基于海绵城市建设适宜性与内涝风险性的内涝防控策略研究

针对高密度建设城镇中的海绵城市建设用地紧张、选址及建设时序不合理等问题,以东莞市某镇西片区为例,运用AHP-熵权法从自然地理、城市建设及人口经济3个方面进行海绵城市建设适宜性评价,并采用情景模拟识别内涝风险区。通过对海绵城市建设适宜性和内涝风险性评价结果叠加分析,因地制宜,合理布局海绵设施、建设时序与方案设计,从雨洪生态安全格局、三级海绵排水防涝体系和内涝灾害应急管理体系3个方面构建内涝防控体系。     

基于遥感和GIS的城市内涝风险评价——以广州市天河区为例

近年来,随着我国城市化进程的急剧加快,城市内涝已经成为影响城市可持续发展的严重灾害。以广州市天河区为研究对象,基于灾害风险评估的原理,利用遥感和GIS技术,开展城市内涝风险评价方法研究。利用基础地理数据、遥感影像数据、气象水文数据、社会经济数据、历史灾情数据等,分别从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力4个方面选取评价指标,确定指标权重和相关参数,并构建城市内涝风险评价模型进行城市内涝风险评价。结果表明,广州市天河区的城市内涝灾害风险分布总体上西北部和东南部较高,西南部、中部和东北部较低。经过验证,城市内涝黑点有67%都落在较高和高风险区内,说明模型由较高的精度,可以为城市内涝的防治提供科学参考。     

城市雨洪综合模拟方法及应用

为综合模拟城市雨洪和分析其对区域内涝的影响,在Open MI异构模型集成平台上动态耦合河网水文水动力模型和城市排水管网水力模型,以上海14个水利分片之一的淀北片为例,建立了淀北片雨洪耦合模型,并应用此模型分析了不同雨潮组合对淀北片区域内涝的影响。淀北片雨洪综合模拟计算结果表明,雨洪综合模拟较真实地反映了感潮河网城市地区的内涝情况,可为城市防洪除涝工作提供参考。     

城市雨洪管理与系统应对研究进展

针对气候变化与城市化的快速发展改变了城市降水径流空间分布格局,增加了城市内涝灾害风险,以及目前机理研究深度与应用研究广度存在的问题,从雨洪形成过程系统剖析城市地表、管网产汇流机制与内涝成因,总结城市雨洪管理的工程措施与非工程措施,讨论城市洪涝预报、预警、预演、预案的发展与应用现状。分析结果表明,未来应更深入研究城市产汇流机理及其响应机制,开展考虑城市立体空间的水动力模拟研究,开发更为精细化的内涝模拟模型,发展工程措施与非工程措施相结合的防涝技术,集成预报预警调度为一体的城市雨洪管理智慧化平台,保障城市的水安全。可为深化城市雨洪形成机理的科学认识及采取有效管理手段提供参考。     

城市雨洪径流模型研究概述

近年来,我国城市化进程加快,城市遭遇极端暴雨引发严重内涝灾害呈现加剧态势。欧美等发达国家很早就通过建立数学模拟模型,研究城市雨洪产汇流和径流排泄过程,评估区域淹没损失风险,并进行城市排水管网设计优化和内涝预警预报等工作。通过综合国内外城市雨洪径流模型研究文献和应用实例,归纳模型概念,结构和分类,对比分析典型模型特点和应用,得到模型不足和应用局限性,尝试给出解决思路,并指出模型发展具有多技术融合和模块化商业化的趋势,对于借鉴和指导模型应用有重要意义。     

基于改进物元可拓模型的城市内涝灾害风险评估

城市内涝灾害风险评估可为灾害风险管理提供理论支撑，对城市内涝灾害防控具有重要意义。基于灾害成因从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾能力四个方面选取12个指标构建城市内涝灾害风险评估指标体系，采用改进层次分析法与熵权法确定评估指标主客观权重，采用基于博弈论的组合赋权法计算组合权重，构建城市内涝灾害风险评估改进物元可拓模型，基于模型开展城市内涝灾害风险评估，以西安市主城区为研究区域进行模型应用。结果表明：碑林区、莲湖区、灞桥区内涝风险等级高且逐渐向较高等级转化，新城区内涝风险较低且逐渐向较高风险等级转化，雁塔区内涝风险处于较低等级，未央区内涝风险最小。研究结果可为城市内涝灾害风险管理及防洪减灾提供参考。     

