近距离跨采对巷道围岩稳定性影响分析

针对近距离跨采时，工作面与底板岩巷的不同空间位置关系，采用数值力学分析，详细地分析了工作面开采引起的围岩应力演化过程及特点、近距离跨采引起底板岩巷围岩位移的特点以及巷道位置对其围岩稳定性的影响。研究结果表明，煤柱上支承压力分布是开采影响岩层相互作用的结果，是开采引起集中应力在煤层与直接顶界面上的直接反映。近距离跨采巷道围岩位移受开采引起的整体位移场影响较大，而不单纯决定于煤柱侧支承压力的作用。留设保护煤柱时，底板岩巷应位于集中应力区的外侧或跨采时工作面应推过足够距离，使巷道靠近采空区应力恢复区的下方。最后通过实例给予了分析。     

急倾斜三软厚煤层留小煤柱沿空护巷技术

在急倾斜三软厚煤层走向长壁俯伪斜采煤条件下实施留小煤柱沿空护巷十分困难,煤柱稳定性和巷道围岩变形极难控制。针对这一难题,提出了包含煤柱小角度锚固法和十字护顶方法的留小煤柱沿空护巷技术,有效解决了煤柱易沿顶底板剪切破坏并向巷内搓动的问题,降低了巷道软弱围岩的破碎程度和变形量。现场试验结果显示,留设小煤柱的完整性保持较好,其中相较于原支护方式顶底板移近量减少了40%,两帮收敛量则减少了42%,巷道围岩变形得到了有效控制。与此同时,还得到工作面前后方回采巷道的矿压显现呈现明显的6个分区,分别为工作面前方无影响区、工作面前方矿压显现影响区、工作面前方矿压显现强烈区、工作面后方顶板激烈活动区、工作面后方顶板活动减缓区和工作面后方基本稳定区。其中,工作面前方矿压显现强烈区和工作面后方顶板活动激烈区的范围明显大于缓斜近水平煤层,这为分区制定围岩控制措施提供了有利依据。所得研究成果可为我国急倾斜走向长壁俯伪斜工作面沿空护巷技术研究提供一定的补充。     

Predicting roof displacement of roadways in underground coal mines using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system optimized by various physics-based optimization algorithms

Due to the rapid industrialization and the development of the economy in each country, the demand for energy is increasing rapidly. The coal mines have to pace up the mining operations with large production to meet the energy demand. This requirement has led underground coal mines to go deeper with more difficult conditions, especially the mining hazards, such as large deformations, rockburst, coal burst, roof collapse, to name a few. Therefore, this study aims at investigating and predicting the stability of the roadways in underground coal mines exploited by longwall mining method, using various novel intelligent techniques based on physics-based optimization algorithms (i.e. multi-verse optimizer (MVO), equilibrium optimizer (EO), simulated annealing (SA), and Henry gas solubility optimization (HGSO)) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), named as MVO-ANFIS, EO-ANFIS, SA-ANFIS and HGSO-ANFIS models. Accordingly, 162 roof displacement events were investigated based on the characteristics of surrounding rocks, such as cohesion, Young's modulus, density, shear strength, angle of internal friction, uniaxial compressive strength, quench durability index, rock mass rating, and tensile strength. The MVO-ANFIS, EO-ANFIS, SA-ANFIS and HGSO-ANFIS models were then developed and evaluated based on this dataset for predicting roof displacements in roadways of underground mines. The results indicated that the proposed intelligent techniques could accurately predict the roof displacements in roadways of underground mines with an accuracy in the range of 83%–92%. Remarkably, the SA-ANFIS model yielded the most dominant accuracy (i.e. 92%). Based on the accurate predictions from the proposed techniques, the reinforced solutions can be timely suggested to ensure the stability of roadways during exploiting coal, especially in the underground coal mines exploited by the longwall mining.     

Longwall mining “cutting cantilever beam theory” and 110 mining method in China——The third mining science innovation

With the third innovation in science and technology worldwide, China has also experienced this marvelous progress. Concerning the longwall mining in China, the "masonry beam theory"(MBT) was first proposed in the 1960 s, illustrating that the transmission and equilibrium method of overburden pressure using reserved coal pillar in mined-out areas can be realized. This forms the so-called "121mining method", which lays a solid foundation for development of mining science and technology in China. The "transfer rock beam theory"(TRBT) proposed in the 1980 s gives a further understanding for the transmission path of stope overburden pressure and pressure distribution in high-stress areas. In this regard, the advanced 121 mining method was proposed with smaller coal pillar for excavation design,making significant contributions to improvement of the coal recovery rate in that era. In the 21 st century,the traditional mining technologies faced great challenges and, under the theoretical developments pioneered by Profs. Minggao Qian and Zhenqi Song, the "cutting cantilever beam theory"(CCBT) was proposed in 2008. After that the 110 mining method is formulated subsequently, namely one stope face,after the first mining cycle, needs one advanced gateway excavation, while the other one is automatically formed during the last mining cycle without coal pillars left in the mining area. This method can be implemented using the CCBT by incorporating the key technologies, including the directional presplitting roof cutting, constant resistance and large deformation(CRLD) bolt/anchor supporting system with negative Poisson's ratio(NPR) effect material, and remote real-time monitoring technology. The CCBT and 110 mining method will provide the theoretical and technical basis for the development of mining industry in China.     

四面采空“孤岛”综放采场矿压控制的研究与实践

论文通过理论和实践研究,提出了四面采空“孤岛”采场的顶板结构和相关矿压控制技术。此类采场矿压控制的理论问题,是采场覆岩的多层空间结构运动及其与采动应力场的关系;其工程问题,是煤柱失稳造成的灾害形式及其判定方法、煤柱失稳的灾害的控制技术以及水、火和瓦斯的控制问题。论文通过河南义马煤业集团的实例,系统介绍了灾害监测技术和控制方法。开采结果表明,论文中提出的对岩层结构的认识和采取的控制技术是正确的,可以在条件相似的矿区推广应用。     

高应力区分层开采冲击地压事故发生机理研究

以某矿厚硬顶板条件下特厚煤层上分层开采发生的巷道与工作面同时冲击的事故为背景,研究事故发生的机理与治理方法。研究表明:引起事故的主要力源来自上层煤煤柱、不等宽区段煤柱、巨厚坚硬顶板和大断层等形成的集中应力;主要冲击灾害体是巷道和工作面内的底煤;底煤发生冲击的主要力学机理是底煤在水平应力突变条件下发生屈曲破坏,并在垂直应力作用下发生冲击性滑移。提出了上层煤柱对下层煤采动影响范围与冲击危险范围的评估方法,为制定恢复生产方案提供了科学依据。根据发生事故的机理,制定并实施了恢复生产的方案,通过实施危险区卸压措施和建立冲击危险实时监测预警体系,工作面恢复了生产,保障了安全开采。     

迎上下采空孤岛面沿空掘巷围岩变形破坏特征

为了研究分析上下煤层两侧都采空而形成的孤岛面沿空掘巷和煤层开采时围岩应力分布及变形破坏特征,应用理论分析、计算机数值模拟与具体工程实践相结合的研究方法,分析了上下煤层两侧采空情况下,下孤岛工作面迎上孤岛面沿空掘巷期间及煤层开采过程中,采场围岩应力分布、变形破坏规律。结果表明:该情况下孤岛工作面围岩结构特征因受多次开采影响,其整体性和联动性都有所降低,采场围岩应力分布特征有所不同,且煤柱宽度尺寸对巷道受力变形有较大影响。掘巷期间轨道巷煤柱帮的变形量大于实体煤帮变形量,顶板下沉量大于底鼓量;回采期间顶板运移特点决定了两巷围岩主要呈现拉剪破坏,随着工作面的推进,采动影响阶段和影响剧烈阶段范围逐渐增大,巷道断面收缩率随着距工作面距离的减小而增大。对于孤岛面开采沿空巷道的特殊围岩条件,应遵循“强顶、固帮、控底的全断面围岩控制技术思路,对上下隅角附近巷道加强支护,提高围岩自身强度,为类似条件孤岛面巷道维护及安全开采提供理论技术保障。     

Mechanical behaviors of coal measures and ground control technologies for China's deep coal mines – A review

This paper reviews the major achievements in terms of mechanical behaviors of coal measures, mining stress distribution characteristics and ground control in China's deep underground coal mining. The three main aspects of this review are coal measure mechanics, mining disturbance mechanics, and rock support mechanics. Previous studies related to these three topics are reviewed, including the geomechanical properties of coal measures, distribution and evolution characteristics of mining-induced stresses, evolution characteristics of mining-induced structures, and principles and technologies of ground control in both deep roadways and longwall faces. A discussion is made to explain the structural and mechanical properties of coal measures in China's deep coal mining practices, the types and distribution characteristics of in situ stresses in underground coal mines, and the distribution of mining-induced stress that forms under different geological and engineering conditions. The theory of pre-tensioned rock bolting has been proved to be suitable for ground control of deep underground coal roadways. The use of combined ground control technology (e.g. ground support, rock mass modification, and destressing) has been demonstrated to be an effective measure for rock control of deep roadways. The developed hydraulic shields for 1000 m deep ultra-long working face can effectively improve the stability of surrounding rocks and mining efficiency in the longwall face. The ground control challenges in deep underground coal mines in China are discussed, and further research is recommended in terms of theory and technology for ground control in deep roadways and longwall faces.     

近距离煤层群回采巷道失稳机制及其防治

 近距离煤层群开采过程中下层煤回采巷道将受到上煤层采空区遗留煤柱、本煤层邻近工作面动压的影响,针对崔家寨矿E12505工作面机巷出现的冒顶、底臌等严重现象,采用现场实测、理论分析及数值模拟等研究方法,探讨巷道失稳机制。研究结果表明,当上煤层采空区遗留煤柱宽度较小,下层煤巷道位于正下方、本煤层邻近工作面护巷煤柱较小时,受采动影响后巷道容易失稳;提出应距上煤层采空区遗留煤柱25 m、护巷煤柱尺寸20 m,加强巷道支护后可保证下层煤巷道稳定。据此,在E12611和E12504工作面进行工业性试验,取得较好效果。     

浅埋近距离房式煤柱下采动应力演化及致灾机制

浅埋近距离房式煤柱下长壁工作面回采将受到上煤层采空区遗留煤柱和本煤层工作面动压的共同影响。针对石圪台矿3–1–2煤层工作面顶板压力大、支架被压死等问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场试验等方法,探讨采动应力演化规律及压架致灾机制。研究结果表明,与莫尔–库仑准则相比,应变软化准则能够准确地反映上层遗留房式煤柱在下层长壁工作面采动应力影响下的变形破坏机制;当上层遗留煤柱较完整,下煤层工作面位于煤柱下方时,受煤柱应力集中及采动影响,下煤层工作面顶板沿煤柱边缘直接切落,载荷集中造成支架压死。通过采前或回采过程中爆破上层遗留煤柱,将顶板压力转移到工作面前方煤岩体内,有效减小工作面围岩应力集中,保证下煤层工作面安全开采。     

浅埋房式采空区下长壁采场动载矿压发生机制

为了揭示浅埋房式采空区对下位煤层开采矿压显现的控制机制,降低工作面过房式采空区的动压显现强度和压架风险,以神东矿区霍洛湾煤矿2-2煤层房式采空区下3-1煤层长壁开采工作面动压特征为研究对象,将3-1煤层覆岩结构分为四类,利用理论分析和相似材料模拟等方法,系统研究了不同覆岩结构类型运动特征、力学模型及对3-1煤层长壁工作面的动压控制机制。结果表明:房式采空区稳定房柱下易形成上下位关键层双悬臂梁结构,双悬臂梁结构协同失稳是形成动载矿压的主要原因;房柱失稳区主关键层形成的不稳定砌体梁结构及靠近大煤柱未失稳的房柱随下位煤层开采滑落失稳是导致长壁工作面动载矿压发生的原因;当3-1煤层工作面上覆前方为房柱失稳区时,工作面推出集中煤柱时的动载矿压是由于大煤柱两侧关键块已提前滑落失稳,两关键块间无作用力,倒梯形岩柱与亚关键层联合失稳作用结果;当3-1煤层工作面上覆前方为房柱稳定区时,工作面推出集中煤柱时,动载矿压是由房柱失稳所致。     

上保护层煤柱引发被保护层冲击机理研究

长城一矿和峻德煤矿所发生的由保护层煤柱引发冲击的案例表明,保护层煤柱影响范围内仍属高应力区,且工作面上方都存在坚硬的顶板。通过分析两起事故中被保护层煤体的赋存条件,探究发生此类冲击的影响因素。研究表明,典型的保护层煤柱诱发冲击主要有以下两种情况:(1)大采深小层间距下,以"高静应力为主,低动应力诱发"型冲击;(2)中等采深大层间距下,以"高动应力为主、低静应力诱发"型冲击。静力系由煤柱传递的应力和层间岩体的自重应力以及保护层采空区的残余支承压力组成,动力系主要是本煤层已开采工作面形成的侧向支承压力。建立了判断发生冲击地压的评估方法,为此类矿井的开采提供理论依据。并提出了工作面位置设计、合理布置巷道、预前卸压、加强监测的防治措施。     

