利用DWDM实现核心网络的光网络互联

光网络互联实现了综合ＩＰ、ＡＴＭ、ＳＯＮＥＴ／ＳＤＨ和ＤＷＤＭ技术的低成本网络。ＤＷＤＭ技术彻底改变了核心网络,在ＤＷＤＭ配置的第二阶段,ＩＰ路由器和ＡＴＭ设备直接连接到ＤＷＤＭ,省去了ＳＯＮＥＴ／ＤＳＨ和ＡＴＭ,降低了成本,简化了扩容。光网络互联多数利用了现有标准,但新技术、新网络元素的引入同多带来了互操作问题,因此必须建立开放的ＤＷＤＭ系统,这也将推动光网络互联标准的发展。     

基于SDH/SONET的IP数据传送技术分析

SDH/SONET是目前最主要的传输技术,网络应用则以IP业务为中心,IP在SDH/SONET上的传送是一个重要问题.本文讨论IP在SDH/SONET上传送的传统PoA和PoS技术的基础上,详细分析了两种新的协议--简单数据链路(SDL,Simple Data Link)协议和通用成帧规程(GFP,Generic Framing Procedure),研究了各种协议技术的优缺点.     

高速光纤综合通信网络平台研究

现代通信网络应能满足各种通信业务和通信容量日益发展的需求,实现话音、数据、视频、IP等业务的一体化综合交换和传输。在比较TDM、IP和ATM三种协议的基础上,提出"采用内置RPR和MPLS功能的MSTP平台"建设光纤综合通信网络平台的实现方法。MSTP采用SDH的数据帧结构,保持了SDH标准光接口、灵活分插低速信号、自愈环保护和功能强大的网管等优点,可对TDM、IP和ATM协议进行优化传输。     

Convergence of Protection and Restoration in Telecommunication Networks

This paper argues for the need for convergence of protection and restoration schemes in today's telecommunication networks. Such networks are presented both in a layered context and from an end-to-end perspective. Such convergence is both necessary to ensure inter-working amongst a multitude of technologies deployed and desirable to ensure simplified operations. This paper further identifies the issues and inter-working items that need resolution in today's telecommunication and data networks in order to achieve inter working amongst various existing and emerging restoration and protection schemes in a layered and end-to-end context. End-to-end context covers the access, metro, and long haul dimensions of the network. It also encompasses both the services and the transport layers of the network in the context of multi-domain, multi service provider networks. Layering issues arise from the mix of technologies at several layers for example: optical transmission and CWDM/DWDM at physical layer, SONET/SDH framing and management at layer-1, ATM, MPLS, Ethernet, and resilient packet rings at layer-2, and finally IP and routing protocols at layer-3. Given that some degree of routing and signaling intelligence is migrating down to the optical layer equipment, this whole layering concept is currently in transition. This paper shows the need for convergence in the form of a two level protection and restoration scheme. A service independent layer and a mesh restoration capability at the routing layer.     

An economic feasibility study for a broadband virtual pathSONET/ATM self-healing ring architecture

A ring architecture that uses the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) virtual path (VP) concept to reduce the SONET ring cost in terms of bandwidth management is discussed. The add-drop multiplexer (ADM) proposed for VP ring architectures can evolve from existing SONET ADMs by replacing the STS-3 termination cards by the ATM STS-3c line cards. Existing standard self-healing schemes and protocol SONET rings can be applied to proposed ATM/SONET VP rings. A case study based on a BCC (Bellcore client company) ring network and the sensitivity analysis suggests that the proposed ATM VP ring architecture may be a cost-effective option for implementing the distributed ring grooming system at the DS 1 level. The proposed VP self-healing rings are not only used to carry existing DS 1 and DS 3 service, but can also be used to more cost-effectively consolidate switches for public-switched services and for SMDS, frame relay, and FDDI in metropolitan areas     

ATM交换机POS接入技术研究

POS即为Packet over SONET/SDH,是一种在同步光网络上承载IP数据的技术,也是当前因特网上一种重要的传输技术,该技术具有费用低、带宽利用率高、网络简单的优点,因此有广泛的应用前景。讲述了POS技术的原理,并结合ATM交换机,详细讨论了POS技术在硬件方面实现的原理及方法,在软件实现方面给出了功能单元、工作流程及设计要点。     

MPLS在基于SDH的3G接入网中的应用

以WCDMA为例,目前可商用的R99和R4版本都采用ATM承载技术,很多以SDH传输网作为传送平台的大型移动通信运营商采用基于SDH透传的MSTP技术从TDM向ATM平滑过渡,而未来的3G网络将发展成为从接入网到核心网全面采用IP承载的网络,考虑到IP网络在流量控制、QoS等方面的局限性,基于MPLS技术的IP承载将得到广泛的应用.但对于基础传输网络为SDH网络的运营商而言,不可能新建一个全新的纯MPLS网络来究成接入网向IP承载的过渡,必须以现有的SDH网络或MPLS网络为基础进行平滑过渡.讨论了3G接入网的IP演进进程中,MPLS在SDH传输网中的应用方案.     

