中国小康农村家庭能源消费研究：以江苏扬中市为例

作为地处中国华东地区小康农村的典型,扬中农村家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期。连续五年的家庭生活用能问卷调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电力和液化气消费迅增、而秸秆和煤炭的使用减少,人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性。文章对农村家庭能源消费的性质、中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨     

农民工进城务工对农村家庭生活能源消费量的影响——基于陕西省的实证研究

随着农民工进城务工数量的增加,农村家庭生活能源消费也发生了变化,为探究其中的机制,本文基于陕西省农村地区"劳动力转移与农村生活能源"的调查数据,应用多元线性回归模型与Tobit回归模型分析农民工进城务工对农村家庭生活能源消费量的影响。研究发现:农民工进城务工收入显著提升了农村家庭液化气消费量和电力消费量,同时显著降低了生物质能源的消费量;农村家庭基本特征、农村家庭经济特征、农户消费偏好及区域等因素对农村家庭生活能源消费量也具有重要影响。农民工进城务工显著优化了我国农村生活能源消费结构,提高其生活水平,对解决我国目前"人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾"具有重大意义。     

农村家庭能源贫困问题研究——基于贵州省盘县的问卷调查

我国的能源消费城乡差距大,能源消费结构极不合理,农村地区是能源贫困的重灾区。文章在文献综述的基础上,对农村地区目前使用的电力、煤炭、薪柴、汽油／柴油、煤油、液化气、沼气、太阳能等九种能源结构分析发现,受访地区农村家庭能源贫困主要体现为家庭能源消费支出贫困和家庭能源消费结构贫困。从解决途径来看,发展农村地区绿色电力、提高农村家庭经济收入、优化农村家庭能源消费结构、实施农村家庭能源贫困救助是值得提倡和可行的。     

淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的分析研究

江苏省国营淮海农场家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期,连续5年的家庭生活能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电子和液化气消费迅速增加,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降;人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性,对农村家庭能源消费的性质,中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨论。     

中国小康农村家庭能源消费特征

农村地区能源问题是发展中国家的特有问题。中国农村能源问题与其它发展中国家在一定程度上有共同性。家庭生活用能主要依靠生物质能及当地其它自然资源;落后的能源转换工艺和设备使得能源转换率低下。　　我国对农村家庭能源消费的普遍研究始于 20世纪 70年代中期。 1979年进行的一项全国调查表明,全国有 47. 7％的农户每年缺燃料 3～ 6个月,平均缺燃料 22％。 20世纪 80年代末 90年代初的一项研究表明,中国农村家庭用能在各地区间存在着巨大差异,其用能水平和构成主要决定于当地可获得的自然资源。家庭生活年户用能一般为 700～ 12…     

中国农村家庭生活能源消费分析

以中国６县３２４０户农村生活能源消费及相关问题的抽样调查为基础，给出了农村家庭生活用能问题的水平和构成，探讨了家庭生活用能的主要特征及其形成的主要原因，进而对家庭能源消费、商品能替代作用、成本及最终用能效率等问题进行了分析。     

淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的调查研究

文章对江苏省国营淮海农场连续5年的家庭生活用能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电力和液化气消费迅速增长,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降.分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性.文章对农村家庭能源消费的性质、中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等问题进行了讨论.     

江苏省农村能源资源消费状况及建议

江苏省地处长江、淮河下游,是我国经济较发达地区,农村人口5000多万,地少人多,生活用能需求量很大。近几年来乡村工业大发展,生产用能也大幅度增长。因此根据我省农村能源资源和消费状况,制定相应对策是我省农村能源建设的任务。一、我省农村能源资源特点农村能源资源是指农村地区可就地开发利用的能源,包括作物秸秆、薪柴、沼气、太阳能、风能、小水电、地热能、小煤矿等。我省农村能源资源有以下几个特点:     

