High-quality machining of CFRP with high helix end mill

Side milling tests of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) without coolant are carried out by DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon)-coated carbide end mills. Four types of DLC-coated end mills are chosen: UBMS (UnBalanced Magnetron Sputtered) and AIP (Arc Ion Plated) coatings having different helix angles, respectively. The surface integrity is evaluated in terms of 3D profiles of the machined surface, generation of fluffing, delamination and pull-out of the carbon fiber. The cutting force and tool wear with respect to the fiber orientation are also examined. The inclination milling with high helix angle end mill is proposed in which the end mill is tilted in such a way that the resultant cutting force acts parallel to the work surface. This unique approach enables to reduce tool wear and to improve surface integrity of machined surface of CFRP.     

Fabrication and properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed hardmetal and cermet components

Hardmetal and cermet bodies were printed by fused-filament fabrication (FFF) and composite-extrusion modelling (CEM) in an SDS (shaping – debinding – sintering) process. For FFF the filaments were prepared from hardmetal (WC-10Co) and cermet powder (Ti(C,N)-Co/Ni-based) and organic binder. The CEM feedstock consisted of WC-Co MIM powder. A 3D filament printer as well as a 3D printer working with a MIM granulate were employed to fabricate printed bodies by FFF and CEM, respectively. The solvent debinding process was performed in cyclohexane (FFF-printed bodies) or water (CEM-printed bodies). Thermal debinding of all parts was performed in a tube furnace up to a temperature of 800 °C. The pre-sintered parts were then subjected to vacuum sintering by application of conventional vacuum sintering profiles up to 1430 °C for hardmetals and up to 1480 °C for cermets. Dimensional and mass changes upon the various preparation steps as well as microstructure and porosity of the sintered bodies were investigated. While the microstructure is practically identical to that of conventionally prepared materials, some cavities were present from the printing process because of yet non-optimised printing strategy. By change of printing strategy the cavities could be minimised or even avoided. The study shows that with the applied 3D extrusion-printing techniques, hardmetal and cermet components with innovative geometries are accessible.     

3D printing of tantalum parts based on low molecular mass organic gel system

In this study, 3D gel printing based on a low molecular mass organic gel system was employed to fabricate complex-shaped Ta parts. As opposed to a polymeric gel system, this system was initiated by heat transition. To obtain suitable printing slurry with 62 vol% solid content, 2.5 wt% resin was introduced to improve green body strength and 0.55 wt% oleic acid was added to modify the viscosity. As a result, the printed samples had relatively good surface quality without defects or pores observed on the surface. Ta particles were closely bound by dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) gelators. After sintering, a uniform shrinkage was obtained with a shrinkage of 11%, but the surface quality of the as sintered samples was improved. Sintering decreased the surface roughness from 4.0 μm to 2.8 μm. Besides, the as-sintered Ta samples had a relatively dense and homogenous microstructure. The relative density of the as-sintered sample was about 98%. Therefore, 3D gel printing is a promising method to prepare complex-shaped Ta parts with minimal material waste.     

电镀金刚石钻头钻削碳纤维复合材料研究

碳纤维复合材料钻孔加工时极易产生分层、毛刺、撕裂等缺陷,是典型的难加工材料。针对碳纤维复合材料特点,以电镀金刚石钻头为研究对象,从钻削轴向力、钻孔出口质量等方面分析电镀金刚石钻头钻孔特点,并与硬质合金麻花钻进行对比,得出结论：电镀金刚石钻头钻削碳纤维复合材料时钻削轴向力较小,钻削质量较好,更适合于碳纤维复合材料的加工;钻头转速提高有利于减小钻孔缺陷的产生,钻削轴向力随钻头转速的升高而降低,随钻头直径的增大而增大;最后,通过多元线形回归方法得出电镀金刚石钻头钻削力经验公式。     

Metallization of Various Polymers by Cold Spray

Previous results have shown that metallic coatings can be successfully cold sprayed onto polymeric substrates. This paper studies the cold sprayability of various metal powders on different polymeric substrates. Five different substrates were used, including carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethylenimine (PEI); mild steel was also used as a benchmark substrate. The CFRP used in this work has a thermosetting matrix, and the ABS, PEEK and PEI are all thermoplastic polymers, with different glass transition temperatures as well as a number of distinct mechanical properties. Three metal powders, tin, copper and iron, were cold sprayed with both a low-pressure system and a high-pressure system at various conditions. In general, cold spray on the thermoplastic polymers rendered more positive results than the thermosetting polymers, due to the local thermal softening mechanism in the thermoplastics. Thick copper coatings were successfully deposited on PEEK and PEI. Based on the results, a method is proposed to determine the feasibility and deposition window of cold spraying specific metal powder/polymeric substrate combinations.     

