一种基于增量学习型矢量量化的有效文本分类算法

KNN作为一种简单的分类方法在文本分类中有广泛的应用,但存在着计算量大和训练文档分布不均所造成的分类准确率下降等同题.针对这些问题,基于最小化学习误差的增量思想,该文将学习型矢量量化(LVQ)和生长型神经气(GNG)结合起来提出一种新的增量学习型矢量量化方法,并将其应用到文本分类中.文中提出的算法对所有的训练样本有选择性地进行一次训练就可以生成有效的代表样本集,具有较强的学习能力.实验结果表明:这种方法不仅可以降低KNN方法的测试时间,而且可以保持甚至提高分类的准确性.     

考虑局部均值和类全局信息的快速近邻原型选择算法

压缩近邻法是一种简单的非参数原型选择算法,其原型选取易受样本读取序列、异常样本等干扰.为克服上述问题,提出了一个基于局部均值与类全局信息的近邻原型选择方法.该方法既在原型选取过程中,充分利用了待学习样本在原型集中k个同异类近邻局部均值和类全局信息的知识,又设定原型集更新策略实现对原型集的动态更新.该方法不仅能较好克服读取序列、异常样本对原型选取的影响,降低了原型集规模,而且在保持高分类精度的同时,实现了对数据集的高压缩效应.图像识别及UCI（University of California Irvine）基准数据集实验结果表明,所提出算法集具有较比较算法更有效的分类性能.     

基于CURE聚类算法改进的原型选择算法

针对传统K近邻分类器在大规模数据集中存在时间和空间复杂度过高的问题,可采取原型选择的方法进行处理,即从原始数据集中挑选出代表原型（样例）进行K近邻分类而不降低其分类准确率.本文在CURE聚类算法的基础上,针对CURE的噪声点不易确定及代表点分散性差的特点,利用共享邻居密度度量给出了一种去噪方法和使用最大最小距离选取代表点进行改进,从而提出了一种新的原型选择算法PSCURE （improved prototype selection algorithm based on CURE algorithm）.基于UCI数据集进行实验,结果表明：提出的PSCURE原型选择算法与相关原型算法相比,不仅能筛选出较少的原型,而且可获得较高的分类准确率.     

一种基于密度的大边界最近邻文本分类方法

距离的度量方法是影响K近邻分类算法的最重要因素,普通的欧式距离度量方法只对数值敏感无法反映数据内部的关联,对此在K近邻文本分类中引入一种大边界最近邻(LMNN)距离度量学习算法,并针对此算法会加剧数据密度分布不均的情况,提出一种改进的基于样本密度的大边界最近邻文本分类算法(DLMNNC)。该算法首先利用LMNN完成对样本集的训练得到映射矩阵L对原数据空间进行重构,然后为了解决LMNN算法可能会加剧样本分布不均匀的问题定义一个密度函数D,最后用密度函数结合K近邻决策条件,实现文本分类。实验证明DLMNNC在很大程度上提高了文本分类精度。     

自适应边界逼近的原型选择算法

针对传统原型选择算法易受样本读取序列、异常样本等干扰的缺陷,通过分析原型算法学习规则,借鉴最近特征线法思想,改进传统原型算法,提出一种自适应边界逼近的原型选择算法。该算法在原型学习过程中改进压缩近邻法的同类近邻吸收策略,保留更优于当前最近边界原型的同类样本,同时建立原型更新准则,并运用该准则实现原型集的周期性动态更新。该算法不仅克服读取序列、异常样本对原型选取的影响,而且降低原型集规模。最后通过人工数据和UCI基准数据集验证文中算法。实验表明,文中算法选择的原型集比其他算法产生的原型集更能体现数据集的分布特征,平均压缩率有所提高,且分类精度与运行时间优于其他算法。     

结合样本局部密度的非平衡数据集成分类算法

传统的过采样方法是解决非平衡数据分类问题的有效方法之一。基于SMOTE的过采样方法在数据集出现类别重叠(class-overlapping)和小析取项(small-disjuncts)问题时将降低采样的效果,针对该问题提出了一种基于样本局部密度的过采样算法MOLAD。在此基础上,为了解决非平衡数据的分类问题,提出了一种在采样阶段将MOLAD算法和基于Bagging的集成学习结合的算法LADBMOTE。LADBMOTE首先根据MOLAD计算每个少数类样本的K近邻,然后选择所有的K近邻进行采样,生成K个平衡数据集,最后利用基于Bagging的集成学习方法将K个平衡数据集训练得到的分类器集成。在KEEL公开的20个非平衡数据集上,将提出的LADBMOTE算法与当前流行的7个处理非平衡数据的算法对比,实验结果表明LADBMOTE在不同的分类器上的分类性能更好,鲁棒性更强。     

一种基于近邻元分析的文本分类算法

在近邻元分析(NCA)算法的基础上,提出K近邻元分析分类算法K-NCA。利用NCA算法完成对训练样本集的距离测度学习和降维,定义类偏斜因子,引入K近邻思想,得到测试样本的类条件概率估计,并通过该概率进行类别判定,实现文本分类器功能。实验结果表明,K-NCA算法的分类效果较好。     

