梯田式人工湿地处理生活污水的初步研究

针对山丘坡地的自然环境特点,提出构建梯田式人工湿地处理生活污水的方法,并通过实验装置对梯田式人工湿地处理生活污水的效果进行了初步研究。结果表明:当CODCr、NH4+-N、TP的进水质量浓度变化范围在182.3~286.7 mg/L、32.91~59.28 mg/L、1.23~3.05 mg/L时,其平均去除率分别为86.52%、80.5%、96.16%,出水质量浓度分别低于30mg/L、10mg/L、0.1mg/L;湿地基质中硝化菌、反硝化菌数量变化范围分别为1.5万~420万MPN/g、30万~1 860万MPN/g。与常规人工湿地相比,梯田式人工湿地具有较强的污染物去除能力,特别是具有高效的脱氮除磷效果。     

小型一体式污水处理装置脱氮效果研究

针对农村分散型污水水质稳定、水量小的特点,采用生物接触氧化与复合垂直潜流人工湿地组合技术,构建小型一体式污水处理装置,通过试验运行考察其脱氮效果.研究结果表明,在进水总氮、氨氮浓度为19.5 mg/L、11.8 mg/L情况下,装置出水分别为5.5 mg/L、4.7 mg/L.湿地系统中的脱氮主要发生在湿地表层0～20 cm.下行流湿地去除效果明显优于上行流湿地效果,是上行流湿地去除效果的2倍和3倍.通过生物+生态模块组合处理农村分散型污水,出水TN、NH3-N的平均去除率可达到71 8%和60 2%.     

移动床反应器-曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理分散式城镇污水案例分析

目前,对分散式城镇生活污水进行处理,提高水环境质量,缓解水资源危机受到广泛关注。采用好氧移动床反应器耦合曝气生物滤池处理南通市某城镇分散式污水,在进水NH₃-N、TP、COD平均浓度分别为16.75、5.4、58.8 mg/L条件下,出水浓度分别降到1.28、0.44、5.88 mg/L。该工艺系统可集成一体化装置,具有占地面积小、处理效果稳定、运行费用低和智能操作等优点,是一种可复制可推广的典型分散式城镇污水治理系统。     

ABR—好氧组合工艺对农村生活污水处理效果研究

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)分别与跌水曝气和曝气生物滤池组合工艺对农村生活污水中COD_(Cr)和氨氮的去除效果,并对两种组合工艺去除效果进行了比较。结果表明:采用ABR—好氧组合工艺处理生活污水,COD_(Cr)的平均去除率基本上稳定在84.2%左右,这说明生活污水经过ABR厌氧反应器和好氧处理后,能有效去除污水中的有机物;在后续好氧段,采用跌水曝气作为后处理,COD_(Cr)去除率比单独采用ABR提高了9.5%,采用曝气生物滤池作为后处理,COD_(Cr)去除率提高了24.9%,与ABR—跌水曝气相比,采用ABR—曝气生物滤池去除COD_(Cr)的效果较好;ABR—好氧组合工艺对氨氮的去除效果较差,达不到理想的去除效果。     

复合型CAST工艺处理低碳源污水的影响因素研究

研发了一种新型复合式CAST系统,可用于低碳源市政污水的脱氮除磷。分别考察了运行周期、污泥回流比和DO浓度对该系统处理有机物、氮、磷效能的影响。中试结果表明,提高污泥回流比能够有效提高该工艺的脱氮除磷能力,而曝气时间过长将会提高系统出水悬浮物浓度,当该系统中DO浓度低于2mg/L时会降低有机物去除、生物硝化和生物除磷的效率,而系统中DO浓度高于3mg/L会抑制生物反硝化过程。复合型CAST系统处理低碳源市政污水的最佳运行工况为:进水1h、曝气1.5h、沉淀1h、滗水0.5h,污泥回流比20%,DO浓度为2~3mg/L。     