CFRP表面激光熔覆TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合涂层的组织与性能

采用激光熔覆技术在碳纤维增强热塑性塑料(carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics, CFRP)表面成功地制备了TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合涂层. 通过扫描电镜、能谱仪和透射电镜分析了TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合涂层与CFRP基体连接的界面层微观结构、元素成分分布及相组成. 采用纳米压痕仪对复合涂层到基材的硬度变化规律进行测试. 结果表明,通过激光熔覆技术可以快速在CFRP材料表面形成连续的、均匀的TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合涂层. TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合粉末在激光作用下,受热熔化渗透到CFRP基体内部,形成良好的冶金结合,并在碳纤维-树脂-复合涂层之间形成连续的界面层. TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合涂层与CFRP基体连接的界面层相成分为TiC,Ti₃Al,TiS₂和Ti₃AlC相. CFRP基体的平均硬度为10.15 HV,涂层的最高硬度可达1914 HV. 基于试验观察和理论分析,得出CFRP表面激光熔覆TC4 + AlSi10Mg复合涂层主要的界面反应机理为Ti(s) + C(s)→TiC(s),Al(l) + 3Ti(s)→Ti₃Al(s).     

Representation of surface roughness in fused deposition modeling

Most rapid prototyping (RP) technologies apply a layered manufacturing (LM) process to efficiently fabricate 3D physical models. However, a critical drawback that reduces the surface quality of the RP parts occurs by utilizing LM. Hence, topics related to surface roughness have been a key issue in RP. In this paper, a new approach to model surface roughness in fused deposition modeling (FDM) is proposed. Based on actual surface roughness distributions of FDM parts, a theoretical model to express surface roughness distribution according to changes in surface angle is presented by considering the main factors that crucially affect surface quality. The proposed expression is verified by implementation and comparison with empirical data. Also, the effectiveness of the main factors is analyzed and discussed.     

Design and manufacturing of high-performance prostheses with additive manufacturing and fiber-reinforced polymers

This paper presents an approach combining additive manufacturing (AM) with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) in an autoclave prepreg process for the development of complex-shaped hybrid AM-CFRP structures with the potential for individualization. The goal of this paper is to investigate the processing route in the context of low volume industrial applications and to assess the mechanical performance of hybrid AM-CFRP structures in ultimate strength and fatigue. The approach was applied to lower-limb prostheses using dissolvable in-autoclave tooling made of ST-130 by fused deposition modeling, two load introduction elements made of titanium by selective laser melting, and pre-impregnated carbon fiber reinforcements. The parts were cured in an autoclave at a pressure of 3 bar and a temperature of 110 °C. The inner toolings were dissolved in a basic solution after curing. The prostheses were subjected to ultimate strength and fatigue tests to assess the mechanical performance of the structures. Results show that the target load of 5474 N was exceeded by 40% and that no fatigue failure occurred for the given loading. Weight savings of 28% compared to a state-of-the-art aluminum reference part were achieved. Results demonstrate that the combination of technologies could be appropriate for high-performance lightweight components with complex geometries.     

A mechanistic approach to investigate drilling of UD-CFRP laminates with PCD drills

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) possess desirable material properties that satisfy the aerospace industry's high strength to weight ratio objective. Therefore, CFRPs are commonly used in structural parts, either alone or together with aluminum and titanium alloys. Drilling of CFRPs has been studied extensively in the literature in recent years, with special emphasis on process parameters and delamination. This study identifies mechanical properties of uni-directional CFRPs through drilling tests. Drilling of uni-directional CFRP plates with and without pilot holes has been performed, and cutting and edge force coefficients are identified. A polycrystalline diamond (PCD) drill was used in tests since this type of drill is commonly used in practice. Finally, validation tests on multi directional CFRP laminates have been performed and good results have been obtained.     

CFRP/金属异种材料激光连接工艺的研究现状

树脂基碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）作为新型轻质结构复合材料,广泛应用于航空航天器件的零部件中。CFRP与航空常用金属传统连接主要有胶接和机械连接,但具有一定的局限性。激光连接技术具有能量密度高,可控性好等特点,可用于复合材料和金属的连接。本文针对当前树脂基CFRP与金属（铝合金、钛合金、钢等）激光连接接头成形机理以及接头缺陷进行了综述,同时分析了焊接工艺、组织结构优化以及焊前金属表面处理对接头成形的调控,并对CFRP/金属激光连接的发展趋势提出了展望。     

