture, light and most importantly, micro-organisms. With the increased demand for high quality, convenience, safety, fresh appearance and an extended shelf life in fresh meat products, alternative non-thermal preservation technologies such as high hydrostatic pressure, superchilling, natural biopreservatives and active packaging have been proposed and investigated. Whilst some of these technologies are efficient at inactivating the micro-organisms most commonly related to food-borne diseases, they are not effective against spores. To increase their efficacy against vegetative cells, a combination of several preservation technologies under the so-called hurdle concept has also been investigated. The objective of this review is to describe current methods and developing technologies for preserving fresh meat. The benefits of some new technologies and their industrial limitations is presented and discussed.