准东火14井北断块速度分析及正演模型的应用

火14井北断块位于准噶尔盆地东部卡拉麦里山前二叠纪平地泉期前陆盆地的深凹陷,现今主体处于石炭系火山岩逆掩推覆体之下。由于断块上覆火山岩高速层呈北厚南薄的楔状展布,复杂的速度变化制约了断块内构造形态的认识。运用正演模型技术,验证了火14井北断裂的可靠性,同时也证实该断块圈闭的可靠性。为了准确刻划断块内部形态,进行了速度谱精细解释,建立了主要目的层平均速度场。通过异常速度分析,提高了速度分析精度,落实了断块内构造形态。     

酒泉盆地营尔凹陷金佛寺逆冲推覆带速度分析及掩伏构造形态研究

 酒泉盆地南缘山前冲断带东部金佛寺逆冲推覆带发育上覆高速花岗岩推覆体和推覆体前缘下伏新近系高速层，并有速度倒置的特征，导致下盘原地系统（由新生界和下白垩统组成）掩伏构造的形态在时间域与深度域出现较大差异。本文利用金佛寺逆冲推覆带北部三维地震资料和钻、测井资料，分析了三维区速度变化规律和金佛寺逆冲推覆带北缘下伏新近系高速层空间分布；针对金佛寺逆冲推覆带结构和速度特征，将三维区速度变化趋势向南延拓，应用分区分块层位控制法建立了金佛寺逆冲推覆带速度场；通过层位控制法建立平均速度场，用变速成图法及构造模型层速度充填法开展了金佛寺掩伏构造形态研究，进而提出了该区下步勘探建议。     

吐哈盆地北部山前带构造样式及演化特征

吐哈盆地北部山前带地质结构复杂,地震资料品质差,油气勘探难度大。为寻求油气勘探新突破,利用地质、地震和钻井资料,对北部山前带构造样式进行重新梳理,通过构造物理模拟实验校正构造解释,建立更合理和准确的构造模型,系统分析该地区构造变形机理及变形规律。研究成果表明,北部山前带发育侏罗系煤层和二叠系泥岩双滑脱层,形成了以叠瓦状构造为主的逆冲推覆构造,垂向上为“入”字型冲断层、突起构造、叠瓦扇构造;滑脱层下面是堆垛状双重构造或叠瓦状双重构造;平面上受2组断层控制,呈南北成排、东西成段分布,由北向南依次为冲断带、逆掩带、逆掩带外缘构造带。研究区中东段推覆体下盘断背斜、断块构造群发育,形态完整,利于油气保存,是侏罗系油气勘探的有利区;逆掩带外缘构造带形态较为完整,是下侏罗统及之下层系油气勘探的潜力区。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘地区石炭—二叠系成岩后生变化及储层特征

本文对克拉玛依大逆掩断裂带的三个组成部分的石炭系地层,利用综合研究的方法,分析了各带的石炭系岩相、成岩后生作用及孔隙结构特征。归纳并计算了能代表裂缝和基质岩块性质的十九个特征参数。对这三个带四类储层进行了初评:推复体主部为好的储集层;下盘掩覆带为中等储集层;推复体前缘断块为中等储集层。根据地质情况,结合油藏性质建立了四种储层孔隙结构地质模型:1、推复体主部双孔隙度模型;2、下盘掩覆带裂缝性模型;3、前缘断块碎屑岩型双孔隙度模型;4、前缘断块火成岩双渗透率模型。通过储层评价及模型的建立,展示了西北缘石炭系油气勘探的广阔前景,并提出了对今后勘探工作的建议。 石炭—二叠系地层在准噶尔盆地西北缘地区分布广泛。从岩类上讲,既有沉积岩,又有火成岩;从岩相上讲,既有泻湖相、水下冲积相沉积,又有火山碎屑相;从构造特征上讲,它们既受克拉玛依大逆掩断裂带的控制,又分别处于不同的构造部位;加之后生成岩作用的影响,使之各类储集层呈现出不同的特征。 根据近年来对克拉玛依大逆掩断裂带构造模式的研究,可以将它分为五个组成部分:1、推复体主部;2、推复体上复地层超覆带;3、前缘断块带;4、逆掩断裂下盘掩覆带;5、断裂前缘外围带。 这五个组成部分,其构造特(?)下: 一、推复体主部 自     

旋冲钻井技术在逆掩推覆体地层的应用

在玉门青西油田窟窿山背斜构造南翼和金海子构造,由逆掩推覆带推覆上来的志留系及石炭-二叠系等老地层具有地层高陡、岩石可钻性差等特点,致使钻井过程中钻进效率低、井斜控制难.旋冲钻井技术是钻进硬岩的有效方法,为解决逆掩推覆体地层钻进难题,在玉门油田窿¨4和金海1两口井应用了DGSC型液动冲击器及配套技术,取得了较好的效果,机械钻速提高30%以上.介绍了逆掩推覆体地层特点和钻进难点,液动冲击器的特点、破岩机理及现场应用情况.应用结果表明,该技术可有效地提高硬岩钻井速度、防止井斜、减缓钻头磨损、降低钻井成本,是一种在硬岩难钻地层有发展前景的钻井技术.     

前陆冲断带下盘的掩伏构造假象分析与校正——以准噶尔盆地东部“火北掩伏带”为例

造山带和盆地之间的前陆冲断带及其下盘掩伏带是油气勘探的重要领域,有关其时间域构造假象及时间域剖面复杂构造的研究多集中在高速盐丘、海底峡谷等特殊地貌或地层厚度剧变对下伏构造层成像"上拉、下拽"形成的构造假象方面,而对于火山岩体厚度变化及尖灭对下盘构造成像的影响以及"假断裂、假构造"判识方法的研究则较少。为此,以准噶尔盆地东北部火烧山油田以北石炭系克拉美丽前陆冲断带下盘的掩伏背斜带(以下简称火北掩伏带)为例,通过对火北2井钻探前后验证过程的描述,基于对正演模型、叠前深度偏移剖面及倾角测井等资料的综合分析,探究了该冲断带下盘时间域"假背斜、假断裂"形成的原因。结果表明:(1)地层速度的横向变化可导致速度异常区下伏地层构造形态畸变,出现假构造和构造高点偏离的现象;(2)火北掩伏构造和火14井北断裂是因逆冲断层上盘石炭系火山岩高速层存在且横向厚度突变导致的构造假象;(3)叠前深度偏移技术是解决时间域剖面上构造假象难题的最佳手段,在不具备进行叠前深度偏移条件时可通过建立正确的三维速度场、变速时深转换来实现成图。结论认为:(1)通过建立复杂构造区的典型构造样式及地震构造解释模型,运用模型正演,结合地层倾角测井等成果,可以识别逆掩推覆断裂复杂构造带的真假;(2)探讨火山岩发育的逆掩推覆断裂带的地震解释技术,对于指导研究区勘探目标优选具有实践意义,对类似地区的地震资料解释也具有借鉴作用。     

环波软件公司

<正>任意模型的空间射线追踪(速度研究)采用模型层析法求取层速度,消除了上覆大倾角地层对构造形态及构造高点的影响,从而获得构造的真实形态。采用这种方法进行构造成图,在复杂断裂带处,尤其是在逆掩断层发育处的应用效果更为明显。地震数据体拼接技术采用时差校正场进行地震数据体拼接,理论上实现了零时差拼接,且可实现动态拼接,保持原始数据体特征不变。利用拼接地震数据体,可实现大区域精细构造研究,快速建立区带级或盆地级三维构造地质模型。     

环波软件公司

<正>任意模型的空间射线追踪(速度研究)采用模型层析法求取层速度,消除了上覆大倾角地层对构造形态及构造高点的影响,从而获得构造的真实形态。采用这种方法进行构造成图,在复杂断裂带处,尤其是在逆掩断层发育处的应用效果更为明显。     

环波软件公司

<正>任意模型的空间射线追踪(速度研究)采用模型层析法求取层速度,消除了上覆大倾角地层对构造形态及构造高点的影响,从而获得构造的真实形态。采用这种方法进行构造成图,在复杂断裂带处,尤其是在逆掩断层发育处的应用效果更为明显。     

环波软件公司

<正>任意模型的空间射线追踪(速度研究)采用模型层析法求取层速度,消除了上覆大倾角地层对构造形态及构造高点的影响,从而获得构造的真实形态。采用这种方法进行构造成图,在复杂断裂带处,尤其是在逆掩断层发育处的应用效果更为明显。     

Occurrence and estimation of aflatoxin M1 exposure in milk in Serbia

The occurrence of AFM1 was investigated in 150 cow's, 10 goat's, 5 donkey's, 10 breasts milk and 1 infant formula samples. Analyses were done using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. AFM1 was detected in 98.7% of analyzed cow's milk samples in concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1.2 μg/kg. Further, even 129 (86.0%) cow's milk samples contained AFM1 in concentration greater than maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 μg/kg defined by European Union (EU) Regulation. Analysis of other types of milk showed that AFM1 was detected in 80.0% goat's, 60.0% donkey's and 60.0% of breasts milk samples.Although Serbian Regulation for MRL of AFM1 in milk has been changed and harmonized with EU Regulation in 2011, occurrence of AFM1 in milk in Serbia during 2013 resulted in Regulation changes, and MRL were changed from 0.05 to 0.5 μg/kg.On the basis of the obtained concentrations of the AFM1 in cow's milk, collected information about average milk intake and mean body weight (bw) for different age's categories, mean ingestion of AFM1 in ng/kg per bw per day were estimated. Obtained results showed that all age's categories, especially children, are exposed with high risk related to presence of AFM1 in milk.There are only a few published data about occurrence of AFM1 in milk in Serbia and none about intake assessment for AFM1.     

Contamination of Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis taichui metacercariae in fermented fish products in northeastern Thailand markets

Consumption of raw or inadequately cooked cyprinid fish as well as related products (often contaminated with Opisthorchis viverrini and/or Haplorchis taichui) is one of the major causes of fish-borne trematode (FBT) infection, which is still endemic in the Greater Mekong Subregion including northeastern Thailand. This study surveyed FBT metacercariae (FBTM) in fermented fish dishes (pla-ra and pla-som) obtained from 73 local markets in 20 provinces of northeastern Thailand during April to November 2011. Fish were identified and examined for FBTM under a microscope. In addition, the coexistence of H. taichui in O. viverrini-positive samples was confirmed by multiplex PCR. FBTM were detected in fermented fish dishes from markets located in five provinces: Si Sa Ket, Sakon Nakhon, Mukdahan, Khon Kaen and Udon Thani. FBTM contamination was found in 9.58% (7/73) of markets, mainly in pla-ra. FBTM were found in four species of fish: Henicorhynchus siamensis, Puntius bimaculatus, Puntius orphoides and Hampala dispar. Multiplex PCR revealed 186 and 330 bp PCR products in most of FBTM-positive samples, indicating the coexistence of H. taichui and O. viverrini in fermented fish dishes. These results suggest that fermented fish dishes are frequently contaminated with FBTM and may serve as important sources of FBT infection in people who typically eat raw or undercooked fish dishes. This study might provide evidence leading to improved public health awareness for surveillance and control of FBT contamination in fermented fish dishes.     

Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cereal flours commercialised in Turkey

In this study, we aim to determine co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereal flours commercialised in Corum, Turkey. One hundred cereal flours were checked for target fungal metabolites between the years 2011 and 2013. The samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) after immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up procedure. The method was successfully validated in accordance to European Union guidelines acceptance criteria for specificity, linearity, sensitivity, trueness and repeatability. All the results are well below the maximum limits specified in the EU legislation. AFs were detected neither wheat flour nor rice flour samples, while 66.7% of maize flours contained AFs with maximum concentration of 1.12 μg kg⁻¹. OTA was present in 26.7% of wheat flour, 41.7% of maize flour and 18.8% of rice flour samples, with mean levels of 0.247, 0.218 and 0.154 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. The co-occurence of AFs and OTA was found in 9 maize flour samples.     

A survey on the milk chemical and microbiological quality in dairy donkey farms located in NorthWestern Italy

There is a growing interest in donkey's milk as food for sensitive consumers, such as infants with cow's milk protein allergy and elderly people. The aim of this study was to carry out a survey on the dairy donkeys farming in Piedmont, Italy. The research was conducted in order to analyze the farm characteristics as well as the chemical and microbiological quality of milk. All the farms were small-sized, family-run, and, in most cases, animals were farmed semi-extensively. The donkey milk from Piedmont farms was characterized by a protein content around 1.5 g/100 mL and a fat content lower than 0.1 g/100 mL. Lysozyme activity was considerably higher than that reported in raw cow milk. The milk microbiological profile greatly differed among the farms. Milk sampled in the farm that performed hand milking showed total viable counts significantly lower than milk collected in the farms equipped with automatic milking. Samples were tested for several pathogens and negative results were observed, except for the detection of Bacillus cereus in one sample. The survey provided useful data for the laying down of recent regional regulation for the production and commercialization of donkey's milk. The results of the survey indicate that further research is needed in order to define the best management and nutritional strategies for the improvement of the quali-quantitative production of dairy donkeys.     

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Adana province of Turkey

During 2012, a total of 176 samples of raw milk obtained from dairy plants of Adana province of Turkey were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁). Aflatoxin M₁ analysis was carried out by centrifugation, liquid–liquid extraction, immunoaffinity column clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the analytical method were 0.021 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.025 μg kg⁻¹. Accuracy of the method obtained from bias ranged from 2.94 to 8.70. Aflatoxin M₁ was detected in 53 out of 176 samples analysed (30.1%). The ranges for positive samples were 0.042–0.552, 0.033–1.01, 0.047–0.150 and 0.025–0.102 μg kg⁻¹ in autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons, respectively. Thirty samples of raw milk (17%) were above the legal limits of Turkey and EU regulations.     

Adventitious presence of transgenic events in the maize supply chain in Peru: A case study

Cultivation and trade of transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMO) and commodities has become widespread worldwide. In particular, production of transgenic crops has seen an accelerated growth along with a complex regulatory process. Current Peruvian legislation prohibits import of transgenic seeds and cultivation of transgenic crops in National territory but allows import of GMO-derived products and commodities. In addition, there is legislation that mandates the labeling of food products containing transgenic ingredients but the labeling threshold is still under discussion and the enforcement of this law is on hold. In this context, we evaluated adventitious presence of transgenic events in locally traded yellow maize using PCR- and immuno-based detection methods. Our results indicated that contamination during the distribution system of lots derived from non-transgenic maize was unavoidable and generally below 1.0% (w/w). Transgenic event MON810 was found in truck-loads of nationally grown maize. In general, frequencies of GMO-derived targets in whole-grain lots were 2.2% (GMO content ≥ 1%), 16.4% (GMO content ≤ 1%) and 81.3% (GMO content below our detection levels). When samples of de-germinated maize where evaluated, frequencies were 25.6% (GMO content > 0.9%), 65.1% (GMO content ≤ 0.9%) and 9.3% (GMO content below our detection levels). We believe this information will aid policy makers in establishing a suitable threshold for trade and product labeling as well as to conduct further investigation on other crops and scenarios.     

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

Mycotoxins can cause toxicity when ingested by humans and animals. Although the rumen is supposed to be a barrier against mycotoxins, some studies demonstrate that carry-over of mycotoxins to milk is possible. Different studies have found mycotoxin levels in animal milk, mainly related to contaminated feed for ruminants. Aflatoxin M1 is the most studied mycotoxin in milk and levels exceeding the EU maximum level for this mycotoxin in this matrix (0.050 μg/kg) have been found. Maximum levels in milk for other mycotoxins have not been established; however ochratoxin A, aflatoxins G1, G2, B1, B2 and M2, fumonisin B1, cyclopiazonic acid, zearalenone and its metabolites and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol have also been found in milk samples. Taking into account that multi-exposure to mycotoxins is the most likely scenario and co-occurrence of mycotoxins could affect their toxicological effects in humans and animals, there is a need to determine the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in milk.     

Species determination of pine nuts in commercial samples causing pine nut syndrome

Consumption of pine nuts from the species of Pinus armandii has been reported to cause dysgeusia, commonly known as pine mouth, or pine nut syndrome (PNS). However, the number of reports on pine nut consumptions of the different species and PNS is limited. This leaves open the possibility that other pine species than P. armandii could be involved in PNS as well. This study investigated 18 samples involved in PNS and received at the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration in 2011 through 2012. Samples were subjected to gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids. The content of 11 individual fatty acids was used together with the diagnostic index and the sum of Δ5-fatty acids as diagnostic parameters. Diagnostic parameters from samples were then compared to reference material and literature data to determine the species. In a limited number of samples, the diagnostic parameters matched neither our reference materials nor literature data. However, the morphology, the fatty acid analysis, and externally obtained DNA sequencing data suggest a P. armandii subspecies or a variety. With these possible P. armandii subspecies, P. armandii was identified in all analyzed samples. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) to the data set showed a satisfactory separation of the majority of the 13 pine species included in the study.     

Determination of methenamine residues in edible animal tissues by HPLC-MS/MS using a modified QuEChERS method: Validation and pilot survey in actual samples

A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was developed for the determination of methenamine in edible animal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and cleaned with anhydrous sodium sulfate and primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbent. An isotope dilution mass spectrometry technique was applied to compensate for matrix effect. The separation was performed on a HILIC column, and the mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-0.1% of formic acid and 5.0 mmol/L of ammonium acetate in water. The method showed a linear relationship in the range of 1.0–20.0 μg/L for methenamine, and the determination coefficients (R²) ranged from 0.9939 to 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for methenamine in animal tissues sample was 1.5 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries were 86.7–109.5% at spiked levels of 5.0, 25.0, 100.0 μg/kg. The intra-day precision ranged from 2.6 to 7.0%, and the inter-day precision ranged from 4.9 to 11.3%. The validated method was successfully applied to determination of methenamine in swinish muscle, kidney and liver.     

Determination of water-soluble vitamins in energy and sport drinks by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A method for the determination of water-soluble vitamins in several energy and sport drinks by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) has been developed in this work. The separation of vitamins was studied in terms of background electrolyte composition (borate content, pH, surfactant type and content) and in other MEKC parameters. A study of the possible compounds found in the vitamin-enriched drinks that could interfere in vitamin determination was also performed, and a modified procedure with enhanced resolution was developed. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of water-soluble vitamins in a variety of energy and sport drinks and also in fruit nectars. The method implies minimal sample preparation and reagent consumption, being environmentally sustainable. Thus, the proposed methodology could be useful for quality control purposes in the soft drink industry.