北京市饮用水内分泌干扰物及其前体物的研究

内分泌干扰物(EDCs)是指干扰生物体内维持自稳及调节发育过程中激素的产生、释放、代谢、结合、排泄、交互作用的外源性物质.内分泌干扰物问题引起了公众的广泛关注.为了掌握北京市水源水和自来水中内分泌干扰物质的状况,对北京市主要供水水源的内分泌干扰物进行了调查,研究了水处理工艺对于内分泌干扰物的去除特点,指出壬基酚(NP)及其前体物(NPEOs)是北京地区饮用水中内分泌干扰物,地表水厂常规工艺(混凝-沉淀-过滤)对聚合度n为4～15的低浓度NPEOs(＜1μg/L)基本上没有去除作用,后续活性炭工艺及加氯能降低NPEOs.对于NP(浓度＞10μg/L)常规工艺与深度处理(活性炭或臭氧-活性炭工艺)相结合即可将NP浓度降低到环境推荐安全值(1μg/L)以下.     

北京污水厂进、出水中内分泌干扰物的分布

以三种酚类化合物(4-OP、4-n-NP、BPA)、五种雌激素(E1、E2、E3、17α-E2、EE2)为目标物,对其在北京市三个污水处理厂进、出水中的浓度及工艺流程中的分布、迁移进行了研究.结果表明,污水处理厂出水中浓度最高的物质是BPA、EE2,分别为(56～140)、(78～115)ng/L.BPA和天然雌激素(17α-E2除外)主要被生物降解去除,而对EE2的去除主要发生在初级处理过程,去除率约为63%.两种烷基酚在污水处理厂并不能被有效去除.与欧美国家、日本等相比,北京市污水处理厂进、出水中的内分泌干扰物浓度偏高,尤其是出水中的雌激素浓度较高,具有一定的环境风险.     

纳滤膜对酚类物质截留特性研究

研究了纳滤膜处理地表水中微量酚类内分泌干扰物在长时间运行下的稳定性,结果表明,NF-90纳滤膜分离酚类内分泌干扰物,较长时间运行下的膜通量稳定在8.7 L/(m2.h)左右;酚类内分泌干扰物的截留率稳定在90%以上。     

水中内分泌干扰物的生物筛检及其毒性变化

对内分泌干扰物的筛检和评价方法及其毒性在水处理过程中的变化进行了综述。研究表明：活体法评价结果可靠性高，但较费时、费力，而离体法可以快速通量筛检评价内分泌干扰物的活性，但需活体法验证；常规污水和饮用水处理工艺对水中的内分泌干扰物有一定的去除效果，但是还远远不能满足要求，并可能产生毒性更大的产物。     

黄浦江原水及水处理过程中内分泌干扰物状况调查

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法检测多种内分泌干扰物，加标回收试验表明对其回收率为70％～110．7％，相对标准偏差〈15％。原水中主要的检出物有酞酸乙酯、酞酸丁酯、双酚A、壬基酚、阿特拉津、西玛津和扑草净，其最高浓度分别为0．71、17．70、3．52、1．38、0．54、0．73和0．65μg／L。分析了某水厂各处理单元出水中几种内分泌干扰物的含量，在沉后水和出厂水中分别检出了较高浓度的肽酸酯类物质、壬基酚、双酚A以及阿特拉津、西玛津、扑草净等。连续4个月的分析调查表明，KMnO4预氧化、预氯化以及常规处理工艺对原水中痕量内分泌干扰物的去除率较低。     

多级AO+潜流湿地对生活污水中的EDCs及常规污染物的去除试验研究

针对生活污水中内分泌干扰物(EDCs)可能引起的生物生态危害问题,以类固醇类内分泌干扰物为处理对象,应用生物生态耦合技术,进行多级AO+潜流式人工湿地处理试验,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对COD_(Cr)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)等污染物去除影响,同时,采用固相萃取法和GC-MS检测各反应器进、出水中雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)、17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)4种内分泌干扰物浓度变化。结果表明,当多级AO与湿地的HRT分别为9.5h、10.3d时,多级AO+潜流式人工湿地对COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP、TN等污染物去除率可分别达78.64%、97.16%、91.84%、90.55%,出水浓度均低于《太湖地区城镇污水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》(DB 32/1072—2017)排放浓度限值。多级AO+人工湿地对内分泌干扰物E1、E2、E3和EE2的总去除率可分别达96.04%、92.45%、85.09%、88.38%;其中,多级AO系统对E1、E2、E3和EE2的去除率分别达到75.50%、72.00%、65.08%和63.35%,且一级好氧池对4种EDCs的去除贡献最大,均为27%以上;湿地系统对前3种EDCs的去除率约为20%、EE2为25%。Alpha多样性指数分析表明,好氧池物种数量和多样性多于未加EDCs前,门分类、属分类的微生物群落物种及其丰度分析表明,群落门水平、属水平相对丰度均发生变化,其中,增加的优势菌种可能对系统中EDCs的去除起到了促进作用。     