半监督邻域保持嵌入在高光谱影像分类中的应用

为了解决高光谱遥感影像的维数约简问题以提高分类算法的分类精度,并针对高光谱影像通常只包含少量标记样本的问题,提出了基于一种半监督邻域保持嵌入(SSNPE)和改进的KNN分类器的高光谱影像分类算法。该算法在NPE的基础上同时利用同类标记样本和邻域未标记样本获得数据的邻域嵌入结构,并且通过增加标记近邻样本的权重加大降维数据的鉴别性,进而增加k近邻分类器的样本分类精度。在Urban、Indian高光谱影像数据集上的实验结果表明,改进的算法的分类精度提高了约8.7%、3.6%以上,分类性能有了较明显的改善。     

基于自适应邻域选择的局部判别投影算法

在多模数据分类中,使用局部Fisher判别分析和边界Fisher分析方法构建邻域不能充分反映流形学习对邻域的要求.为此,提出一种基于自适应邻域选择的局部判别投影算法.采用自适应方法扩大或者缩小近邻系数k,以构建邻域,从而保持局部线性结构,揭示流形的内在几何结构,利用局部化方法使得投影空间中同类近邻样本尽量紧凑、异类近邻样本尽量分开.在ORL和YALE入脸数据库中进行实验,结果表明,在不同训练样本个数下,该算法均能获得较高的识别率.     

基于云模型的最接近支持向量机增量学习方法*

针对经典支持向量机在增量学习中的不足,提出一种基于云模型的最接近支持向量机增量学习算法。该方法利用最接近支持向量机的快速学习能力生成初始分类超平面,并与k近邻法对全部训练集进行约简,在得到的较小规模的精简集上构建云模型分类器直接进行分类判断。该算法模型简单,不需迭代求解,时间复杂度较小,有较好的抗噪性,能较好地体现新增样本的分布规律。仿真实验表明,本算法能够保持较好的分类精度和推广能力,运算速度较快。     

Soft nearest prototype classification

We propose a new method for the construction of nearest prototype classifiers which is based on a Gaussian mixture ansatz and which can be interpreted as an annealed version of learning vector quantization (LVQ). The algorithm performs a gradient descent on a cost-function minimizing the classification error on the training set. We investigate the properties of the algorithm and assess its performance for several toy data sets and for an optical letter classification task. Results show 1) that annealing in the dispersion parameter of the Gaussian kernels improves classification accuracy; 2) that classification results are better than those obtained with standard learning vector quantization (LVQ 2.1, LVQ 3) for equal numbers of prototypes; and 3) that annealing of the width parameter improved the classification capability. Additionally, the principled approach provides an explanation of a number of features of the (heuristic) LVQ methods.     

Regularized margin-based conditional log-likelihood loss for prototype learning

The classification performance of nearest prototype classifiers largely relies on the prototype learning algorithm. The minimum classification error (MCE) method and the soft nearest prototype classifier (SNPC) method are two important algorithms using misclassification loss. This paper proposes a new prototype learning algorithm based on the conditional log-likelihood loss (CLL), which is based on the discriminative model called log-likelihood of margin (LOGM). A regularization term is added to avoid over-fitting in training as well as to maximize the hypothesis margin. The CLL in the LOGM algorithm is a convex function of margin, and so, shows better convergence than the MCE. In addition, we show the effects of distance metric learning with both prototype-dependent weighting and prototype-independent weighting. Our empirical study on the benchmark datasets demonstrates that the LOGM algorithm yields higher classification accuracies than the MCE, generalized learning vector quantization (GLVQ), soft nearest prototype classifier (SNPC) and the robust soft learning vector quantization (RSLVQ), and moreover, the LOGM with prototype-dependent weighting achieves comparable accuracies to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier.     

Adaptive nearest neighbor pattern classification

A variant of nearest-neighbor (NN) pattern classification and supervised learning by learning vector quantization (LVQ) is described. The decision surface mapping method (DSM) is a fast supervised learning algorithm and is a member of the LVQ family of algorithms. A relatively small number of prototypes are selected from a training set of correctly classified samples. The training set is then used to adapt these prototypes to map the decision surface separating the classes. This algorithm is compared with NN pattern classification, learning vector quantization, and a two-layer perceptron trained by error backpropagation. When the class boundaries are sharply defined (i.e., no classification error in the training set), the DSM algorithm outperforms these methods with respect to error rates, learning rates, and the number of prototypes required to describe class boundaries.     