重庆市沼气和改灶节能工作现状

重庆市是个辖9区12县,拥有1405万人口的大城市。其中,农村人口1079万,占全市总人口的76.8％。一、农村生活用能的消费现状及特点重庆市农村能源年消费量为499.86万吨标准煤,其中商品能源占全市总能耗的18.03％,绝大部分为非商品能源。在农村能源的消费中,用于炊事、照明、取暖等生活能源为406.67万吨标煤,占农村能源消费总量的81.36％,农村生产用能的比重还很低。农村生活能源的构成为:生物质能源占58.02％,煤炭占33.74％,其它能源占8.24％。生物质能源和煤炭是农村生活用能的基本能源(见下     

浙江省农村生活垃圾特性研究

通过对浙江省11个地区农村生活垃圾进行调查,结果表明农村生活垃圾以食品、树叶、菜叶等有机物百分比最高,其次是砖瓦灰渣等无机物,再次是纸、布、塑料等废物,秸秆、家畜粪便等含量最小。经济收入、能源结构、家庭养殖、务农户人口比例以及季节变化对农村生活垃圾组成成分的影响比较明显。针对浙江地区农村生活垃圾的成分、含水率、发热量以及农村与城市垃圾对比分析得出大部分农村生活垃圾可以在无需助燃剂的条件下实现自燃烧,适合在废品回收利用的基础上进行垃圾焚烧处置。     

Oil prices and the South African economy: A macro–meso–micro analysis

Three levels of analysis are used to track the channels by which South Africa and its people are impacted by an increase of oil prices, namely the macro-economic level, the meso-economic level and the micro-economic/household level. The paper uses an economy and energy integrated approach to quantify these different channels. The approach combines a household survey dataset and an input–output dataset to implement the models. Results indicate that the impacts on the macroeconomy are negative, with gross domestic product falling and the current account balance worsening. All of the industries falling into the high intensive oil – use group witness an increase of their input cost that is above the economy – wide average. The impact of doubling paraffin prices results in poor households in rural areas and among the “Black” population, in particular, witnessing an increase of their cost of living which is much higher than their corresponding highest expenditure quintile groups. An increase of transport fuel hits the richer households much harder. The distributional impacts of rising transport cost as a consequence of high oil and oil-products prices shows that median quintile expenditure groups observe the highest impact both in urban and rural areas and especially among the “Black” population.     

Rural household energy consumption pattern in the disregarded villages of Bangladesh

Energy is one of the most important ingredients required to alleviate poverty and realize socio-economic and human development, which is directly interconnected to the prominence of life in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption pattern interrelating socio-economic and demographic factors was carried out in the disregarded villages of Bangladesh using stratified random sampling technique of 120 households. This paper focuses on household energy consumption, various combinations of fuels and their expenditure in the study area. Biomass, kerosene, electricity, LPG and candle were found as the energy carrier used in the rural households in this study. The study shows that 92% households use biomass, 28% LPG, 89% kerosene, 78% electricity and 27% candle as fuel types. It was found that 56% households collected biomass from their own homesteads and/or agricultural lands. Bamboo, branches, cow dung, firewood, rice husk, leaves & twigs and straw were found as the biomass for household energy use. Average monthly household expenditure for total energy was US$ 9.67 (SE, 0.31) per month while the total monthly income of the household was US$ 123 (SE, 2.53). The ratio of the total monthly energy expenditure to the total monthly income was 7.86%. The study will be helpful to understand the energy consumption system and its expenditure in the rural areas of Bangladesh and to the policy formulation for energy production, consumption and utilization.     

户用沼气池对农村家庭能源消费的影响--以江苏省涟水县为例

户用沼气池建设不但改变了农村家庭能源消费结构，还带动了农村养殖业、种植业的发展。通过对江苏省涟水县农村家庭能源消费和沼气池使用等相关问题的入户调查，定量研究了户用沼气池建设所产生的影响。证明户用沼气池的使用能提高家庭能源利用效率，减少能源消费量和化肥的使用量，有利于农作物秸秆的还田，提高农户的生活质量。     

Comprehending household cooking energy choice in rural India

Energy is essential to attain the quality of life and economic prosperity in a society. In the rural areas of India, cooking dominates the aggregate consumption of energy. This energy demand is mostly met by biomass fuels, which have many associated inherent disadvantages. Hence, it is important to understand the decision making process in rural households regarding the choice of cooking fuels. For this purpose, household information using the 61st round of National Sample Survey is analyzed for the rural parts of India. The logistic regression model is used to explain the determinants of clean fuel use for cooking purposes. The study shows that number of educated females between 10 and 50 years of age, average household education index, regular salary, and monthly per capita consumption expenditure have a positive and significant impact on probability of using clean cooking fuels, whereas possessing a Below Poverty Line ration card, belonging to reserved caste categories, family size and size of farm land have a significant negative linkage.     

