新型杀螨剂嘧螨酯对柑橘红蜘蛛的生物活性

测定了新型杀螨剂嘧螨酯对柑橘红蜘蛛雌成螨和卵的毒杀活性，结果表明，处理后24h，嘧螨酯原药与30％嘧螨酯胶悬剂对雌成螨的LC50值分别为4．67μg／ml和5．68μg／ml，处理后48h，分别为1．50μg／ml和1.97μg／ml；处理后第10d，对卵的LC50值分别为1．561μg／ml和1．58μg／ml。30％嘧螨酯胶悬剂对柑橘红蜘蛛具有优异的防效。     

新杀螨活性化合物JS7119的生物活性研究进展

JS7119属α-氰基-N-苄基吡唑酰胺类化合物,具有杀虫杀螨活性。普筛、初筛、复筛及田间筛选均表明,JS7119对棉花红蜘蛛、柑橘红蜘蛛、茶橙瘿螨等具有良好活性。室内毒力测定表明,浸渍法对棉花红蜘蛛成螨第3d的LC50为43.20mg/L,玻片浸渍法对柑橘红蜘蛛成螨第2d的LC50为5.3440mg/L。盆栽试验表明,JS7119对成螨、若螨、螨卵等均有活性。安徽马鞍山、河南安阳等点试验表明,使用JS7119有效成份75～150g/hm2时,防治棉花红蜘蛛3～7d的防效为80%～98%。重庆试验点表明,当JS7119使用剂量为100～400mg/L时,防治柑橘红蜘蛛3～30d的防效为92%～99%。杭州试验点表明,当JS7119使用剂量为75～300g/hm2时,防治茶橙瘿螨的3～7d防效为68%～78%。JS7119的生物活性研究为合理评价和研究开发提供了依据。     

酰基乙腈类化合物HNPC-A13351的生物活性

通过室内、温室与田间试验,评价了化合物HNPC-A13351的生物活性。室内、温室和田间活性测试结果表明HNPC-A13351对棉红蜘蛛、山楂红蜘蛛具有很好的活性。田间试验结果表明在20~40 mg/L处理浓度下HNPC-A13351与丁氟螨酯对柑橘红蜘蛛的防效无显著差异,HNPC-A13351具有优异的杀螨活性。     

创制杀螨剂SYP-3759的杀螨活性研究

SYP-3759是沈阳化工研究院正在开发中的一个具有高杀菌活性和杀螨活性的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类化合物.室内对朱砂叶螨毒力测定结果表明,新化合物SYP.3759对朱砂叶螨具有较高的活性,其处理后72 h对朱砂叶螨成螨的LC50为5.451 mg/L,明显高于克螨特.田间试验结果表明,SYP-3759对苹果红蜘蛛均具有良好的防效和持效,在100～150 mg/L下处理后21 d的防效均明显优于达螨酮.对柑橘红蜘蛛的田间试验结果表明,SYP-3759对柑橘红蜘蛛具有较好的防效,在100～200 mg/L下可以控制柑橘红蜘蛛的危害,明显优于哒螨酮,与嘧螨酯50～100 mg/L相当.     

龙葵绿果对小菜蛾的杀虫活性初探

采用浸渍法,测定了龙葵绿果乙醇提取物和石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水5种不同极性溶剂萃取物对小菜蛾的触杀活性.结果表明:95%乙醇提取物对小菜蛾有较高的触杀活性,而且随着提取物质量浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,小菜蛾的校正死亡率升高.质量浓度为50.00 g/L时,72 h的校正死亡率达到97.62%,LC50值4.798 g/L.5种萃取物对小菜蛾杀虫活性主要集中在石油醚和氯仿萃取部分,石油醚和氯仿萃取物72 h的校正死亡率分别为83.33%和73.33%.     

