Effective properties of platelet reinforced piezocomposites

Simple algebraic formulae are derived for estimates of the effective thermo-electroelastic moduli of multiphase platelet reinforced composites with the self-consistent and Mori-Tanaka methods. Specific results are given for the effective elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants, as well as the thermal stress tensor and pyroelectric constant. The platelets are modeled as very thin oblate spheroids in which the edge effects caused by the sharp corners are taken to be negligible. The results are formulated with the help of a polarization tensor for a piezoelectric platelet inclusion. It is shown that, although the two methods are different in nature, their estimates of the thermoelectroelastic moduli are exactly the same. When the piezoelectric coupling is absent, the results exactly reduce to those for uncoupled elasticity. Moreover, they exhibit the correct behavior in the low and high concentration limits. A number of exact results for a platelet inclusion are also established.     

Binding energy of liquid4He calculated by the hypernetted-chain method

The hypernetted-chain (HNC) method for quantum many-body calculations is investigated in some detail by means of calculations of the binding energy and the equilibrium density for liquid⁴He. The calculations are done for six different two-body potentials, and the results are compared with experimental results and other theoretical results obtained by the lowest order constrained variation (LOCV) method. Our HNC results are, in general, quite different from the results obtained by the LOCV method—the LOCV binding energies are generally reduced by 2–5 K in the HNC calculations. The results are also very dependent on the chosen potential, especially at high densities.     

Computations for large-amplitude two-dimensional body motions

A numerical method is presented for the time-domain simulation of large-amplitude motions of a 2-D surface-piercing body with arbitrary shape in deep water. Based on potential theory, panels are distributed on the body and desingularized sources are distributed above the calm water surface. The body boundary condition is satisfied on the exact submerged body surface. The free-surface boundary conditions are linearized and satisfied on the calm water level. The solution is stepped forward in time by integrating the free-surface kinematic and dynamic conditions. The numerical solutions for the oscillation problem are compared with experimental results and other numerical results, and found to agree well. The results for the impact problem are compared with similarity solutions. Finally, results for the large-amplitude sinusoidal motion of a 45-degree wedge are presented.     

Likelihood-based inference for power distributions

This paper considers likelihood-based inference for the family of power distributions. Widely applicable results are presented which can be used to conduct inference for all three parameters of the general location-scale extension of the family. More specific results are given for the special case of the power normal model. The analysis of a large data set, formed from density measurements for a certain type of pollen, illustrates the application of the family and the results for likelihood-based inference. Throughout, comparisons are made with analogous results for the direct parametrisation of the skew-normal distribution.     

Comparative study of two phase-field models for grain growth

There exist different phase-field models for the simulation of grain growth in polycrystalline structures. In this paper, the model formulation, application and simulation results are compared for two of these approaches. First, we derive relations between the parameters in both models that represent the same set of grain boundary energies and mobilities. Then, simulation results obtained with both models, using equivalent model parameters, are compared for grain structures in 2D and 3D. The evolution of the individual grains, grain boundaries and triple junction angles is followed in detail. Moreover, the simulation results obtained with both approaches are compared using analytical theories and previous simulation results as benchmarks. We find that both models give essentially the same results, except for differences in the structure near small shrinking grains which are most often locally and temporary for large grain structures.     

Wigner distribution function of Hermite-cosine-Gaussian beams through an apertured optical system

By introducing the hard-aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, the approximate analytical expressions of the Wigner distribution function for Hermite-cosine-Gaussian beams passing through an apertured paraxial ABCD optical system are obtained. The analytical results are compared with the numerically integrated ones, and the absolute errors are also given. It is shown that the analytical results are proper and that the calculation speed for them is much faster than for the numerical results.     

劲性钢筋混凝土受弯构件短期刚度与裂缝宽度的试验研究

本文介绍了十一根劲性钢筋混凝土简支梁的试验研究。试验结果表明,在加载全过程中,沿截面高度量测的平均应变符合平截面假定。笔者利用计算机程序对这类梁的M-曲率和M-挠度进行了全过程分析,其结果与试验结果吻合较好。对影响劲性钢筋混凝土梁短期刚度与裂缝宽度的主要因素,本文也进行了探讨。通过100余根梁的计算机模拟计算,根据试验研究的结果,运用统计分析的手段,并参照新规范GBJ10-89,导出了劲性钢筋混凝土梁的刚度和裂缝宽度的计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合亦较好。     

Surface waves in fiber-reinforced anisotropic general viscoelastic media of higher orders with voids,rotation, and electromagnetic field

In this article, we investigated an effect of external magnetic field on the propagation of surface waves in a perfect electrically conducting fiber-reinforced anisotropic general viscoelastic media of rational and higher orders with voids in a rotating medium. The general surface wave speed is derived to investigate effect of electromagnetic field and rotation on surface waves in the presence of voids and viscosity. Boundary conditions are applied to obtain the secular equation for generalized types of waves. Particular cases of Stoneley, Love and Rayleigh waves are derived. The results obtained are more general in the sense that some earlier published results are obtained from our result as special cases. In the absence of voids, the results for viscoelasticity of order zero are in good agreement with the fiber-reinforced materials. Also by neglecting the reinforced elastic parameters, the results reduce to a well-known isotropic medium. It is observed that surface waves cannot propagate in a strong initially applied electromagnetic field and rotation. Numerical results for particular cases have been obtained and displayed graphically. The results indicate that the effects of voids, anisotropic, fiber-reinforcement, rotation and electromagnetic field are very pronounced and applicable for the phenomena.     

High voltage heavy current leads for liquid helium cryostats

Properties of insulation for high voltage cryoelectric equipment are considered. The results of investigation into surface dieletric strength under cryogenic conditions of bushing models made of monolithic teflon are discussed. New designs for heavy current leads for liquid helium cryostats, based on the obtained results, have been suggested and built. The current leads ere tested at 80 and 100 kV with 5.5 kA current and the results are presented.     

Sulfuric acid dew point corrosion in waste heat boiler tube for copper smelting furnace

This paper presents the sulfuric acid dew point corrosion found on waste heat boiler tube for a copper smelting furnace. Macroscopic and microscopic observation results for the failed boiler tubes are shown. Then the analyzed results by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and EPMA on failed boiler tubes are demonstrated. Finally effective alloying elements for waste heat boiler tube material against sulfuric acid dew point corrosion are briefly described on the basis of the exposure test results for three kinds of steels in the radiation section of the waste heat boiler.     

Elasticity Solution of a Laminated Clamped Cylindrical Shell with Piezoelectric Layer under Dynamic Load

Dynamic elasticity solution for a clamped, laminated cylindrical shell with two orthotropic layers bounded with a piezoelectric layer and subjected to impulse load distributed on inner surface is presented. The piezoelectric layer serves as sensor/actuator. The governing elasticity PDE equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by means of Legendre polynomial expansion for displacement and electric potential in the axial direction. The resulting equations are transferred into state space form and reduced to an eigenvalue problem by using Galerkin's finite element in radial direction. The static and dynamic results are presented for [0/90/Piezo] lamination. The radius to thickness ratio effect on dynamic behavior is studied. The results are compared for different thickness ratios and applied electric loads with simply-supported shell results. Time responses for sensor and actuated shell are presented and natural frequencies are compared with simply-supported shell results.     

组合加肋旋转壳应力和稳定性分析的Riccati传递矩阵法

运用Riccati传递矩阵法,建立了旋转壳单元的场传递矩阵,推导了肋骨和母线倾角不连续位置的点传递矩阵,在推导中考虑了肋骨各方向可能的变形,编制了分析组合加肋旋转壳应力和稳定性的计算机程序(应力程序SAPRi,稳定性程序BAPRi)。利用所编制的程序对组合加肋旋转壳算例进行了应力和稳定性分析,并将计算结果与理论计算结果、试验结果或MSC/NASTRAN的计算结果进行比较,表明所编制的程序正确可信、计算速度快、精度高。     

Probabilistic evaluation of conformity criteria for concrete families

When only a limited number of test results are available, compressive strength results of concrete family members can be combined in order to enable conformity control on a sufficient number of test results. The principles behind the conformity control of concrete families are explained and an original probabilistic evaluation of conformity criteria for concrete families is introduced. For the calculation of the corresponding operating characteristics, some approximate formulae are presented. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used for more exact calculations. In this way, also autocorrelation between consecutive test results can be taken into account, using an autoregressive process. The current guidelines and conformity criteria for concrete families in EN 206-1 are evaluated and discussed, based on the AOQL concept. Different conformity criteria and transformation methods are described, evaluated and discussed.     

A Statistical Procedure for Testing Nuclear Powered Cardiac Pacemakers

This article presents the results of a study of the functional case of the problem of parameter estimation when there is error in all the variables. There is consequently no distinction between independent and dependent variables. Posterior probability density functions are developed for the parameters with both linear and nonlinear, and possibly multiple, relations among the true values of the variables. There is no distinction between models that are linear or nonlinear in the parameters. The results are equivalent to generalizations of the work of some previous authors, but lead to new and efficient algorithms for finding point estimates and their precisions. For most of the results the error covariance matrix is assumed known, though a case is treated where it is known except for a scalar multiplier. The results are also shown to be valid if the covariance matrix is singular. Geometric interpretations are described.     

The trapping of surface waves by multiple submerged horizontal cylinders

The existence of edge waves, or trapped modes, travelling above a single long horizontal submerged cylinder is well established in the linearised theory of water waves. In the present paper, the possibility of wave-trapping by multiple submerged horizontal circular cylinders is considered. The trapped mode solutions are constructed by means of a multipole approach combined with an addition formula for Bessel functions and requires finding the non-trivial solutions of a real infinite system of algebraic equations. The case of a single submerged cylinder is returned to briefly, where results for symmetric trapped modes are reproduced and new numerical results for antisymmetric modes are presented. A large range of results are also presented for multiple cylinders.     

Exact results versus mean field solutions for binary granular gas mixtures

A novel method for obtaining the distribution functions from the Boltzmann equations for binary granular gas mixtures of smooth spheres has been developed. The method is capable of producing accurate results irrespective of the values of the parameters which define the system. Here we explain the method and present results obtained using it for the temperature ratio of the components, as well as for the flatness (and higher order measures of flatness) of the distribution functions, for the homogeneous cooling state. It turns out that the mean field approximation for the temperature ratio yields results which are within about 1% or better of the exact results for all checked values of the parameters (except when the mass ratio is very large (or small) and the system is very inelastic) even when the values of the flatness suggest that the distribution functions are not near-Maxwellian. The use of the method for obtaining constitutive relations is outlined but detailed results are deferred to another publication.     

Optical analysis of crack tip stress fields: a comparative study

Four optical techniques for evaluating stress intensity factors in opaque specimens are described in outline, and compared for both an artificial crack and a fatigue crack. The results are compared to a standard solution for the geometry considered. All the techniques gave acceptable results over a range of stress levels and crack lengths. The methods of caustics and strain gauges were less good, whilst photoelasticity gave consistent results over a wide range of stress levels. Comments on the ease of application and the resource implications are also made in order to assist practitioners.     

Red light for red-light cameras?: A meta-analysis of the effects of red-light cameras on crashes

A meta-analysis has been conducted on the effects of red-light cameras (RLCs) on intersection crashes. The size and direction of results reported from studies included in the meta-analysis are strongly affected by study methodology. The studies that have controlled for most confounding factors yield the least favourable results. Based on these studies, installation of RLCs leads to an overall increase in the number of crashes by about 15%. Rear-end collisions increase by about 40% and right angle collisions, which are the target crashes for RLC, are reduced by about 10%. All effects are, however, non-significant. Meta-regression analysis shows that results are more favourable when there is a lack of control for regression to the mean (RTM). An interaction is found between control for RTM and control for those spillover effects that result from the tendency of RLCs to affect crash levels in nearby intersections without RLC. In studies controlling for RTM, additional control for spillover effects reduces the favourability of results still further. Studies controlling for both RTM and spillover effects tend also to control for more additional factors than other studies. It is likely that the results are affected by additional moderator variables, which could not be investigated in this meta-analysis. RLCs may reduce crashes under some conditions, but on the whole RLCs do not seem to be a successful safety measure.     

双参数地基上厚薄板通用元与地基参数识别的挠度反分析

进行了双参数地基板的有限元分析,基于Mindlin-Reissner中厚板理论给出了双参数地基上广义协调厚薄板通用元的计算公式,并利用位移反分析和遗传算法进行了地基参数识别。有限元计算与试验实测结果吻合良好。为便于比较,文中还给出了Winkler地基和半空间地基的计算结果。     

Wave propagation and attenuation in para- or soft ferromagnetic materials—II: The influence of the direction of the magnetic field

Magnetoelastic wave propagation for para- and soft ferromagnetic materials is discussed. In particular, numerical results are presented for wave speed, attenuation of the waves as functions of wavelength, electrical conductivity, magnetizability, intensity and direction of the magnetic induction. The results are based on a theory and linearization procedure presented by the author in a previous paper. The results are compared with the ones of other authors.