Universal plesiochronous multiplexing (UPM) for arbitrary rateisochronous circuit emulation

The authors consider an alternative to ATM for the transport of arbitrary rate isochronous signals without cell loss, with minimal delay, and with the low jitter characteristic of PDH/SDH multiplexing. Configurable pulse-stuffing multiplex circuits implement a custom multiplexing format, as required for each application rate. The authors analyse the theoretical frequency coverage of the concept, and compare experimental against predicted jitter in test cases. The authors suggest a unified method and circuit architecture for the bulk mapping of any isochronous tributary into the corresponding SONET, DS3 or SDH carrier signal     

未来公用网络中的光互连网

介绍一种应用于未来公用网络中的光互连网 ,它采用 IP over DWDM技术 ,通过 ATM和SONET层的消除降低了成本和管理复杂性。文中首先介绍 IP over DWDM方案 ,然后介绍 IP overDWDM的支持技术—— DWDM的发展状况和因特网业务特征。并介绍 SONET层消除出现的问题及解决方法 ,以及所带来的支路分离的成本节约。最后展望了 IP over DWDM技术的应用前景。     

Service applications for SONET DCS distributed restoration

This paper determines the scope of network applications and services that could be offered using a SONET DCS-based self-recovering mesh architecture with distributed control. The study includes an outage impact analysis on network services and a determination of how network restoration time objectives will affect the applicability for the distributed controlled DCS network architecture. It is concluded that using SONET DCS distributed control architectures to provide more complete survivability of a network would support numerous applications. Future services will demand a fault-tolerant network with complete survivability; this may only be reached through integration of SONET DCS distributed control architectures with other survivable architectures such as cell relay networks (e.g., supporting SMDS) and self-healing rings     

Framework for MPLS-based control of optical SDH/SONET networks

The suite of protocols that defines multiprotocol label switching is in the process of enhancement to generalize its applicability to the control of optical networks. One area of prime consideration is to use these generalized MPLS protocols in upgrading the control plane of optical transport networks. This article describes those extensions to MPLS directed toward controlling SDH/SONET networks. SDH/SONET networks are ideal candidates for this process since they possess a rich multiplex structure, and a variety of protection/restoration options are well defined and widely deployed. We discuss the extensions to MPLS routing protocols to disseminate information needed for transport path computation and network operations and the extensions to MPLS label distribution protocols needed for provisioning of transport circuits     

突飞猛进的光通信技术

随着ＭＰＬＳ、ＤＷＤＭ、数字包封、波长选路及ＷＤＭ保护环网等新技术的开发,ＷＤ Ｍ光网络层已具有许多原先只能在高层实现的网络功能。原先单纯为了增加系统传输容量的ＷＤＭ技术,已转化为具有真正联网功能的多波长光网络技术,为彻底抛弃ＳＯＮＥＴ／ＳＤＨ,直接在具有光联网功能的 ＷＤＭ多波长光网络上承载 ＩＰ业务创造了条件。     

On IP-over-WDM integration

Expanding Internet-based services are driving the need for evermore bandwidth in the network backbone. These needs will grow further as new real-time multimedia applications become more feasible and pervasive. Currently, there is no other technology on the horizon that can effectively meet such a demand for bandwidth in the transport infrastructure other than WDM technology. This technology enables incremental and quick provisioning up to and beyond two orders of magnitude of today's fiber bandwidth levels. This precludes the need to deploy additional cabling and having to contend with right-of-way issues, a key advantage. Hence, it is only natural that over time optical/WDM technology will migrate closer to the end users, from core to regional, metropolitan, and ultimately access networks. At present, WDM deployment is mostly point-to-point and uses SONET/SDH as the standard layer for interfacing to the higher layers of the protocol stack. However, large-scale efforts are underway to develop standards and products that will eliminate one or more of these intermediate layers (e.g., SONET/SDH, ATM) and run IP directly over the WDM layer. IP over WDM has been envisioned as the winning combination due to the ability of the IP to be the common revenue-generating convergence sublayer and WDM as a bandwidth-rich transport sublayer. Various important concerns still need to be addressed regarding IP-WDM integration. These include lightpath routing coupled with tighter interworkings with IP routing and resource management protocols, survivability provisioning, framing/monitoring solutions, and others     