聚醚醚酮骨植入体生物改性研究进展

聚醚醚酮是一种热塑性材料,凭其良好的生物相容性和X射线可透射性,被广泛用于生物医学领域。而PEEK骨植入体与人体骨骼强度存在一定差距,与人体骨组织结合能力较差和抗菌性能等不足,使其在生物领域的应用受到了限制。为了使PEEK更好地应用于人体骨植入领域,获得优异生物性能的PEEK骨植入体已成为研究的重点。概述了PEEK的加工技术、力学性能、骨整合性能和抗菌性能的研究。在此基础上,重点综述了近年来提高PEEK骨植入体力学性能与生物性能的各种改性方法的研究进展。在力学性能方面,对PEEK常用的填充材料碳纤维进行了概述,由于PEEK与碳纤维界面结合强度影响其整体力学性能,重点介绍了提高其结合强度的改性方法。在骨整合性能方面,对钛、二氧化钛和羟基磷灰石涂层材料及喷涂方法进行了概述,以及对等离子喷涂、喷砂、激光蚀刻和浓硫酸刻蚀表面处理方法的优缺点进行了分析。在抗菌性能方面,银离子释放浓度过高时会导致细胞毒性,重点阐述了如何控制银离子释放速度的研究。最后展望了PEEK骨植入体加工和改性的未来发展方向。     

Additive Manufacturing of Syntactic Foams: Part 1: Development,Properties, and Recycling Potential of Filaments

This work focuses on developing filaments of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and their hollow particle-filled syntactic foams for commercial three-dimensional (3D) printers based on fused filament fabrication technology. Hollow fly-ash cenospheres were blended by 40 wt.% in a HDPE matrix to produce syntactic foam (HDPE40) filaments. Further, the recycling potential was studied by pelletizing the filaments again to extrude twice (2×) and three times (3×). The filaments were tensile tested at 10^?4 s^?1, 10^?3 s^?1, and 10^?2 s^?1 strain rates. HDPE40 filaments show an increasing trend in modulus and strength with the strain rate. Higher density and modulus were noticed for 2× filaments compared to 1× filaments because of the crushing of some cenospheres in the extrusion cycle. However, 2× and 3× filament densities are nearly the same, showing potential for recycling them. The filaments show better properties than the same materials processed by conventional injection molding. Micro-CT scans show a uniform dispersion of cenospheres in all filaments.     

基于温度函数法的铝合金电弧增材制造残余应力与变形数值模拟

电弧增材制造是制造大型复杂铝合金部件的新方法,但残余应力和变形对制造件的性能有重要影响. 建立了铝合金电弧增材制造件残余应力和变形的顺序热-力耦合有限元模型,采用移动热源法计算了增材过程的温度场,根据峰值温度的分布和演变特征确定了温度函数的提取方案,并分别采用移动热源法和温度函数法进行了残余应力和变形计算.结果表明,1段,3段,5段温度函数法分别将力学分析时间缩短91%,79%,63%,残余应力和基板变形误差均在20%以内,在满足计算精度的前提下显著提高了计算效率,为大型铝合金电弧增材制造件残余应力与变形的预测提供了途径.     

基于VC＋＋的超声信号处理与分析系统

建立了一个基于VC＋＋的超声信号处理与分析系统。该系统集信号采集、处理和特征参量的计算与提取，特征参量的统计与综合以及材料的表征和评价于一体，不但能够完成常规信号处理，而且能够对超声波信号进行全方位、多种类型的特征参量自动计算、提取与分析。用该系统对检测碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）孔隙率时的超声回波信号进行了处理和分析，提取了有效频带能量（ELFB）和主频对应的能量（EPF），并把它们与孔隙率之间的关系进行数值拟合，发现在拟合曲线上存在临界孔隙率的现象，为CFRP孔隙率检测提供了有效途径。     

The Effect of CFRP Surface Treatment on the Splat Morphology and Coating Adhesion Strength

Metallization of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites aggrandized their application to aircraft, automobile, and wind power industries. Recently, the metallization of CFRP surface using thermal spray technique, especially the cold spray, a solid state deposition technique, is a topic of research. However, a direct cold spray deposition on the CFRP substrate often imposes severe erosion on the surface owing to the high-impact energy of the sprayed particles. This urges the requirement of an interlayer on the CFRP surface. In the present study, the effect of surface treatment on the interlayer adhesion strength is evaluated. The CFRP samples were initially treated mechanically, chemically, and thermally and then an interlayer was developed by atmospheric plasma spray system. The quality of the coating is highly dependent on the splat taxonomy; therefore the present work also devoted to study the splat formation behavior using the splat-collection experiments, where the molten Cu particles impinged on the treated CFRP substrates. These results were correlated with the coating adhesion strength. The coating adhesion strength was measured by pull-out test. The results showed that the surface treatment, particularly the chemical treatment, was fairly successful in improving the adhesion strength.     