Rural household energy consumption with the economic development in China: stages and characteristic indices

This paper discusses history variance and general features on rural household energy consumption with the economic development in China. Energy shortage has been a long-standing problem in rural areas of China. The average effective energy consumption was 0.46–0.54 kgce per day per household in the 1960s and 1970s. The reason for this is that the rural household energy supply mainly relies on the available amounts of local natural energy resources. The problem of cooking fuel shortage was basically solved in the early 1980s since more straw and stalks were produced due to the rapid development of agriculture. The process of energy commercialization also started from the early 1980s due to the availability of coal, fuel oil and other energy sources in the market, and the reconstruction of rural power supply network. Energy consumption was 369.8 kgce per capita with 30% of commercial energy consumption and the effective heat per capita per day was 0.64 kgce in 1995. A closer relationship was found between household energy consumption level/structure and family income along with the economic development. This paper analyzed the rural household energy consumption of three typical regions, i.e., out-of-poverty, well-off and rich regions, in terms of effective heat per capita per day, percentage of commercial energy consumption in total effective heat, electricity consumption per capita and room temperature of northern areas in winter.     

Study on sustainable development of rural household energy in northern China

The status of rural household energy consumption plays an important role in farmers’ daily life, especially in developing countries or regions. Here, we review the evolution of the rural household energy consumption structure in northern China from 1996 to 2005. Studies indicate that the proportion of straw, firewood, and coal consumption in total energy consumption have remained at 88.8–91.0%, whereas the proportion of high-quality commercial energy and modern renewable energy is still very low. The main challenges for the sustainable development of rural household energy supply are an unreasonable energy consumption structure, low-energy efficiency, serious environmental degradation, a large gap in energy supply among regions, and difficulty in developing renewable energy. We suggest some countermeasures to overcome the obstacles involved in the sustainable development of rural household energy in northern China, from energy sources to sociopolitical policies.     

A comparative evaluation of household preferences for solar photovoltaic standalone and mini-grid system: An empirical study in a costal village of Indian Sundarban

Solar PhotoVoltaic (SPV) based systems have been widely accepted technology for rural electrification in developing countries. The standalone SPV home lighting system has increasingly been popular among rural households, while SPV mini-grid supply system is being promoted for rural electrification schemes. This study uses data from household survey to explore the impact of household characteristics on the preference for electrical energy from SPV systems. Econometric evidence shows heterogeneity in behavioural pattern for these two SPV systems. The flexibility in use and cost of systems might explain this difference. Household characteristics such as monthly household income, household size, occupational status of household head, number of room and type of house significantly influence household’s decision for SPV standalone home lighting systems. For SPV mini-grid supply household’s income and monthly expenditure on kerosene are significant predictors. The result reported in this paper might be a valuable input for policy makers to frame right policy mix with regard to provide subsidy on rural electrification programmes.     

The direct and indirect household energy requirements in the Republic of Korea from 1980 to 2000—An input–output analysis

As energy conservation can be realized through changes in the composition of goods and services consumed, there is a need to assess indirect and total household energy requirements. The Korean household sector was responsible for about 52% of the national primary energy requirement in the period from 1980 to 2000. Of this total, more than 60% of household energy requirement was indirect. Thus, not only direct but also indirect household energy requirement should be the target of energy conservation policies. Electricity became the main fuel in household energy use in 2000. Households consume more and more electricity intensive goods and services, a sign of increasing living standards. Increases in household consumption expenditure were responsible for a relatively high growth of energy consumption. Switching to consumption of less energy intensive products and decrease in energy intensities of products in 1990s contributed substantially to reduce the increase in the total household energy requirement. A future Korean study should apply a hybrid method as to reduce errors occurred by using uniform (average) prices in constructing energy input–output tables and as to make energy intensities of different years more comparable.