23%乙螨唑·三唑锡悬浮剂对柑橘红蜘蛛的田间药效研究

乙螨唑为噁唑类新型专用杀螨剂,三唑锡为触杀作用较强的广谱性杀螨剂,由二者制成的复配悬浮剂可起到增效作用。开展了对23%乙螨唑·三唑锡悬浮剂防治柑橘红蜘蛛的田间药效试验。结果表明,有效成分浓度为200、100、50 mg/kg的23%乙螨唑·三唑锡悬浮剂,防治柑橘红蜘蛛速效性好,持效期长;药后1、3、10、15、20、30 d的防效均达到95%以上,与对照药剂20%三唑锡悬浮剂100 mg/kg和110 g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂比较,各处理与三唑锡对照防效相当,极显著优于乙螨唑对照。     

茜草对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性初探

采用点滴法,测定了茜草乙醇提取物和石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水5种不同极性萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的触杀活性.结果表明:95%乙醇提取物对枸杞蚜虫有较高的触杀活性,而且随着提取物质量浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,枸杞蚜虫的校正死亡率都在升高.质量浓度为50.00 g/L时,48 h的校正死亡率达97.62%,LC50值2.633 g/L.5种萃取物对枸杞蚜虫杀虫活性的顺序为石油醚＞氯仿＞乙酸乙酯＞正丁醇＞水,石油醚萃取物48 h的校正死亡率69.05%.     

6种杀虫剂对小菜蛾不同虫态室内活性研究

为了解不同杀虫剂对小菜蛾的杀虫活性,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、浸渍法和药膜法分别测定了6种杀虫剂(虫螨腈、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、阿维菌素和多杀霉素)对小菜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4种不同虫态的室内活性。结果表明:田间推荐剂量下,6种杀虫剂对小菜蛾幼虫具有很高的杀虫活性,虫螨腈和多杀霉素具有速效性,药后24 h校正死亡率在90%以上。药后72 h,虫螨腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、阿维菌素和多杀霉素这4种药剂校正死亡率达100%。此外,6种杀虫剂均具有一定的杀卵作用,杀卵活性最强的是虱螨脲,多杀霉素和阿维菌素的杀卵作用较差。尽管有些杀虫剂杀卵作用稍差,但这些药剂可以杀死初孵幼虫,降低幼虫存活率。田间推荐剂量下,所有药剂处理2龄幼虫存活率均小于10%。6种杀虫剂中,对小菜蛾蛹和成虫活性最好的药剂为虫螨腈和茚虫威,其余药剂效果较差或几乎没有杀蛹和杀成虫活性。     

杀螨剂联苯肼酯活性研究

[目的]全面研究杀螨剂联苯肼酯对害螨的活性及对害螨的控制能力。[方法]主要采用喷雾法测定联苯肼酯的室内活性和田间药效。[结果]联苯肼酯对朱砂叶螨幼螨及雌、雄成螨的活性较高,对幼螨活性最高,LC50值为0.3735 mg/L。联苯肼酯在田间防治害螨时具有较好的速效性。对苹果叶螨和柑橘全爪螨均具有较好的防治效果,在200 mg/L质量浓度下,药后3 d,对苹果叶螨的平均防效达90.24%,对柑橘全爪螨的平均防效达88.68%。[结论]联苯肼酯对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨及雌、雄成螨均有一定的活性,并且在田间防治害螨时具有较好的速效性。     

6种杀螨剂对石榴小爪螨的毒力测定

[目的]石榴小爪螨近年在陕西汉中危害园林建筑植物樟树,亟需筛选有效药剂进行防治。[方法]利用6种杀螨剂、按药膜法对其雌螨实施毒力测定,分析急性触杀效果。[结果]各供试杀螨剂致死浓度对数值与雌螨校正死亡率机率值相关显著,毒力回归式斜率为1.59~3.70,LC50值为0.3~4540.6μg a.i./L,而LC95值为1.0~48981μg a.i./L。毒力强弱次序为15%苯丁.哒螨灵乳油>15%哒螨灵乳油>2%阿维菌素乳油>30%哒螨灵可湿性粉剂>25%三唑锡可湿性粉剂。以三唑锡LC50值为标准估算,苯丁.哒螨灵相对毒力指数为12986倍,其他杀螨剂位此极值间。[结论]供试杀螨剂都能以较低剂量杀死石榴小爪螨实验种群;其LC95值的10倍浓度可用作户外防治此螨的参考剂量。     

