Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Rice Starch

Rice starch–water suspension (20%) were subjected to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment at 120, 240, 360, 480, and 600 MPa for 30 min. Polarizing light microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rapid visco analyzer (RVA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the physicochemical and structural changes of starch. Microscopy studies showed that the treatment of starch with HHP under 600 MPa for 30 min resulted in a complete loss of birefringence and a gel-like appearance. The treatment of starch suspension with HHP at 600 MPa resulted in a significant increase in swelling power and solubility at low temperature (50–60 °C), but opposite trends were found at high temperature (70–90 °C). The DSC analysis showed a decrease in gelatinization temperatures and gelatinization enthalpy with increase of pressure levels. RVA viscograms of starches exhibited an increase in peak, trough, and final viscosities, peak time, and pasting temperature but decrease of breakdown, setback viscosities, and pasting temperature when pressure was increased. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the HHP treatment converted rice starch that displayed the A-type X-ray patterns to the B-type-like pattern. These results showed that the treatment of rice starch in 20% starch/water suspension at a pressure of 600 MPa for 30 min led to a complete gelatinization of starch granules.     

高静压处理对红薯淀粉颗粒结构的影响

淀粉颗粒结构研究是进行淀粉改性及拓宽其应用范围的基础。采用高静压对红薯淀粉进行改性处理,并 通过扫描电子显微镜观察、X射线衍射分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热分析及快速黏度分析探究不 同压力对淀粉颗粒结构的影响。结果显示,200～500 MPa高静压处理的红薯淀粉颗粒形貌无明显变化。600 MPa 处理后,淀粉颗粒开始塌陷并与周围颗粒凝聚,失去双折射现象;峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度分别显著升高 9.15%、27.18%和20.21%（P＜0.05）;糊化温度升高1.9 ℃,峰值时间延长1.16 min,但糊化焓和崩解值分别显著 降低46.18%和66.46%（P＜0.05）。此外,高静压处理后红薯淀粉分子基团和晶体类型保持不变。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure and varying concentrations of sodium nitrite from traditional and vegetable-based sources on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat (RTE) sliced ham

The objective of this study was to determine the effect the source of added nitrite and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) had on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat (RTE) sliced ham. Use of 600 MPa HHP for 3 min resulted in an immediate 3.9–4.3 log CFU/g reduction in L. monocytogenes numbers, while use of 400 MPa HHP (3 min) provided less than 1 log CFU/g reduction. With the 600 MPa HHP treatment, sliced ham with a conventional concentration of sodium nitrite (200 ppm) was not different in L. monocytogenes growth from use with 50 or 100 ppm of sodium nitrite in pre-converted celery powder. Instrumental color values as well as residual nitrite and residual nitrate concentrations for cured (sodium nitrite and nitrite from celery powder) and uncured ham formulations are discussed.     

High hydrostatic pressure modification of whey protein concentrate for improved functional properties

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) has many applications in the food industry. Previous research demonstrated that treatment of whey proteins with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can enhance solubility and foaming properties of whey proteins. The objective of this study was to use HHP to improve functional properties of fresh WPC, compared with functional properties of reconstituted commercial whey protein concentrate 35 (WPC 35) powder. Fluid whey was ultrafiltered to concentrate proteins and reconstituted to equivalent total solids (8.23%) as reconstituted commercial WPC 35 powder. Solutions of WPC were treated with 300 and 400 MPa (0- and 15-min holding time) and 600 MPa (0-min holding time) pressure. After HHP, the solubility of the WPC was determined at both pH 4.6 and 7.0 using UDY and BioRad protein assay methods. Overrun and foam stability were determined after protein dispersions were whipped for 15 min. The protein solubility was greater at pH 7.0 than at pH 4.6, but there were no significant differences at different HHP treatment conditions. The maintenance of protein solubility after HHP indicates that HHP-treated WPC might be appropriate for applications to food systems. Untreated WPC exhibited the smallest overrun percentage, whereas the largest percentage for overrun and foam stability was obtained for WPC treated at 300 MPa for 15 min. Additionally, HHP-WPC treated at 300 MPa for 15 min acquired larger overrun than commercial WPC 35. The HHP treatment of 300 MPa for 0 min did not improve foam stability of WPC. However, WPC treated at 300 or 400 MPa for 15 min and 600 MPa for 0 min exhibited significantly greater foam stability than commercial WPC 35. The HHP treatment was beneficial to enhance overrun and foam stability of WPC, showing promise for ice cream and whipping cream applications.     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the structure and retrogradation inhibition of oat starch