DAT-IAT工艺冬季、夏季有机物去除比较

对天津经济技术开发区污水处理厂采用先进的DAT-IAT工艺进行冬季和夏季的实际运行效果比较,并就DAT池和IAT池在运行中的作用进行分析。研究发现:污水处理厂对BOD的平均去除率在96%以上,对COD的平均去除率在75%左右,均能保证出水达标,对于BOD和COD的去除效果冬季和夏季无明显差别,对SS的去除效果冬季略优于夏季,DAT-IAT工艺系统的抗冲击负荷能力较强,污水处理厂DAT池过高的BOD去除率对后续的脱氮除磷效果会产生不利影响。影响处理效果的原因主要为污水处理厂进水量不充足,水质水量变化大,且ρ(BOD)/ρ(COD)值偏低,不利于生化处理。此外,DAT池的非限制性曝气工艺不仅使BOD在DAT池中过度消耗,影响后续处理,而且浪费能源,建议减少DAT池曝气时间或调整DAT池运行参数。     

介绍一种索式刮泥机

初沉池具有运行可靠、效率高(一般可去除悬浮固体50%和去除生化需氧量25%,而耗电量很少)、管理方便等优点,在污水处理设施中,可一次投资、长期受益.在一些发达国家的污水处理工程中,他们宁可加大建设费用,增加初沉池沉淀时间,提高去除率,以减轻曝气负荷,节省污水处理厂总的运行费用,获得最大的利润.当然,原水浓度低时另当别论.另外,二沉地也是污水生物处理的重要构筑物,其运行好坏,直接影响出水水质.因此,初沉池和二沉池的设计对污水处理厂的占地和投资都有很大的影响.尽管矩形沉淀他有很多优点,而天津两座大型污水处理厂和正在修建的沈阳北部污水处理厂(处理量40万     

分散式生活污水处理工艺:DASB+W-SFCW联合工艺

提出了“DASB+W-SFCW”联合工艺,并运用该工艺对分散式生活污水进行了处理试验研究。DASB单元采用短时厌氧技术,去除颗粒有机物和部分溶解有机物,防止W-SFCW堵塞,保证W-SFCW单元脱氮所需的碳源。W-SFCW床优化了传统潜流人工湿地的水流流态,使污水在W-SFCW床内呈波式流动,充分地发挥了湿地系统降解污染物的能力。试验结果表明:“DASB+W-SFCW”联合工艺对生活污水具有较强的处理能力,当进水中COD,NH3-N,TP的平均质量浓度分别为268 mg/L,31.5 mg/L,5.5 mg/L时,其平均去除率分别达到80.7%,52.1%,89.7%,出水水质优于传统的二级生物处理工艺。     

改良氧化沟工艺强化脱氮除磷试验研究

采用改良氧化沟试验装置处理生活污水。为了提高脱氮除磷效率,对改良氧化沟的曝气量进行了优化,在氧化沟的前三个廊道设置缺氧区,将其运行方式改变为缺氧—厌氧—缺氧好氧,在提高氮磷去除效率的同时降低了能耗。试验结果表明,稳定运行阶段,二沉池出水COD_(Cr)、TN、NH3 N和TP的平均浓度分别为37 mg/L、8.9 mg/L、0.5 mg/L和0.39 mg/L,平均去除率分别为92%、83%、99%和92%,均稳定达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918 2002)一级A标准要求。     

人工湿地污水处理系统优化设计模型

针对污水处理厂进水水质和水量的不确定性,考虑进水水量、TSS、BOD5、TN、TP的区间变化,以出水时TSS、BOD5、TN、TP的质量浓度标准为约束条件,单元面积为决策目标,以费用最小为目标函数,建立基于一级动力学污染物去除模型的人工湿地污水处理系统区间数优化设计模型。该模型包含初沉池、人工湿地床(表面流和潜流式)两个单元,考虑了设计中的不确定性因素。实例计算表明,模型适用性较好。     

潜流湿地对微污染水体中氮磷去除效果的中试研究

以南京水利科学研究院铁心桥试验基地内象目湖微污染水体为对象,研究总氮大于1.0 m3/(m2·d)的高水力负荷条件下,鹅卵石、陶粒、砾石、钢渣、蛭石、碎石和砂子等多种基质和再力花、芦苇、美人蕉及菖蒲等水生植物组合条件下的垂直流湿地和水平潜流湿地对氮磷的去除效果。试验结果表明:进水总氮浓度在0.793~2.662 mg/L时,种植菖蒲,填料从上到下分别为鹅卵石、碎石、粗砂和细砂的垂直潜流湿地单元(20单元)出水总氮平均浓度最低,为0.905 mg/L;总氮、氨氮和硝态氮平均去除率最高,达80.89%,43.06%和46.32%;总氮浓度从Ⅳ类水体提升至Ⅲ类。进水TP浓度在0.035~1.003 mg/L时,20单元总磷平均去除率最高,为30.59%,价格相对便宜的碎石对磷素的去除效果较好。种植菖蒲及填料组合为鹅卵石、碎石、粗砂和细砂的人工湿地处理单元可以应用于饮用水源地原水等微污染水强化处理。     