海芒果叶提取物的抑菌活性初探

采用冷浸法和超声波提取法对海芒果叶进行提取。以生长速率法测定了各萃取物对9种病原真菌的抑菌作用。结果表明,海芒果叶的正丁醇萃取相的抑菌活性最好;正丁醇萃取相对番木瓜炭疽菌、柑橘炭疽菌、香蕉枯萎菌的EC50分别是1.3964mg/mL、1.7246mg/mL、1.3256mg/mL,其中提取物对香蕉枯萎菌的毒力最高,值得进一步研究。     

氟螨嗪对柑桔全爪螨的室内毒力试验

室内测定了氟螨嗪(Flumite200)对柑桔全爪螨的毒力，结果表明：氟螨嗪对室内用雌成螨产2d后的卵的毒力高于直接从桂花树采回叶片上的卵，其LC50值分别为11．0mg/L(有效成分，下同)和52．4mg／L，对幼、若螨和成螨的LC50值分别为35．6mg／L和6173mg／L。氟螨嗪对柑桔全爪螨具有较高的杀卵和杀幼、若螨活性，而对成螨活性很低，可以作为防治柑桔全爪螨的药剂。     

96%金都尔乳油防除夏芝麻田杂草试验

田间小区试验结果表明，96％金都尔乳油在576--756g a．i.／hm^2剂量下时夏芝麻田发生的牛筋草、马唐、狗尾草等禾本科杂草有较好的防除效果．在756--936g a．i．／hm^2剂量下时绿苋、青葙等防效中等，时茼麻、铁苋菜基本无效。在试验剂量下时芝麻安全。     

小蓬草精油活性组分分析

利用气相色谱-质谱法对水蒸气蒸馏提取小蓬草精油的挥发性组分进行了分析,匹配度83%以上的活性组分有5种,其中4种为萜类化合物(柠檬烯、α-佛手柑油烯、顺式-β-金合欢烯、反式-β-金合欢烯)。通过纸上种子发芽的生物测定试验,结果表明,小蓬草精油对受体植物青菜、白菜、小麦、高粱种子萌发具有抑制作用,小蓬草精油对4种受体植物种子萌发具有50%抑制作用的丙酮溶液的适宜浓度IC₅₀分别为0.4、0.6、0.4、0.8 g/L。精油的活性组分主要有柠檬烯等萜类化合物、2,3-二甲基-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮等酮类化合物。     

A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species

Some researchers suggest that two-thirds of the world's plant species have medicinal value; in particular, many medicinal plants have great antioxidant potential. Antioxidants reduce the oxidative stress in cells and are therefore useful in the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory diseases. This paper reviews the antioxidant potential of extracts from the stems, roots, bark, leaves, fruits and seeds of several important medicinal species. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA) are currently used as food additives, and many plant species have similar antioxidant potentials as these synthetics. These species include Diospyros abyssinica, Pistacia lentiscus, Geranium sanguineum L., Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehd. Et Wils, Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd, Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham., Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn, Teucrium polium L., Dracocephalum moldavica L., Urtica dioica L., Ficus microcarpa L. fil., Bidens pilosa Linn. Radiata, Leea indica, the Lamiaceae species, Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC, Salvia officinalis L., Momordica Charantia L., Rheum ribes L., and Pelargonium endlicherianum. The literature reveals that these natural antioxidants represent a potentially side effect-free alternative to synthetic antioxidants in the food processing industry and for use in preventive medicine.     