As a non-thermal processing technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can be used for starch modification without affecting the quality and flavour constituents. The effect of HHP on starch is closely related to the treatment pressure of HHP. In this paper, we investigated the impacts of HHP treatment pressure (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 MPa) on the microstructure and retrogradation characteristics of oat starch, established the retrogradation kinetic model and elaborated the mechanism of HHP treatment inhibiting the retrogradation of oat starch. Results show that HHP treatment caused the microstructure of oat starch experienced crystallisation perfection (100–300 MPa), crystallisation destruction (400 MPa), crystallisation disintegration and gelatinisation (500–600 MPa). Results of oat starch retrogradation showed that, after treated at 500 MPa for 15 min, the recrystallisation rate of oat starch was reduced, the formation of nuclei at the early stage of oat starch retrogradation suppressed and its nucleation mode was changed from instantaneous to spontaneous, otherwise, the mobility of water in oat starch gel system reduced. Therefore, 500 MPa treated for 15 min can inhibits the retrogradation of oat starch. This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of HHP technology in starch modification and food processing.     

Effect of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation in ground beef treated with high hydrostatic pressure

In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation of raw and cooked ground beef treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Ground beef patty with 0, 500, or 1000 mg phosvitin/kg meat was treated with HHP at 0.1, 300, or 600 MPa. Half of the patties were used in a raw meat analysis, and the other half were used in a cooked meat analysis. Phosvitin and HHP treatment at 300 MPa synergistically reduced microbial growth, and HHP treatment at 600 MPa reduced microbial counts to undetectable levels (< 1 log CFU/g) throughout the length of the study in all samples. Phosvitin delayed lipid and protein oxidation in HHP-treated cooked and raw ground beef, respectively. However, phosvitin had no effect on the color changes of raw ground beef attributable to HHP. The results indicated that phosvitin could enhance the stability of lipids and proteins but not color changes of raw ground beef caused by HHP.     

Evaluation of the technological properties of rice starch modified by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)

This aim of the study was to evaluate the technological properties of rice starch modified by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Black rice starch (BRS) was dispersed in 20% water and then HHP was applied at pressures of 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 30 min, where morphological, structural, functional and thermal parameters were evaluated. High pressure (BRS600) provided greater morphological damage, such as surface cavities and loss of crystallinity. The treatment HHP > 400 MPa the type of diffraction pattern was changed from type A to type V. The FT-IR spectra showed differences in intensity, especially for control, which revealed better defined peaks of greater intensity. The modified starch showed a greater affinity for water and oil absorption than the native starch as well as for milk absorption, exhibiting a higher binding capacity for the whole milk. HHP treatment is a fast and efficient non-thermal method to improve the technological properties of BRS.     

高静压对木薯淀粉理化特性及结构的影响

木薯原淀粉因存在不溶于冷水、易老化等诸多性质上的不足,极大地限制了其在食品、药品等领域的应 用。为了优化木薯淀粉的产品特性,通过对木薯淀粉进行高静压（200～600 MPa）改性处理,来优化其性质并拓 展其应用范围。结果显示高静压处理后木薯淀粉颗粒形貌发生明显变化,透光率、溶解度和膨润力均下降,老化值 增大,特别是在600 MPa改性处理后变化最明显,且失去偏光十字;此外,高静压处理后的木薯淀粉表观黏度低于木 薯原淀粉,剪切稀化现象更加明显。木薯原淀粉在经高静压处理后虽然晶型有一定的变化,但没有形成新的基团。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on microstructure,physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of oat starch/β-glucan mixtures