基于组合赋权的多情景内涝灾害风险评估

城市内涝灾害频发会对城市社会经济发展构成巨大威胁,对城市内涝灾害风险进行评估,是降低内涝损失的有效途径。通过综合考虑城市内涝灾害系统中的致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体3个组成要素,结合水力模型情景模拟结果,共选取11个具有代表性的指标,建立城市内涝灾害风险评价指标体系,并结合主观层次分析法(AHP)和客观熵权法(EWM)组合赋权,构建城市内涝灾害风险评估模型。以广州市天河区为例,对该评估模型进行验证。结果表明：水力模型模拟结果可以充分反映出不同情景降雨下致灾因子的危险性,通过内涝风险等级与内涝积水叠加分析得出,风险等级较高的位置均处于内涝积水和地区重要程度较高的区域。该评估模型充分考虑了社会和自然的综合作用,具有较高的可靠性。随着暴雨重现期的增大,高风险区域面积显著增加,在实际应用中,通过风险评估可以确定出城市防汛的重点关注区域,以便于防汛资源的优先配置,为城市防灾减灾管理提供参考。     

城市化地区雨洪研究现状及存在的问题分析

随着城市化进程加快,地表不透水面积急剧增加,破坏了原有的水循环过程,使得城市内涝风险加剧。从城市水安全角度出发,系统总结了国内外主要城市雨洪模型的特点和应用情况,梳理了城市洪涝风险评估的主要内容、过程、方法及应该注意的主要问题,并对目前发达国家在城市发展中形成的较先进的雨洪管理理念进行了介绍,同时也指出了当前城市雨洪研究所面临的主要问题和在未来需要重点研究的方向和内容。     

基于SWMM的城市雨洪模型模拟研究——以广东东莞市东城牛山汇水片区为例

为研究城市雨洪规律及城市化对雨洪的影响,指导城市防洪排涝,以SWMM为研究工具,东莞市东城牛山汇水片区为研究对象,经过汇水子流域划分、管网系统概化、参数设置调试等步骤构建了研究区域的城市雨洪模型,并应用所构建的模型对不同降雨重现期、不同城市化程度设计情境进行了模拟研究。结果显示,所构建模型可以对城市雨洪过程进行全程动态模拟;模拟发现随着重现期的增加,径流总量和洪峰流量都明显增加,且增幅逐渐减小;随着城市化的发展,降雨入渗量减少,径流量和洪峰流量增大,径流系数不断增高,洪涝灾害的风险升高,且短重现期的降雨条件下影响更明显。     

基于日降雨量的城市内涝灾害风险评价——以长春市南关区为例

目前,对于城市内涝灾害风险评价一般是以极端降水作为指标,这样往往会导致城市内涝灾害发生的程度被低估,中等或较弱降水也可能是城市内涝灾害致灾因子之一。为精确地评估城市内涝灾害风险,以长春市南关区为例,以1985～2015年逐日降雨强度的分布分析为基础,将逐日降雨强度转换为降雨超越概率(PEP)指数,将逐日的降雨强度与年最大日降雨量超越概率进行比较,得到城市内涝灾害发生概率,并构建了城市内涝灾害风险评价指数,对2019年南关区内涝灾害风险进行评价。结果表明：2019年南关区内涝灾害风险评价指数为0.597,为重大风险中的显著风险。研究成果可为精确评估城市内涝灾害风险提供参考,为城市内涝灾害防范提供决策依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泥石流危害与防治

泥石流介于流水与滑坡之间的一种地质现象,其具有突然爆发、阵性、能量大的特点,来势凶猛,破坏力极强,给人民生命财产造成极大的损失和破坏。掌握其发生规律和特点,进行预报和防治是非常必要的。