基于哈希学习的异常SQL检测

针对最近邻（NN）方法在异常结构化查询语句（SQL）检测应用中面临的存储开销大、检索速度慢的问题,提出了一种基于哈希学习的异常SQL检测（HMSD）方法。该算法利用哈希学习来学习查询SQL语句的二值编码表示。首先,对查询SQL语句进行清洗去重,从而将查询SQL语句表示为实值特征形式;然后利用等方差哈希方法来学习查询SQL语句的二值编码表示;最后,通过二值编码表示进行检索并提高异常SQL检测的速度。实验结果表明,在异常SQL检测数据集Wafamole上,将数据集进行随机划分,使训练集包含10 000条SQL语句,测试集包含30 000条SQL语句,在128比特长度下,与最近邻方法相比,所提算法的检测精度提高了1.3%,假正例率（FPR）降低了0.19%,假负例率（FNR）降低了2.41%,检索时间减少了94%,存储开销降低了97.5%;与支持向量机方法相比,所提算法的检测精度提高了0.17%,验证了所提算法能解决最近邻方法在异常SQL检测中存在的问题。     

基于簇内乘积量化的最近邻检索方法

本文针对大规模高维数据近邻检索中的瓶颈问题,提出基于向量量化的一种检索方法—簇内乘积量化树方法.该方法运用向量量化和乘积量化的多层树状结构高效表征大规模高维数据集,与现有方法相比降低了索引表空桶率;其次提出基于贪心队列的近邻簇筛选方法减小了计算复杂度,加快了近邻检索速度;最后提出面量化方法用于近似计算候选数据集向量与查询向量间的距离,与点量化和线量化方法相比量化误差更小,提高了近邻查询准确率.本文提出的簇内乘积量化树算法在算子Sift和Gist描述的大规模高维数据集上与乘积量化树技术相比,首次召回准确率提高了57.7%,索引表空桶率降低幅度在50%以上,与局部优化乘积量化技术相比,查全率高达97%,而查询时间却仅需原来的1/9.实验结果表明本文提出的基于簇内乘积量化的近邻方法提升了近邻检索性能,为大规模高维数据集近邻检索提供了理论支持.     

一种基于置信度的代表点选择算法

代表点选择是实现缩减数据集规模的有效途径,可以提高分类的准确率和执行效率.为此,通过引入分类置信度熵的概念,提出适应度评价函数,用于评估代表点的选择效果,以此找到最优的代表点集.该方法可与其他代表点选择方法结合,得到性能更优的代表点选择方法.与多个经典代表点选择方法进行实验比较,结果表明基于置信度的代表点选择方法在分类准确率和数据降低率上有一定优势.     

基于E2LSH的轨迹KNN查询算法

目前海量时空轨迹数据近邻查询算法中存在计算时间复杂度较高的问题,因此提出了一种结合领域POI数据和E2LSH算法的轨迹KNN查询算法。首先利用GeoHash技术对地理空间进行编码,然后结合POI数据实现向量空间的初步降维,进而根据停留时间构建每条轨迹的向量,采用局部敏感哈希函数运算结果建立轨迹索引,最后对查询返回的相似轨迹集合分别进行距离计算,经过排序得到距离最近的K个查询结果。对于增量的轨迹数据,利用E2LSH算法计算哈希值,直接添加轨迹索引,从而避免了复杂的计算过程以及对现有轨迹索引的影响。基于合成数据及真实数据集的实验结果表明,该方法在海量时空轨迹数据的近邻查询中,虽然牺牲了一定的准确率,但有效提升了算法效率,并能够高效简便地处理增量的时空轨迹数据。     

A novel gray-based reduced NN classification method

In pattern recognition, instance-based learning (also known as nearest neighbor rule) has become increasingly popular and can yield excellent performance. In instance-based learning, however, the storage of training set rises along with the number of training instances. Moreover, in such a case, a new, unseen instance takes a long time to classify because all training instances have to be considered when determining the ‘nearness’ or ‘similarity’ among instances. This study presents a novel reduced classification method for instance-based learning based on the gray relational structure. Here, only some training instances in the original training set are adopted for the pattern classification tasks. The relationships among instances are first determined according to the gray relational structure. In the relational structure, the inward edges of each training instance, indicating how many times each instance is considered as the nearest neighbor or neighbors in determining the class labels of other instances can be obtained. This method excludes training instances with no or few inward edges for the pattern classification tasks. By using the proposed instance pruning approach, new instances can be classified with a few training instances. Nine data sets are adopted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed learning approach. Experimental results indicate that the classification accuracy can be maintained when most of the training instances are pruned before learning. Additionally, the number of remained training instances in the proposal presented here is comparable to that of other existing instance pruning techniques.     

Dictionary learning for VQ feature extraction in ECG beats classification

Vector quantization(VQ) can perform efficient feature extraction from electrocardiogram (ECG) with the advantages of dimensionality reduction and accuracy increase. However, the existing dictionary learning algorithms for vector quantization are sensitive to dirty data, which compromises the classification accuracy. To tackle the problem, we propose a novel dictionary learning algorithm that employs k-medoids cluster optimized by k-means++ and builds dictionaries by searching and using representative samples, which can avoid the interference of dirty data, and thus boost the classification performance of ECG systems based on vector quantization features. We apply our algorithm to vector quantization feature extraction for ECG beats classification, and compare it with popular features such as sampling point feature, fast Fourier transform feature, discrete wavelet transform feature, and with our previous beats vector quantization feature. The results show that the proposed method yields the highest accuracy and is capable of reducing the computational complexity of ECG beats classification system. The proposed dictionary learning algorithm provides more efficient encoding for ECG beats, and can improve ECG classification systems based on encoded feature.