南宁某污水厂各处理单元中典型EDCs的分布

采用固相萃取前处理技术和高效液相色谱分析方法,研究了典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)在南宁某城市污水处理厂各处理单元中的分布状况,并对各单元的处理情况进行了分析.结果表明:进水中双酚A(BPA)、雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)和雌三醇(E3)的平均浓度分别为2.86、10.32、4.62和1.78 μg/L,出水平均浓度分别为0.87、2.65、2.45和0.53 μg/L,进、出水浓度均偏高,具有一定的环境风险.E1和BPA主要在氧化沟工艺中被去除,E2主要在沉淀池中被去除,而E3主要在沉砂池和氧化沟中被去除.     

活性炭吸附水中酚类内分泌干扰物试验研究

考察了两种不同表面化学性质粉末活性炭（WP及其改性炭WPN）对松花江原水和砂滤水中六种加标酚类内分泌干扰物的去除情况。试验结果表明,活性炭对六种目标物的吸附能力与其憎水性（logKOW）有关,依次为：4-n—NP〉E1〉DES〉EE2〉E2〉BPA;活性炭吸附降低了水中的TOC与UV254值,同时也去除了水中大部分的内分泌干扰物,WP和WPN两种活性炭对江水和砂滤水中六种目标物的去除率分别为26．82％～85．97％和74．62％～96．64％,其中WPN的吸附效果相对较好。试验结果还表明,活性炭对酚类内分泌干扰物的吸附能力受水中有机物与活性炭物化性质的影响较大,通过一定的改性处理获得孔结构与表面化学性质均有利于去除水中有机污染物的活性炭,并将其用于给水的深度处理,对于提高活性炭的吸附能力、使用寿命及确保出水水质安全都具有重要意义。     

纳滤膜用于直饮水生产的中试研究

以市政自来水为原水、纳滤膜为主体工艺生产直饮水,考察了纳滤膜对原水浊度、微量有机污染物、内分泌干扰物及无机离子的去除效果.结果表明,纳滤膜对浊度和微量有机污染物、内分泌干扰物的去除彻底.对无机盐及各种单一无机阴、阳离子的去除率与其标准脱盐率基本一致,可确保直饮水的TDS、COMn硫酸盐、氟化物、浊度等水质指标达到<饮用净水水质标准>(CJ94-2005)的要求,出水的口感和安全性好.     

雌激素活性作为饮用水水质指标的探讨

当前饮用水常规处理工艺对具有雌激素活性内分泌干扰物的去除效果较差，而饮用水水质指标中缺乏对这类物质的限制标准。为此探讨了雌激素活性作为饮用水水质指标的可行性，初步设定饮用水的雌激素活性安全阈值为0．4ngEEQ／L。     

我国饮用水中内分泌干扰物的去除研究进展

对我国水源水中内分泌干扰物（EDCs）的存在现状以及采用常规饮用水处理工艺、深度处理工艺和高级氧化技术去除EDCs的研究现状和进展进行了综述。我国水源水已受到EDCs的严重污染，其中主要包括农药类、壬基酚、双酚A、邻苯二甲酸酯类以及多氯联苯类等；常规饮用水处理工艺对EDCs的去除非常有限；饮用水深度处理工艺可降解一定的EDCs；生物处理技术具有成本低、可去除多种EDCs的特点，具有很好的应用前景。     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

聚硅铁混凝去除腐殖酸的研究

考察了聚硅铁(PSF)对腐殖酸(HA)的去除效果及影响因素,并与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、硫酸铁[Fe_2(SO_4)_3]进行了比较.结果表明,当5相似文献