20种中国蚕豆淀粉的物理特性与糊化回生特性

以中国不同蚕豆主产区的20种蚕豆为研究对象,探索蚕豆原料的加工适用性。测定20种蚕豆淀粉的物理特性、升降温过程中的粘度变化、凝胶强度和冷藏稳定性等。20种蚕豆淀粉的物理特性和糊化回生特性因地域产地和品种不同而差异很大。平均持水力为97.97%;膨润力和溶解度在50℃以后随着温度的增加而剧增;冻藏缩水率、透光率分别以云南凤豆、曲靖小粒蚕淀粉糊最高。20种的蚕豆淀粉在60.25～73.08℃时开始糊化;峰粘度、保持强度、回生值、凝胶强度分别以保山大白蚕、浙江青皮蚕豆、大白黑脐蚕、崇礼蚕豆淀粉为最高。通鲜2号蚕豆淀粉凝胶在冷藏循环中表现出最低的缩水率。     

紫米与籼米复配比对复配粉性质及紫米粉丝品质的影响

本文通过混配高直链淀粉的籼米粉来改善紫米粉性质,研究复配粉不同配比对原料性质及紫米粉丝品质的影响。将紫米粉与籼米粉按照一定比例进行复配并制作粉丝,以复配粉的直链淀粉含量、溶解度、膨润力、胶稠度、糊化及凝胶特性为理化性质测定指标,以紫米粉丝的蒸煮、花色苷含量及保留率与感官品质为评价指标,得到了优选原料粉复配比例为籼米粉:紫米粉为8:2。在该配比下,复配粉的直链淀粉含量由紫米粉的15.75 g/100 g增加到26.86 g/100 g,溶解度降低为6.24 g/100 g,膨润力减少为6.80 g/g,胶稠度由中软稠度变为硬稠度,低谷黏度、最终黏度与回生值增大,凝胶硬度与持水性增大,粘结性与失重率降低。上述原料性质的变化增强了紫米粉丝凝胶的结构强度,降低了其粘性,优化了其水合性质,最终改善紫米粉丝品质。最适配比下制作的紫米粉丝品质为:复水时间为508 s,断条率为9.67%,蒸煮损失率为34.37%,蒸煮品质与市售米粉丝水平相近,花色苷含量为18.36 mg/100 g,保留率达到65.68%,颜色紫红,带有紫米清香,软硬适中。     

蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉对马铃薯粉条品质的影响

为研究蚕豆淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉对马铃薯粉条的影响,分别将蚕豆淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉以及两者的混合粉与马铃薯淀粉进行不同比例混合,探讨了共混体系的理化特性并分析了粉条的品质。结果表明,加入蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉及混合粉均可以降低混合体系的膨胀度、溶解度,提高凝胶的色泽、硬度、凝胶强度、最大破断力;加入蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉及混合粉显著降低了粉条的断条率、膨润度及蒸煮损失,增强了粉条的硬度、内聚性、回复性、剪切强度和拉伸强度;在所有指标中,添加蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉混合粉的变化最明显,在添加量为20%时感官评分最高。     

淀粉性质与鱼糜品质的关系研究

研究了红薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉的理化性质以及添加这些淀粉后鱼糜的性质(凝胶质地特性、凝胶白度和析水率),并对淀粉的理化性质与鱼糜的性质间进行了相关性分析,结果表明:高于糊化温度下的淀粉膨润力、95℃时直链淀粉溶出程度以及淀粉胶稠度3个淀粉理化性质指标与鱼糜品质指标间存在显著性相关(P≤0.05),因此得出如下结论:高于糊化温度时淀粉的膨润力越大,95℃时直链淀粉溶出程度越低,淀粉的胶稠度越低,鱼糜制品的品质越好。     

板栗淀粉糊的特性研究

通过对板栗粉中占主要成分的淀粉的研究,为后期板栗粉冲剂开发提供试验理论依据,探讨了板栗淀粉糊的溶解度和膨润力、透明度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性以及凝胶强度等性质,并与小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉进行了比较。研究结果表明,从85℃开始,板粟淀粉的溶解度和膨润力都有很明显的上升;板栗淀粉的透明度低于小麦淀粉和玉米淀粉相似;凝沉现象随时间的增加比较明显;板栗淀粉的冻融稳定性和凝胶强度性质较其他两种淀粉出色。     