Oats do not contain gluten protein, and oat dough structure is formed mainly through the hydrogen bonding of starch and β-glucan. As a non-thermal processing technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is mainly used to modify starch and protein in food processing. This study investigated the effects of HHP treatment on the morphological, structural, thermal, pasting and in vitro digestion properties of oat starch/β-glucan mixtures. Results showed that β-glucan interconnects with amylose through hydrogen bonding and has a protective effect on the crystalline region of oat starch. Effect of HHP treatment on the crystal structure of mixture system goes through crystal structure perfection stage, crystallisation disintegration and gelatinisation stage. After 300–400 MPa treatment, the changes in particle surface were not obvious, the phase transition temperature, the ΔH_gel and the PT of mixtures increased, while the particle size, viscosity and BD values decreased. After 500–600 MPa treatment, mixtures were completely gelatinised, most of the particles swelled and deformed, the particle size increased significantly. The principal component analysis results show that the complexes were distributed in the same region with similar properties after the 300–400 MPa and 500–600 MPa treatments, respectively.     

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure,sodium nitrite and salt concentration on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on RTE ham and turkey

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated for up to 182 days after inoculation on ready-to-eat (RTE) sliced ham and turkey breast formulated with sodium nitrite (0 or 200 ppm), sodium chloride (1.8% or 2.4%), and treated (no treatment or 600 MPa) with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). HHP at 600 MPa for 3 min resulted in a 3.85–4.35 log CFU/g reduction in L. monocytogenes. With formulations at similar proximate analyses, one of the evaluation days (day 21) without HHP showed significantly greater growth of L. monocytogenes in ham than in turkey breast, but there were no significant differences on other evaluation days or with HHP. There were no differences in growth of L. monocytogenes due to sodium chloride level. Sodium nitrite provided a small, but significant inhibition of L. monocytogenes without HHP, but addition of sodium nitrite did not significantly affect growth of L. monocytogenes with use of HHP.     

Comparison of Microbial Inactivation and Rheological Characteristics of Mango Pulp after High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment and High Temperature Short Time Treatment

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments at pressures of 300–600 MPa for 1–20 min and of high-temperature, short-time (HTST) treatment on the inactivation of natural microorganisms in blanched mango pulp (BMP) and unblanched mango pulp (UBMP) were investigated. No yeasts, molds, or aerobic bacteria were detected in BMP or UBMP after HHP treatments at 300 MPa/15 min, 400 MPa/5 min, 500 MPa/2.5 min, and 600 MPa/1 min and HTST treatment at 110 °C/8.6 s. Therefore, these conditions were selected to study the effects of HHP and HTST treatments on pectin methylesterase (PME) activity, water-soluble pectin (WSP) levels, and the rheological characteristics of UBMP and BMP. HHP treatment at a pressure of 600 MPa for 1 min significantly reduced PME activity in UBMP and significantly activated PME in BMP, whereas pressures of 300–500 MPa activated PME regardless of blanching. However, PME activity was reduced by 97 % in UBMP and was completely inactivated in BMP by HTST treatment. WSP levels were significantly decreased by HHP treatment but were increased by HTST treatment in UBMP and BMP. Both HHP and HTST treatments increased the viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of UBMP and BMP. No significant changes in total sugar, total soluble solids, titratable acid, or pH were found after any treatment.     

Cross-linking of corn starch with phosphorus oxychloride under ultra high pressure

To investigate the effect of UHP treatment on the cross-linking reaction, normal corn starch was subjected to UHP-assisted reaction with a single addition level of POCl₃, at varied pressure levels ranging from 0.1 to 400 MPa. Swelling power, gelatinization, and pasting properties were assessed for all native and cross-linked starches. UHP-assisted reaction achieved a 12.5% level of conventional reaction time. UHP-assisted POCl₃ starch derivatives, reacted at 100–400 MPa, exhibited reduced swelling powers and gelatinization properties relative to that at 0.1 MPa, though both attributes did not possess any tendency depending on pressure levels. UHP-assisted POCl₃ reaction generated pasting viscosity profiles similar to those observed for conventional cross-linked starches. Pasting viscosity profiles were significantly different among various UHP treatments, though no trends were present. At 400 MPa, the UHP-assisted POCl₃ starch derivative revealed pasting viscosity profiles most similar to those of the conventional POCl₃ starch derivative.     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on rheological and thermal properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour slurry and heat-induced paste