飞龙掌血提取物抑菌作用初步研究

选择蒸馏水、无水乙醇、乙酸乙酯、石油醚4种提取剂,采用冷浸、加热回流两种方法萃取飞龙掌血,比较提取物对枯草杆菌、痢疾杆菌、啤酒酵母菌的抑菌效果。结果表明,冷浸 72 h 和加热回流 5 h 的飞龙掌血提取物对该3种菌的抑菌作用无显著差异,无水乙醇、乙酸乙酯提取物较水提物有显著差异;生药质量浓度为 0.25 g/mL 的乙醇提取物对3种菌都有极显著的抑菌效果,适宜抑菌生药质量浓度为 0.5 g/mL;pH值对该提取物的抑菌效果影响较大,3个菌种适宜抑菌的pH值不同。     

2种植物提取物对3种害虫的生物活性

主要对草乌、辣椒提取物对不同试虫的生物活性进行了初步研究。结果表明,草乌根提取物表现出较好的触杀活性,1g·mL-1草乌根提取物对麦二叉蚜和天幕毛虫的校正死亡率分别为78.51%和70.32%。辣椒果实提取物表现出较好的拒食活性,0.0625g·mL-1辣椒果实提取物对小菜蛾的拒食率为94.78%。     

一株药用红树尖瓣海莲内生真菌Penicillium sp.化学成分研究

综合运用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析等色谱分离技术,对一株来源于药用红树尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula var.rhynchopetala）的青霉属真菌Penicillium sp.的发酵产物的化学成分进行分离和纯化.结合理化性质和NMR等技术,并通过与文献对照,从该菌发酵产物中分离鉴定了5个化合物,分别为过氧化麦角甾醇（1）、豆甾-5-烯-3β-醇-7-酮（2）、（3β,5α,6β,22E）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3,5,6-三醇（3）、（20S,22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,9α-四醇（4）和β-胡萝卜苷（5）.化合物2-5为首次从尖瓣海莲内生真菌中分离得到.     

Influence of Induced Plant Defenses in Cotton and Tomato on the Efficacy of Baculoviruses on Noctuid Larvae

Constitutive phenolase activity of plants has a profound ability to modulate disease in insects caused by baculoviruses. We investigated the influence of damage-induced plant phenolic oxidases in cotton and tomato on mortality caused by two different baculoviruses in their respective hosts, Heliothis virescens (L.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). For both plant species, peroxidase (POD) and phenolic levels were predictive of larval mortality caused by baculoviruses. The higher the POD activity, the lower the mortality in both hosts. Different classes of phenolics (e.g., monohydroxyphenolics vs. catecholic phenolics) in combination with POD activity had different effects on the severity of viral disease depending upon mixture, which implies that viral efficacy is predictable only if total chemical content of the plants is specified. Inhibition of baculoviral disease by plant phenolase activity has potential implications for the compatibility of baculoviruses with induced resistance in IPM programs.     

Allelochemical resistance of bald cypress,Taxodium distichum,heartwood to the subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus

The heartwood of bald cypress,Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., resisted feeding attack by the Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Hexane-extracted heartwood, however, was consumed at > 12 times the amount of sound heartwood eaten. A bioassay usingT. distichum sapwood as a feeding substrate was employed to assess the antitermitic activity of successive hexane, acetone, and methanol extracts of heartwood shavings and isolates derived from the active hexane extract. Two fractions, eluted from the crude hexane extract by liquid chromatography, significantly reduced termite feeding compared to the parent extract, while a third fraction was less active than the original hexane extract. Each fraction contained one major component. All three components were structurally related diterpenes. The two most active heartwood constituents were identified by GC-MS and NMR as ferruginol and manool, while the third and least active, but most prevalent, compound in heartwood was identified as nezukol. Results of bioassays suggest that these allelochemicals act principally as feeding deterrents with accompanying termite mortality due to starvation.