Impedance-based wireless debonding condition monitoring of CFRP laminated concrete structures

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminated concrete structures are used widely in a range of engineering fields because of their many advantages. However they always carry the risk of structural collapse initiated from the debonding conditions that might occur between the CFRP and concrete surface. This study employed an electro-mechanical impedance-based wireless structural health monitoring (SHM) technique by applying PZT ceramic patches to identify the debonding conditions of a CFRP laminated reinforced concrete beam. In the experimental study, the CFRP-reinforced concrete specimens were fabricated and the impedance signals were measured from the wireless impedance sensor node according to the different debonding conditions between the concrete and CFRP. Cross correlation (CC)-based data analysis was conducted to quantify the changes in impedance measured at the PZT patches due to the debonding conditions. The results confirmed that an impedance-based wireless SHM technique can be used effectively for monitoring the debonding of CFRP laminated concrete structures.     

Reprocessing of aluminum chips by hot backward extrusion

In this work the recycling of cold pressed aluminum chips by a hot backward extrusion process is investigated. By using a non-melting approach common casting losses are avoided. After cold compaction, the hot backward extrusion process is carried out with a high speed hydraulic forming press under variation of forming speed, temperature and force. Subsequently, forged parts were analysed by mechanical tests and metallographic examinations. The investigations have shown that aluminum chips can be consolidated into a semi-finished part with local relative densities up to 100 %. In comparison to common continuous non-melting chip recycling techniques the investigated process chain has the potential to reduce the effort of post-treatment noticeable by producing semi-finished components from aluminum waste.     

Experimental investigations into rapid prototyping of composites by novel hybrid deposition process

Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) gives engineers a new freedom to build parts that have been impossible to manufacture using conventional techniques. However, the surface finish and accuracy of SFF parts remain lower than those of parts that have been machined in conventional methods such as milling. A process combination of additive and subtractive techniques is currently being developed by our group at KIST to overcome this problem. The hybrid approach called “3D welding and milling” uses welding as an additive, and conventional milling as a subtractive technique. As part of this process development, two different building strategies have been developed to build multi-material parts directly. The results prove the applicability of the 3D welding and milling process for rapid prototyping of bimetallic parts. A significant potential application is for the rapid prototyping of injection mold inserts.     

Local reinforcement of aerospace structures using co-curing RTM of metal foil hybrid composites

The increasing use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites in aviation and automotive industries has led to the adoption of automated production methods such as pultrusion or resin transfer moulding (RTM) for cost reduction in the production lightweight structures. These processes however, offer limited freedom to locally reinforce structures. This paper describes an approach to utilise a basic geometry for several similar parts and add local reinforcement patches only in regions of load introduction or high local stress. The approach offers the benefit of being able to combine automated production methods with unprecedented design freedom. The specific bearing performance for three different local reinforcement using (1) add-on CFRP patches, (2) surface mounted steel foils and (3) steel foil interleaving in replacement of 90° plies with foils of the same thickness as the CFRP plies (0.125 mm) is compared by double lap bearing tests. The bearing strength improves with the addition of patches, for surface mounted steel foils, more so as CFRP co-cured patches, and most as an interleaved configuration. Quasi ductile failure of the bearing joints was maintained due to additional plasticity of the steel foils, producing a joint that fails safely while enhancing the bearing strength. When examining the hybrid laminates, all samples buckled and failed in bearing compression/shear. Brooming was evident on the compressive side of the hole where the bolt indented the laminate. Indentation led to shear kink bands along the washer supported region and appear as large compression/shear damage above the washer confined region of the laminate. When normalised by weight, the three approaches show similar bearing performance. However, each approach has specific advantages with regards to processing, electrolytic potential, or absolute bearing strength, depending on the design of the load introduction.     

Numerical simulation on residual stress and deformation for WAAM parts of aluminum alloy based on temperature function method

Wire arc additive manufacture(WAAM) is a new technique to fabricate large-scale complex aluminum alloy components.However, the performance of the parts is critically influenced by residual stresses and deformation. A sequentially thermal-mechanical coupled model of residual stress and deformation for aluminum alloy WAAM parts was established based on commercial FE software ABAQUS. The temperature field was calculated by the moving heat source(MHS) method. The temperature function was obtained according to the distribution of the peak temperature. Furthermore, the MHS method and segmented temperature function(STF) method were used to calculate the residual stress and deformation. The results show that the STF method satisfies both the efficiency and accuracy requirements. 1-segment, 3-segment, and 5-segment STF methods can shorten the time for mechanical analysis by 91%, 79%, 63%, respectively.The error of the residual stress and deformation are all less than 20%. STF method provides an effective way to predict the residual stress and deformation of large-scale WAAM parts.