Thermorheological changes in high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-treated chickpea flour (CF) slurries were studied as a function of pressure level (0.1, 150, 300, 400, and 600 MPa) and slurry concentration (1:5, 1:4, 1:3, and 1:2 flour-to-water ratios). HHP-treated slurries were subsequently analyzed for changes in properties produced by heating, under both isothermal and non-isothermal processes. Elasticity (G′) of pressurized slurry increased with pressure applied and concentration. Conversely, heat-induced CF paste gradually transformed from solid-like behavior to liquid-like behavior as a function of moisture content and pressure level. The G′ and enthalpy of the CF paste decreased with increasing pressure level in proportion with the extent of HHP-induced starch gelatinization. At 25 °C and 15 min, HHP treatment at 450 and 600 MPa was sufficient to complete gelatinization of CF slurry at the lowest concentration (1:5), while more concentrated slurries would require higher pressures and temperature during treatment or longer holding times.Industrial relevanceDemand for chickpea gel has increased considerably in the health and food industries because of its many beneficial effects. However, its use is affected by its very difficult handling. Judicious application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at appropriate levels, adopted as a pre-processing instrument in combination with heating processes, is presented as an innovative technology to produce a remarkable decrease in thermo-hardening of heat-induced chickpea flour paste, permitting the development of new chickpea-based products with desirable handling properties and sensory attributes.     

超高压处理对玉米淀粉结构及糊化特性的影响

利用光学显微、X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热、快速黏度分析技术研究了超高压处理对玉米淀粉结构及糊化性质的影响。结果显示,超高压处理能使玉米淀粉糊化,处理压力为500 MPa及600 MPa时完全糊化所需保压时间分别为15 min和5 min,但400 MPa超高压处理30 min也不会使淀粉糊化。超高压糊化过程中,淀粉颗粒结构逐渐破坏膨胀,结晶结构由A型向V型转化,RVA黏度曲线峰值黏度逐渐消失。适宜条件的超高压处理对淀粉颗粒同时具有韧化和晶体破坏作用。其中,400 MPa超高压处理5~10 min时,淀粉颗粒内部韧化作用占优,因而表现为相对结晶度、糊化温度(T_o,T_p)及糊化焓增加,而RVA曲线峰值黏度降低。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the structure of bovine α-lactalbumin

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing (at 200 to 600 MPa, 25 to 55°C, and from 5 to 15 min) on some structural properties of α-lactalbumin was studied in a pH range of 3.0 to 9.0. The range of HHP processes produced a variety of molten globules with differences in their surface hydrophobicity and secondary and tertiary structures. At pH values of 3 and 5, there was a decrease in the α-helix content concomitant with an increase in β-strand content as the pressure increased. No changes in molecular size due to HHP-induced aggregation were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. All samples showed higher thermostability as the severity of the treatment increased, indicating the formation of a less labile structure related to the HHP treatment.     

Removal of pesticide residue in cherry tomato by hydrostatic pressure

The reduction of Chlorpyrifos (CP) in cherry tomatoes by High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment was demonstrated and compared with other washing methods. CP is commonly used as a broad-spectrum insecticide in pest control, and high residual levels have been detected in vegetables. Samples were treated at several pressures (0.1–400 MPa) and at two temperatures (5 or 25 °C) for 30 min. The optimum HHP conditions for reducing CP were around 75 MPa at 5 °C, and the removal rate was about 75%. This removal rate is slightly higher than other treatments such as soaking in ethanol solution and ultrasonic, accompanied by no visual changes (color, size and shape) in appearance. Also, no toxic intermediates were identified in the extracts of the high-pressure treated cherry tomatoes under these experimental conditions. The present results indicate that HHP can be a useful choice for removing residual pesticides.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on modified noncrystalline granular starch of starches with different granular type and amylase content