Enhanced P, N and C removal from domestic wastewater using constructed wetland employing construction solid waste (CSW) as main substrate

Construction solid waste (CSW), an inescapable by-product of the construction and demolition process, was used as main substrate in a four-stage vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland system to improve phosphorus P removal from domestic wastewater. A 'tidal flow' operation was also employed in the treatment system. Under a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.76 m3/m2 d for 1st and 3rd stage and HLR of 0.04 m3/m2 d for 2nd and 4th stage of the constructed wetland system respectively and tidal flow operation strategy, average removal efficiencies of 99.4% for P, 95.4% for ammoniacal-nitrogen, 56.5% for total nitrogen and 84.5% for total chemical oxygen demand were achieved during the operation period. The CSW-based constructed wetland system presents excellent P removal performance. The adoption of tidal flow strategy creates the aerobic/anoxic condition intermittently in the treatment system. This can achieve better oxygen transfer and hence lead to more complete nitrification and organic matter removal and enhanced denitrification. Overall, the CSW-based tidal flow constructed wetland system holds great promise for enabling high rate removal of P, ammoniacal-nitrogen and organic matter from domestic wastewater, and transforms CSW from a waste into a useful material.     

The role of plant uptake on the removal of organic matter and nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: a simulation study.

Plants in constructed wetlands have several functions related to the treatment processes. It is generally agreed that nutrient uptake is a minor factor in constructed wetlands treating wastewater compared to the loadings applied. For low loaded systems plant uptake can contribute a significant amount to nutrient removal. The contribution of plant uptake is simulated for different qualities of water to be treated using the multi-component reactive transport module CW2D. CW2D is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The model for plant uptake implemented describes nutrient uptake coupled to water uptake. Literature values are used to calculate potential water and nutrient uptake rates. For a constructed wetland treating municipal wastewater a potential nutrient uptake of about 1.9% of the influent nitrogen and phosphorus load can be expected. For lower loaded systems the potential uptake is significantly higher, e.g. 46% of the nitrogen load for treatment of greywater. The potential uptake rates could only be simulated for high loaded systems i.e. constructed wetlands treating wastewater. For low loaded systems the nutrient concentrations in the liquid phase were too low to simulate the potential uptake rates using the implemented model for plant uptake.     

Effect of polyaluminium chloride on phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater

Total phosphorus (TP) removal in aged constructed wetlands poses a challenge, especially when treated with swine wastewater with high concentrations of phosphorus (P). Our earlier studies with anaerobic lagoon swine wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands showed a decline in P removal (45-22%) with increased years of operation. These particular wetlands have been treated with swine wastewater every year since the first application in 1997. Preliminary lab-scale studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in the removal of phosphate-P (PO4-P) from swine wastewater. The experimental objective was to increase the phosphorus treatment efficiency in constructed wetland by adding PAC as a precipitating agent. PAC was added by continuous injection to each wetland system at a rate of 3 L day(-1) (1:5 dilution of concentrated PAC). Swine wastewater was added from an anaerobic lagoon to four constructed wetland cells (11m wide x 40m long) at TP loads of 5.4-6.1 kg ha(-1) day(-1) in two experimental periods, September to November of 2008 and 2009. Treatment efficiency of two wetland systems: marsh-pond-marsh (M-P-M) and continuous marsh (CM) was compared. The wetlands were planted with cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus). In 2008, PAC treatment showed an increase of 27.5 and 40.8% of TP removal over control in M-P-M and CM respectively. Similar trend was also observed in the following year. PAC as a flocculant and precipitating agent showed potential to enhance TP removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater.     

Evaluation of constructed wetlands by wastewater purification ability and greenhouse gas emissions.

Domestic wastewater is a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause lake eutrophication. Among the wastewater treatment technologies, constructed wetlands are a promising low-cost means of treating point and diffuse sources of domestic wastewater in rural areas. However, the sustainable operation of constructed wetland treatment systems depends upon a high rate conversion of organic and nitrogenous loading into their metabolic gaseous end products, such as N2O and CH4. In this study, we examined and compared the performance of three typical types of constructed wetlands: Free Water Surface (FWS), Subsurface Flow (SF) and Vertical Flow (VF) wetlands. Pollutant removal efficiency and N2O and CH4 emissions were assessed as measures of performance. We found that the pollutant removal rates and gas emissions measured in the wetlands exhibited clear seasonal changes, and these changes were closely associated with plant growth. VF wetlands exhibited stable removal of organic pollutants and NH3-N throughout the experiment regardless of season and showed great potential for CH4 adsorption. SF wetlands showed preferable T-N removal performance and a lower risk of greenhouse gas emissions than FWS wetlands. Soil oxidation reduction potential (ORP) analysis revealed that water flow structure and plant growth influenced constructed wetland oxygen transfer, and these variations resulted in seasonal changes of ORP distribution inside wetlands that were accompanied by fluctuations in pollutant removal and greenhouse gas emissions.     

温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

构建由潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地串联而成的复合人工湿地系统,研究了复合人工湿地脱氮除磷效果以及温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,复合人工湿地TP、氨氮平均去除率为33.64%、57.24%;水温降低会导致人工湿地氮磷去除率下降;基质为粗砂的潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷能力大于基质为砾石的潜流人工湿地。     

曝气生物滤池去除有机物及氨氮的影响因素分析

采用以陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理生活污水,研究气水比、水力负荷、进水COD和NH3-N负荷对BAF去除COD及NH3-N的影响,分析COD及NH3-N沿滤柱的变化规律。结果表明:当试验进水COD及NH3-N质量浓度分别为300~370mg/L和20~40mg/L时,最佳气水比为4∶1~5∶1,最佳水力负荷为1.0~2.0 m3/(m2.h)。当进水COD负荷为1.69~6.47 kg/(m3.d)时,COD去除率与进水COD负荷成正相关。BAF的硝化性能与进水NH3-N和COD负荷成负相关。     

Quantification of biofilms in a sub-surface flow wetland and their role in nutrient removal.

Subsurface flow wetlands contain gravel or sand substrates through which the wastewater flows vertically or horizontally. The aims of this study were, firstly, to quantify biofilm development associated with different size gravel in sections of a subsurface flow wetland with and without plants, and secondly, to conduct laboratory experiments to examine the role of biofilms in nutrient removal. Techniques to quantify biofilm included: bacterial cell counts, EPS and total protein extraction. Based on comparative gravel sample volume, only EPS was greater on the smaller 5 mm gravel particles. There was no significant difference between biofilm growth in sections with and without plants. Two vertical flow laboratory-scale reactors, one containing fresh wetland gravel, the other containing autoclaved gravel, were constructed to determine nutrient transformations. The autoclaved gravel in the "sterile" reactor rapidly became colonised with biofilm. Both reactors were dosed with two types of influent. Initially the influent contained 7.25 mg/L NO3-N and 0.3 mg/L NH4-N; the biofilm reactor removed most of the ammonium and nitrite but nitrate concentrations were only reduced by 20%. In the "sterile" reactor there was negligible removal of ammonium and nitrite indicating little nitrification, however nitrate was reduced by 72%, possibly due to assimilatory nitrate reduction associated with new biofilm development. When the influent contained 3 mg/L NO3-N and 16 mg/L NH4-N almost 100% removal and transformation of NH4-N occurred in both reactors providing an effluent high in NO3-N. Organic P was reduced but inorganic soluble P increased possibly due to mineralisation.     

Integrated advanced natural wastewater treatment system for small communities.

A study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient removal capability of an existing and successfully operated overland flow and wetland wastewater treatment system following a waste stabilization pond. Seasonal temperature effects on performance were also investigated. The treatment system studied consists of a two-cell waste stabilization pond followed by an overland flow system and a wetland system. The influent and effluent samples were analyzed for BOD5, suspended solids (SS), pH, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The results of the study indicate that the combined pond, overland flow and wetland system provided excellent treatment of municipal wastewater. The overall average BOD5 removal by the entire treatment system was about 90.0% and the overall average suspended solids removal was about 93.4%. The ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus removal efficiencies of the entire treatment system were 90.7% and 84.2%, respectively.