Integrity of public telecommunications networks

Provides an overview of the special issue of the IEEE Journal of Communications, Volume 12, Number 1 (January 1994) which addresses open questions in network integrity, reliability and survivability. Current progress in this area is discussed. The questions addressed include user survivability perspectives on standards, planning, and deployment; the analysis and quantification of network disasters; survivable and fault-tolerant network architectures and associated economic analyses; and techniques to handle network restoration as a result of physical damage or failures in software and control systems. Special interests are devoted to the survivability of broadband networks employing the new transport/switching techniques based on the synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) standards due to their emerging role in future B-ISDN. Network integrity due to failures of common channel signaling (CCS) systems is also very critical. The present special issue includes 22 papers and is organized into the following sections: user perspectives and planning, software quality and reliability, network survivability characterization and standards, network restoration for SONET networks, network restoration for ATM networks, traffic effect and performance enhancement for computer networks, and survivable network design methods. Network restoration methods for SONET, ATM, and computer networks correspond to those for the physical layer (SONET), ATM layer, and the network layer, defined in the CCITT broadband ISDN layer structure     

Data communication in ATM networks

An increasing number of customers require LAN access with high bandwidth and low delay over long distances. To satisfy these needs, several high-speed network techniques have been developed. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is superior compared to other networking technologies, as it offers high bandwidth and is scalable in the sense that the bandwidth capacity of an ATM system is not fundamentally limited to the technology itself. Initial ATM installations will operate as subnetworks of existing networks and MAC layer protocols. One of the main challenges in ATM is the transparent support of existing connectionless LAN services. Several activities have been launched within international standard bodies and forums to specify ways of providing data communication services over ATM. Most notable examples are Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and the similar Connectionless Broadband Data Service (CBDS) supported mostly by public network service providers. But also other approaches such as IP over ATM, and LAN emulation that show more adherence to the existing local and campus area networking paradigms. The article presents the requirements and architecture of the LAN emulation service. It describes the alternative methods for carrying IP packets over ATM, a public broadband service architecture and CBDS. The traffic management aspects of the data communication services are also discussed     

Evaluation of IP over WDM Network Architectures

The commonly used IP-backbone network architecture of today is IP/ATM/SDH/WDM. This architecture has many redundant functionalities and is not optimized to transport IP traffic. New approaches for simplified network architectures try to eliminate redundant functionalities and to decrease the protocol overhead and thereby transport IP as efficiently as possible over WDM-based optical networks. EURESCOM project P918 Integration of IP-over-optical networks: networking and management investigated scenarios for optimized IP transport in WDM-based backbone networks. In this paper, three architectures, namely Gigabit Ethernet, Packet over Sonet/SDH and Dynamic Packet Transport are investigated and evaluated as an alternative to the IP/ATM/SDH/WDM architecture.     

宽带数据网测试卡

详细介绍了一种宽带数据网络测试卡的硬件设计方法、各硬件模块功能、SDH（同步数字体系）层和ATM／POS（异步传送方式／帧传送方式）层测试功能的实现方法。这种测试卡对于宽带SDH／SONET（同步光网络）光纤网络的运营维护和网络设备的开发能够起到重要的作用。     

Packet-aware transport for metro networks

Today's metro networks have evolved from the need to support traditional voice and private line services. However, the tremendous growth in access to frame relay, ATM, IP, and Ethernet services, coupled with the desire of enterprise customers to interconnect via Ethernet interfaces, suggests the need for a new approach. This article proposes a new architecture for packet-aware transport networks (PATN) that supports both packet and traditional TDM services and leverages an assemblage of emerging technologies to provide efficient aggregation and switching of packet traffic in metro networks. The PATN has the potential to provide significant cost savings to carriers by reducing the number of network elements, reducing transport costs through statistical multiplexing, and eliminating the need for redundant multiplexing operations.     

Analysis and design of backbone architecture alternatives for IP optical networking

The unprecedented growth of IP traffic is leading Internet service providers and network operators worldwide to investigate architectural alternatives for cost effective, reliable, scalable, and flexible multiterabit IP backbones. In this paper, several overlay, service, and transport layer networking architectures, which employ IP, MPLS, SONET/SDH, and DWDM technologies, are proposed and analyzed. Multiple parameters, such as network capacity, cost, restoration strategy, reconfigurability, and accommodation of preemptable traffic, are considered for the architectural comparison. Detailed network design and economic analysis are provided for the different alternatives considering a typical nationwide U.S. backbone with projected IP traffic in approximately three years. Several sensitivity analysis results are also shown, to evaluate the effect of cost changes in some of the critical technological factors in these architectures, such as 10 Gb/s optics cost or IP router cost. The results show the value of transport layer networking architectures for multiterabit IP backbones, and how, when compared to service layer architectures, they provide additional desirable features such as wavelength reconfigurability and restoration scalability.     

IP网上的多业务仿真技术

本介绍IETF(因特网工程任务组)正在研究和标准化的在IP网上承载多种业务的仿真技术——端到端伪线路仿真(PWE3)。PWE3技术的成熟和应用，将使得电信运营商在只建设和运营维护一个融合的IP网络的情况下，不仅能够提供传统IP业务，而且也能够提供各种虚拟专线业务(如T1／TDM／SDH／ATM／Ethernet over IP)。