Waxy corn (A-type pattern, amylopectin with trace amounts of amylase) and tapioca starch (C-type pattern, 17 g/100 g amylase content) were modified by High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) to produce noncrystalline granular (NCG) starch, respectively. The changes in the starch structure and properties occurring upon modified NCG after high-pressure treatment (300–600 MPa/30 min) were analyzed using polarized light microscopy (LM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size distribution and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The resulting modified NCG starch took place when the 50 g/100 g starch suspension was treated under 450 MPa for the waxy corn starch with swelling degree of 57.07%, whereas 600 MPa for the tapioca starch with restricted starch swelling degree of 16.48%, indicating the stabilization effect of amylase. Also, they had reduced gelatinization temperatures, and lower pasting viscosities, which suggested that HHP had an effect on the physicochemical properties of native starch by destabilization, hydration and swelling.     

High Hydrostatic Pressure Affects Flavor-binding Properties of Whey Protein Concentrate

ABSTRACT: The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on flavor-binding properties of whey protein concentrate (WPC) were determined with benzaldehyde, heptanone, octanone, and nonanone. After HHP treatment (600 MPa, 50 °C, for 0-, 10-, or 30-min holding time), flavor-binding properties of WPC were studied by intrinsic fluorescence titration and static headspace analysis. The HHP treatments increased the number of binding sites and the apparent dissociation constants of WPC for benzaldehyde. HHP treatment of WPC for 0 min increased the number of binding sites of WPC for heptanone and octanone. As observed by headspace analysis, HHP treatments did not result in significant changes in the flavor retention for benzaldehyde in WPC solutions. Flavor retention of 100 ppm and 200 ppm heptanone and octanone in HHP-treated (10 min) WPC was significantly lower than for untreated WPC and HHP-treated WPC for 0 min or 30 min. For flavor retention of nonanone, significant decreases were only observed at 100 ppm when WPC solutions were HHP-treated for 10 min. While use of HHP treatment of WPC has potential in real food systems, these findings demonstrate the importance of careful selection of HHP treatment times and flavor concentrations for desired outcomes in food applications.     

Characterization of amorphous granular starches prepared by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)

Amorphous granular starches (AGS) and non-granular amorphous starches (non-AGS) of corn, tapioca and rice were prepared using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment with ethanol and water washing, respectively and their physicochemical properties were investigated. Water holding capacity and apparent viscosity of AGS and non-AGS were higher than those of native one in all starches. In RVA pasting properties, AGS and non-AGS showed higher pasting temperature and lower peak viscosity than those of native one. Furthermore, non-AGS showed distinctively lower peak viscosity compared to that of AGS possibly due to its non-granular structure. Apparent viscosity of non-AGS revealed relatively lower than commercial pre-gelatinized starch because of heat and pressure-induced gelatinization. Maintaining granular structure in HHP treated pre-gelatinized starch provide a distinctive physicochemical characteristics compared to native starch and preparation of gelatinized starch with different gelatinization and washing methods could cause big differences in their physicochemical properties.     

A preliminary study about the influence of high hydrostatic pressure processing on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of a cloudy wheat beer

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (400 MPa/15 min, 500 MPa/10 min, 600 MPa/5 min at 20 °C) and heat (60 °C/15 min) processing of wheat beers were evaluated by examining their impacts on microorganisms, colloidal haze, flavour, foam stability and shelf‐life prediction during 84 days of storage at 20 °C. The results obtained showed that the microbiological stability of HHP beers was comparable with heat‐treated samples, and the development of both aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria was inhibited for 84 days of storage. The main parameters of the wheat beer, such as ethanol content, original extract, pH, bitterness and viscosity, were scarcely affected by either treatment compared with the control samples; however, heat pasteurization increased the colour value. Heat‐pasteurized beer resulted in an increase in the phenethyl alcohol concentration and a decrease in isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate levels compared with the HHP samples. These treatments did not affect the amount of 4‐vinylguaiacol and 4‐vinylphenol in the beer. The HHP‐treated beers had higher colloidal haze and foam stability values than the heat‐pasteurized beers. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed that HHP treatments at 500 MPa/10 min resulted in smaller and more uniform particle sizes, which had a positive effect on beer haze stability during storage. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling