塑料着色中减小同色异谱现象的研究

研究了塑料着色时加入不同的颜料对同色异谱的影响,通过加入同色异谱调节剂使颜色在指定光源下同色异谱指数最小。结果表明,调整颜料及加入同色异谱调节剂,可以达到在两个光源下无同色异谱现象。     

同色异谱指数的测定

同色异谱是色度学中的一个基本概念,在实际生产和生活中有很大的理论和实际意义。特别是近年来,同色异谱问题越来越受到生产和消费者的注意.同色异谱指数不失为定量评价同色异谱程度的一种手段。本文详细地介绍了同色异谱的概念,同色异谱指数的计算方法以及若干计算实例。同时介绍了同色异谱指数在运算过程中所涉及到的国家标准和参考资料。旨在于帮助读者了解同色异谱的基本概念及基本运算方法,并在短期内掌握这种评价同色异谱程度的方法,使标准能够顺利执行。     

镍系低门尼黏度顺丁橡胶

通过采用适当的相对分子质量调节剂、优化催化剂配方和加入添加剂的工艺合成了镍系低门尼黏度顺丁橡胶(NiBR)。结果表明,加入含氧类相对分子质量调节剂可以加宽NiBR门尼黏度的调节范围;加入α-烯烃类相对分子质量调节剂,可以明显降低NiBR的门尼黏度;在环烷酸镍-三异丁基铝-三氟化硼乙醚络合物-含氧类相对分子质量调节剂四组分体系中,可使三异丁基铝与三氟化硼乙醚络合物的摩尔比较低,以减少催化剂用量;加入少量苯类添加剂可以明显提高NiBR的拉伸强度和300%定伸应力。     

锆钒蓝颜料综述

本文介绍了锆钒蓝颜料的呈色机理、矿化剂的加入量、着色剂、釉组成和烧成气氛的影响，颜料颗粒大小对呈色的影响，以及在建筑卫生瓷听加入量等作一评述。     

颜料附着的绿色发光萤光体

<正> 更准确地说是在莹光体粒子表面附着颜料粒子的绿色发光萤光体。如要提高电视的彩色阴极射线管的对比度,可使用在萤光体粒子表面附着与发光色同色的颜料粒子。这样,附着的颜料粒子起色过滤器作用而使发光的色纯度提高。     

稀土氧化物对变色结晶釉呈色的影响

系统地探讨了稀土氧化物对变色结晶釉呈色的影响。在硅酸锌结晶釉的基础上加入变色颜料 ,从基础结晶釉的组成、变色颜料的组成与添加量、稀土氧化物的种类与添加量 ,制备工艺条件等方面进行了系统研究试验 ,主要考察了Pr2 O3、Sm2 O3、La2 O3、CeO2 、Y2 O3对变色釉变色及着色的影响 ,分析了影响变色结晶釉变色效果的诸因素。通过电脑测色分光光度计SP - 10 0 0对釉反射率及色度测试表明 ,变色釉在可见光的范围内有3个比较大的吸收峰 ,从而在不同的光源下显现不同的颜色。通过测试结果分析最后确定了稀土添加剂的种类和加入量范围     

Nd2Si2O7变色陶瓷颜料的制备与表征

以氨水为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备Nd2Si2O7颜料,研究了煅烧温度、表面活性剂以及Nd∶Si比例对Nd2Si2O7纯度的影响以及颜料呈色性能的影响。采用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、热重-差热分析、紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、激光粒度分析仪对前驱体和产物进行结构及性能的表征。研究表明,当Nd∶Si=1∶1.1,煅烧温度为1200℃时可获得纯四方相的Nd2Si2O7粉体;加入PEG20000为表面活性剂时可获得粒度较细分散较好的Nd2Si2O7粉体;Nd2Si2O7颜料在可见光范围内的431 nm、476 nm、513 nm、526 nm、582 nm、624 nm和680 nm处存在吸收峰,对应于Nd3+的外层电子从基态到不同激发态的跃迁;同时,对Nd2Si2O7颜料在不同光源下的变色机理进行了探讨。     

粉彩颜料（翡翠）的谱学特征及铜的发色机制

本文研究了粉彩颜料(翡翠)的电子顺磁共振谱及可见光吸收谱发现,铜在其中主要处于D_4h和C_2h两种晶场,当铜含量少于2mole%时,其颜色主要由D_4h晶场的铜离子吸收谱决定.红外吸收谱研究发现,粉彩颜料(翡翠)中四面体配位硅氧骨架强度与A1/(sum from)K Na比值明相关,以Al/(sum from)K Na?1时最强.目前生产的粉彩颜料有十个品种,其中以铜作为发色元素的有两种:翡翠与大绿.前者含乳浊剂,后者不含.传统粉彩颜料主要成份是铅、硅和钾的氧化物玻璃.近年来,为了降低粉彩颜料的铅溶出量,配方中加入不同量的氧化铝、氧化硼、氧化钙、氧化锌和氧化锆等其他成份.这些     

研究与述评

汗._.…_.…_二,.-..-一一一丝丝生 践[刊,英]/Kettler, w. H.等//R订IPEC Congr一1998,24th(VOI.A)一刀417一习434 无论采用哪一种树脂体系开发汽车漆的颜 色,均会受到诸多物理/化学因素的限制,在极 端情况下甚至不能进行同谱异色匹配。利用已 投放市场上的几种可分散于各种树脂体系中的 着色颜料和效应颜料,讨论了决定颜料光学性 能和左右实验室调色师配色的诸多限制因素。 以物理/光学理沦模型(用于反映电磁辐射在光 散射性和光吸收性介质颗粒中的漫射性)为基 础,开发了调配单色和效应色(着色颜料与效应 颜料的调配)的实用方法。000…     

乳胶漆的保色耐候性

从乳液品种、颜料体积浓度（PVC）或颜基比、颜填料品种等方面讨论了外墙乳胶漆保色耐候性的影响因素,重点讨论了彩色颜料的品种及其加入方式对外墙乳胶漆保色耐候性的影响。     

Calculation of metameric reflectances

Object-color metamerism becomes visually apparent if two objects match under one light, but not under a second. In the present article, a method is derived by which metameric object colors can be calculated, given the light under which they are to match, and the light under which they are to mismatch. The method gives practical guidance for avoiding or achieving metamerism. The method is not primarily a matter of trial and error and statistics, but depends on a simple calculation that operates on the spectral power distributions of the two lights, along with a set of three color matching functions. The method can deal as well with “observer metamerism,” meaning the effects of observer differences.     

A VISUAL APPROACH TO CONTROLLING METAMERISM

Although it is emphasized that the proper practical approach to minimizing metamerism in industrial coloring processes is through spectrophotometry, rules are developed for selecting and, if necessary, blending colorants to control metamerism through a purely visual approach. Examples are taken from the vinyl plastics industry, and it is assumed that the match is to be made with a black, a white, and two chromatic pigments. With the approximate hues of all available chromatic pigments marked on a simple hue circle, a trial match to the standard is made. Rules are developed and illustrated for altering the selection of chromatic pigments to reduce metamerism, based on the change in color of the trial match relative to that of the standard as the light source is changed from daylight to tungsten or fluorescent light. With practice, compositions which are good visual matches to the standard in all three sources can be obtained.     

Study on metamerism degree evaluation based on wavelength sensitive cone weighting algorithm

Metamerism phenomenon can be used in illuminant detection to ensure the accuracy of light source. A method based on Long‐, Middle‐, Short‐ wavelength cones(LMS) weighting algorithm to evaluate metamerism degree is proposed. The chromatic relationship between the degree of metamerism mismatch and the light source is studied. Herein, the consistency between the metameric indices (MIs) and CIE1976 L*a*b* color difference ranking is analyzed by SRCC, KRCC, PLCC and RMSE. A statistically sampling method to obtain practical LMS cone fundamentals to evaluate metamerism degree is employed. The analysis results obtained show that the method based on LMS weighting algorithm has good evaluation ability and stability in simulation experiments and statistically sampling experiments, which are in line with visual characteristics of human. Proposed method meets the requirements of selecting metameric pairs used in light source detection. The analysis results have certain guiding significance.     

The metamerism potentiality of a color recipe

The weighted spectrophotometric color matching method with the optimum weighting to the spectrophotometric equations in each particular wavelength proportional to the viewing condition is applied for minimizing the color difference of instrumental color formulation of textile materials. The work is based on the one‐constant Kubelka–Munk theory. The sensitivity of a recipe to small perturbation of deviation between the reflectance of target and matched samples in the visible spectrum is determined as the metamerism potentiality of proposed recipe. Its correlation with metamerism index was also studied for some metameric pairs. Metamerism potentialities are also appraised under several light sources by using equilibrate matching strategy. The results show that the outputs of colorimetric color matching are exactly identical with the weighted spectrophotometic match under the same viewing condition. According to the numerical results for matching of 58 target samples, there is a good statistical correlation between metamerism indices and the metamerism potentialities of each recipe. Our results show that the quantitative value of the metamerism potentiality of each recipe can reasonably predict the metamerism indices of applied formulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 483–490, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20261     

Illuminant metamerism potentiality of metameric pairs

Indices for describing the degree of metamerism are based on either the deviation of the spectra of a metameric pair or the colour difference of the pair under test conditions. The magnitude of illuminant metamerism is commonly evaluated by measuring the colour difference under the test illuminant. The calculated colour differences absolutely vary with the selected test illuminants, so the measured (special) index of metamerism could be considered as a test‐illuminant‐dependent value. The spectral‐based indices of metamerism act as a single‐number value, but most of them are criticised for their poor correlation with visual assessment. In this paper, a general metric is developed for evaluating the upper limit of the degree of illuminant metamerism. The suggested approach combines the advantages of general and special indices, avoiding their drawbacks at the same time. The performance of the formula is analysed in a number of numerical experiments, as well as by practical testing.     

Quantifying metamerism

Metamerism can add an additional dimension to colour control systems. Different aspects of metamerism have been studied and discussed by many researchers. Computerised colorant formulations normally predict low metameric recipes, but the reliability of present measures of metamerism may be questionable as fresh aspects of colour appearance have been recently described. Chromatic adaptation and colour constancy are related phenomena. Studies in these fields are reviewed in this paper, which hopefully will encourage researchers to find a new and more effective measure of metamerism.     

Intersections of matching spectra: Applications

Results of the preceding article are used to develop (1) a “characteristic” SPD of a light; (2) a method of spectral correction to remove the simple color difference in a pair of lights or reflectances that embody both metamerism and simple color difference; (3) characterization of typical spectral differences between SPDs of lights that match; and (4) a definition and procedure for specifying “degree of metamerism” of a pair of matching lights or reflectances. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A multiprimary lighting system for customized color stimuli

In this article, a dual seven-primary lighting system is constructed for color research and education. The system offers sufficient spectral variability to approximate the spectral power distribution of a variety of standard illuminants. More importantly, the constructed multiprimary lighting system was verified to have crucial advantages over conventional displays/projectors to probe observer metamerism through the generation of individualized metameric color stimuli. An observer metamerism index to describe the potential for observer metamerism of any generated stimulus pairs with respect to the population variation of color-normal observers is formulated. The metric is further extended for use in quantifying the potential for observer metamerism of any lighting system or a system-primary combination. Moreover, 10 pairs of lighting stimuli, customized for exhibiting high degrees of observer variability, were produced using the system as a step toward creating a device for the color matching functions characterization of individual observers, a so-called observer calibrator.     

Methods for quantifying metamerism. Part 1ndashVisual assessment

This work forms part of the Society of Dyers and Colourists' CMC Working Group 1 project on metamerism and colour constancy. The aim of the project is to derive reliable indices for predicting metamerism and colour constancy. Some 76 metamers were prepared by dyeing wool with acid dyes. Two experiments were conducted to quantify the degree of metamerism using a grey-scale method. In the first experiment each metamer's colour difference was assessed against a grey scale by a panel of observers under seven light sources. The second experiment was carried out under three sources: D₆₅, A and TL₈₄. Each observer assessed not only the total colour difference as in the first experiment but also the separate lightness, chroma, and hue components. Observer variations were investigated in terms of observer precision, and within-and between-observer errors. Cross-over wavelengths for each metamer were also examined. It was found that intersections tend to converge on three wavelengths for almost all metamers used here, in agreement with previous findings.