不同品种小米淀粉品质特性研究

选取山东农科院提供4种小米(济12、济13、保18、复1)及山东省部分地区种植2种小米(市1、市2)作为研究对象,采用1%SDS法提取小米淀粉,对不同品种小米淀粉直链淀粉含量、可溶直链淀粉含量、凝沉性、膨润性、溶解度等进行研究,并对淀粉理化指标进行相关性分析。结果显示,不同品种小米直链淀粉含量为2.27%~31.98%,其中以市1品种含量最高;复1和市2膨润力和溶解度最大;凝沉性排列次序为:高直链小米淀粉(市1)>中直链小米淀粉(济12、济13、保18)>低直链小米淀粉(复1、市2);淀粉理化指标间进行相关性分析结论为:溶解度、膨润力、凝沉体积皆与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关。     

“宜糖”米淀粉性质对粉丝品质的影响

为了探讨"宜糖"米粉丝和绿豆粉丝品质差异的原因,对2种淀粉的理化性质和热力学特性进行了比较。研究表明2,种淀粉在理化性质方面的差异为:"宜糖"米淀粉的持水性是绿豆淀粉的1.6倍,透光率是绿豆淀粉的40%,溶解度显著高于绿豆淀粉。2种淀粉在热力学方面的差异为:"宜糖"米淀粉的凝胶强度是绿豆淀粉的45%,热焓值是绿豆淀粉的60%,冷藏缩水率显著低于绿豆淀粉。"宜糖"米粉丝比绿豆粉丝品质差的原因可能与"宜糖"米淀粉具有较高的持水性和溶解度,较低的透光率、凝胶强度、冷藏缩水率和热焓值有关。     

脚板薯淀粉理化特性研究

采用碱法工艺提取脚板薯淀粉,并对其组成、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、持水性、溶解度、膨胀度、糊化和黏度特性等理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:脚板薯直链淀粉含量为27.05%,淀粉透明度、凝沉性、持水力、热稳定性较好,但冻融稳定性差,不易糊化,脚板薯淀粉的溶解力和膨润力随着温度的升高而增大,与水之间的相互作用较强。     

不同种类淀粉与黑米粉复配体系的理化性质和分子结构特性研究

为了改善黑米粉的凝胶特性,分别将绿豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉与黑米粉进行复配。对复配体系的糊化特性及凝胶质构特性进行测定,并结合低场核磁共振分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射仪进一步分析复配体系的分子结构特性。结果表明：随着淀粉浓度的增加,淀粉-黑米粉复配体系的峰值黏度均显著增加,糊化时间和温度降低。绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉显著增强了复配体系的持水力和膨润力,马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉显著降低了复配体系的溶解度。三种淀粉均可以促进复配体系凝胶网络结构的形成,改善凝胶的质构特性,包括凝胶的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性。此外,三种淀粉增强了复配体系淀粉链间的氢键相互作用,降低了凝胶的持水性,增强了体系的分子短程结构有序性和相对结晶度。上述研究表明,三种淀粉都可以改善黑米凝胶的品质,且绿豆淀粉的改善效果更佳。     

低水分马铃薯淀粉的理化性质及其对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

对低水分马铃薯淀粉的微观形貌、结晶结构、糊化特性、热稳定性、冻融稳定性等理化性质进行了测定,研究了低水分马铃薯淀粉的添加对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:低水分马铃薯淀粉的水分含量不超过8%,其改性制备过程对淀粉颗粒造成一定程度的破坏使其表面出现皱缩、龟裂,导致其具有较大的无定形区域,表现为较小的结晶度。低水分马铃薯淀粉的起始糊化温度(To)、吸热焓值(ΔH)、析水率和胶稠度分别为57.16℃、16.26J/g、40.83%和80.43mm,均低于原马铃薯淀粉,且其膨润力(18.83g/g)显著大于原淀粉(13.06g/g),表现出较优的理化性质。添加了两种淀粉的鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、持水性和白度的测定数据表明:原淀粉和低水分马铃薯淀粉均可改善鲢鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶性能,增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度,提升其持水性并且低水分马铃薯淀粉的改善效果更显著,其最佳添加量在8%左右。     

Starch noodles: History,classification, materials,processing, structure,nutrition, quality evaluating and improving

Starch noodles, produced from purified starch of various plant sources, are a major category of Asian noodles. This review summarizes the current knowledge on: (1) Definition, naming, history and categories of starch noodles. (2) The morphological, physico-chemical, thermal, rheological characteristics and molecular structure of materials including mung bean starch, pea starch, sweet potato starch, potato starch and corn starch. (3) Processing technology of starch noodles including dropping, extruding and cutting. (4) Structure of starch noodles: it is composed of hydrolysis-resistant crystalline zone, network-like framework and filler mass. (5) Nutrition of starch noodles: it could be evaluated by the digestibility of starch, hydrolysis properties of gelatinized and retrograded starches, hydrolysis property of starch noodles. (6) Quality evaluating of starch noodles: it includes sensory, cooking and texture property. Correlation between the physical properties of starch, processing variables and the sensory, cooking and texture property of starch noodles are summarized. (7) Quality improving for non-mung bean starch noodles: (a) using other materials such as red bean starch, pigeonpea starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, corn starch, to substitute totally or partly mung bean starch; (b) adding chemically modified starch; (c) adding physically modified starch; (d) biologically treating starch; (e) using additives such as chitosan, polysaccharide gums.     

Starch Noodle Quality as Related to Potato Genotypes

Starch noodles were prepared using potato starch from 8 genotypes, mung bean starch, mung bean-potato starch blends, and sweet potato starch. The cooking quality of noodles from selected potato starches compared well with commercial starch noodles. Of the unblended potato starches, Mainechip exhibited cooking quality similar to commercial starch noodles with respect to cooking loss, cooked weight, and ?rmness. Appearance and texture of starch noodles from three genotypes (E55-35, Mainechip, and Shasta) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Noodles made from unblended potato starches had higher glossiness and transparency than those from other starches. Noodles from both un-blended and blended Mainechip starch had the highest press and elasticity.     

Studies on noodle quality of potato and rice starches and their blends in relation to their physicochemical, pasting and gel textural properties

The physicochemical, pasting, and gel textural properties of potato and rice starches and their blends were studied in relation to their noodle making performance. Amylose content, swelling power and solubility values of potato starch were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than for rice starch. Pasting properties showed higher peak, final and setback viscosity for potato starch as compared to rice starch. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch gel had higher hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness as compared to rice starch gel. Potato starch noodles showed higher cooked weight and cooking loss and were scored higher by sensory panellists especially with respect to transparency and slipperiness. On the other hand, rice starch noodles were more firm with lower cooking loss. Addition of potato starch to rice starch significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the noodle characteristics. Among the starch blends studied, blending of potato and rice starch in the ratio of 1:1 resulted in good quality noodles in terms of their lower cooking time, higher cooked weight, transparency and slipperiness. The results revealed the possibility of blending of potato starch with rice starch in equal proportions to produce noodles of acceptable quality.     

Morphological,thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of potato and corn starch

A comparison between the morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of corn starch and potato starches separated from five different potato cultivars was made. The granule size and shape of all starches differed significantly. Potato starch granules were comparatively larger than corn starch granules, while the transition temperatures were found to be higher for corn starch. Consistency coefficients and flow behaviour indices measured by back extrusion were higher for potato starches than for corn starch. Stickiness of cooked starch pastes was observed to depend upon their consistency coefficient. The gels made from all potato starches showed higher gel strength than those from corn starch. The gel strength of starches from both corn and potato increased during refrigerated storage. The amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance values of potato starches were significantly higher than those of corn starch. Noodles made from potato starches had higher cooked weight and cooking loss than corn starch noodles. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch noodles also had higher hardness and cohesiveness than corn starch noodles. Hardness of cooked noodles from all starches increased and cohesiveness decreased during storage. Noodles made from starches of higher viscosity exhibited higher hardness and cohesiveness. Textural differences among cooked starch noodles appeared to be associated with morphological, thermal and rheological properties of corn starch and potato starches. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的物性及品质的影响

将马铃薯全粉与面粉按不同比例配成混合粉以制作面条,并用马铃薯复合变性淀粉提升面条的品质;通过对不同比例混合粉糊化特性,面条断条率、烹调损耗、物性、烹调特性和感官评定的研究,得出制作面条的最优马铃薯全粉:面粉质量比和预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的添加量。结果表明,最优的质量比为20:80 (w/w);添加马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的弹性、黏着性等都有显著影响(p<0.05);在烹调实验中,随着预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的增加,吸水率升高,当三者的添加量分别为5%、4%、5%时,浊度最低;感官评定实验中,当添加5%预糊化交联淀粉、4%氧化交联淀粉、6%酯化交联淀粉时,马铃薯面条的各指标评分之和最高,且分别为:31.2、33.1、34.6。从质构,烹调特性,感官特性等方面综合对比三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的影响,得出6%酯化交联淀粉最适宜。     

薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响

为研究薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响,测定了红薯淀粉（SPS1、SPS2、SPS3）、马铃薯淀粉（PS）、木薯淀粉（CS）的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度,分析了这些性质与鱼面品质之间的关系。结果表明:不同薯类淀粉的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉的糊化温度（78.37~79.97 ℃）最高,马铃薯淀粉的粒径、溶解度及膨胀度最大。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面的质构特性、煮制品质、感官评价及色泽均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。红薯淀粉加工鱼面的硬度显著大于马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉中SPS3加工鱼面的硬度最大。马铃薯淀粉加工鱼面的拉伸强度、吸水率及煮制损失率最大。SPS2加工鱼面的感官评价最高,CS加工鱼面的最低。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面干燥前的色泽在亮度、红绿值和白度上差异显著（P<0.05）,但对鱼面干燥后的色泽影响并不明显。根据综合评分的大小对鱼面的品质进行排序为:SPS2>SPS1>SPS3>PS>CS。淀粉的糊化特性、直链淀粉含量、粒径与鱼面的品质具有显著的相关性（P<0.05）。     

Characterization of Red Bean (Phaseolus radiatus var. Aurea) Starch and Its Noodle Quality

Red bean (Phaseolus radiatus var. aurea) starch was isolated by a wet-milling process and steeping in 0.1% sodium hydroxide which gave the best starch purity. Physical properties of the starch including granule sizes, gelatinization temperature range, iodine affinity, X-ray diffractogram, swelling and solubility pattern, Brabender amylogram, gel strength and degree of syneresis, were examined. Starch noodles were prepared from red bean starch and compared with those from mung bean. Noodle quality was exmained by solid loss during cooking, tensile strength and organoleptic tests. The results indicated that red bean starch noodles gave fairly good quality, although not as good as mung bean starch noodles.     

Suitability of pigeon pea and rice starches and their blends for noodle making

The physicochemical and pasting properties of pigeon pea and rice starches were studied to assess their suitability for noodle making. Amylose content, solubility and freeze thaw stability of pigeon pea starch were significantly higher than those of rice starch (p < 0.05). The pasting properties of peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and set back showed higher values for pigeon pea starch, whereas hot paste viscosity and pasting temperature were higher for rice starch. Rice starch noodles revealed less cooking time (4 min) and less percent solids loss, whereas pigeon pea starch noodles had higher cooking time (12 min), higher percentage of water absorbed during cooking, more hardness and cohesiveness. Rice starch noodles scored higher for their transparency and slipperiness over pigeon pea starch noodles. Blending of pigeon pea starch with rice starch had significant effects on the cooking and sensory quality of noodles. Among starch blends, 70:30 blend of the pigeon pea and rice starches respectively resulted in good quality of noodles especially in terms of their higher transparency, slipperiness, overall acceptability and cohesiveness values. Blending of pigeon pea starch with 30% rice starch could produce noodles with superior quality as compared to native pigeon pea and rice starch noodles.     

Starch-based noodles: Current technologies,properties, and challenges

Starch noodles are gaining interest due to the massive popularity of gluten-free foods. Modified starch is generally used for noodle production due to the functional limitations of native starches. Raw materials, methods, key processing steps, additives, cooking, and textural properties determine the quality of starch noodles. The introduction of traditional, novel, and natural chemical additives used in starch noodles and their potential effects also impacts noodle quality. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the native and modified starch as raw materials and key processing steps for the production of starch noodles. Further, this article aimed to comprehensively collate some of the vital information published on the thermal, pasting, cooking, and textural properties of starch noodles. Technological, nutritional, and sensory challenges during the development of starch noodles are well discussed. Due to the increasing demands of consumers for safe food items with a long shelf life, the development of starch noodles and other convenience food products has increased. Also, the incorporation of modified starches overcomes the shortcomings of native starches, such as lack of viscosity and thickening power, retrogradation characteristics, or hydrophobicity. Starch can improve the stability of the dough structure but reduces the strength and resistance to deformation of the dough. Some technological, sensory, and nutritional challenges also impact the production process.