长壁孤岛工作面冲击失稳能量释放激增机制研究

煤矿开采中跳采形成的孤岛工作面由于容易产生应力集中，来压强度高，极容易发生冲击地压。基于唐山矿孤岛工作面的地质条件和周期来压步距的监测结果，通过数值分析的方法，研究孤岛工作面煤岩体能量释放的动态特征，揭示工作面前方能量释放激增机制，对比普通工作面和孤岛工作面能量场的区别，介绍冲击地压预警防治措施。数值模拟结果显示，长壁孤岛工作面回采时随着直接顶的随采随冒，采空区悬空面积的不断增大，使得老顶积聚大量的弹性能。若老顶发生周期性垮落，弹性能将瞬间释放，此时工作面和顺槽巷道极易冲击失稳。由研究结果可知，孤岛工作面周期来压时顶底板和煤层的能量激增可做为判断冲击失稳的前兆信息之一。因此，微震监测等手段可以根据此结论预测潜在的矿山动力灾害。针对老顶周期性断裂时积聚能量的突然释放规律，运用强制放顶、超前卸压孔、开切卸压槽和卸压爆破、煤层注水等技术可以提前释放煤层内积聚的弹性能，达到良好的冲击地压防治效果。     

Displacement, stress and seismicity in roadway roofs during mining-induced failure

Roof stability in gateroads is a long-standing issue in many of the underground mines in Australia that use longwall extraction methods, due primarily to a significant increase of vertical stresses ahead of the longwall face. Although numerous studies have been done in the past, the process of roof rock deformation and breakage prior to and during a roof failure in an actual mining environment is still being debated. This paper describes a new integrated roof monitoring system and the results from applying this system in an Australian underground coal mine. The system integrates displacement, stress and seismic monitoring. It has been applied to two roadways in an Australian underground coal mine during two field experiments. The key roof behaviour identified by the integrated monitoring package during the two field monitoring experiments is reported and discussed in this paper.The experiments were conducted in the “tailgate” roadways that are adjacent to the caved zone, or “goaf”, of the previously mined panels. It was found in the experiments that, prior to roof falls, roof displacement accelerates whereas the horizontal stresses reduce. Seismic activity intensifies before major roof displacement or stress changes are evident, and subsides in the later stage of roof failure when large roof displacement is visible. The seismic resonance frequencies decrease during roof failure development. The field monitoring studies have also identified a number of quantitative and site-specific roof fall precursors potentially useful for roof fall prediction and prevention.     

深部厚煤层综放沿空掘巷煤柱合理宽度试验研究

 煤柱合理宽度的确定是影响综放沿空掘巷围岩稳定性的重要因素。以深部厚煤层综放沿空掘巷赵楼煤矿11302工作面轨道巷为工程背景,首次提出一种新型侧向支承压力监测方法,通过现场应力监测和数值模拟相结合的研究方法确定区段煤柱合理留设宽度。现场应力监测与数值模拟结果显示,采空区侧向支承压力影响范围为50～56 m,低应力区宽度为12～15 m,考虑沿空巷道应处于应力降低区内,煤柱留设宽度不应大于7～10 m;同时,从有利于锚杆锚固出发,煤柱宽度不应小于4 m。综合考虑煤柱稳定性、次生灾害控制及煤炭资源回收等因素,最终确定煤柱留设宽度为5 m。采用大型地质力学模型试验与现场试验对煤柱宽度合理性进行验证,结果表明,巷道表面位移均呈现沿空帮＞顶板＞实体帮＞底板的变化趋势,掘巷稳定后,现场实测顶底板移近量最大为271 mm,两帮移近量最大为359 mm,巷道围岩控制效果较好;同时,锚杆、锚索受力均在其屈服范围内,并为回采期间预留充足的余量。研究结果可为类似开采条件下的区段煤柱宽度确定提供参考依据。     

特大断面巷道软弱厚煤层顶板控制对策及安全评价

 针对特大断面巷道软弱厚煤层顶板支护过程中出现大变形甚至冒顶灾害控制难题,以及现有顶板安全性评价方法存在的突出问题,综合现场调研、理论分析、井下试验及现场实测方法,分析巷道在锚杆(索)支护下的顶板控制难题及安全性评价方法的不足,提出均分断面两次成巷与“多支护结构体”控制系统,详细研究新支护系统组成结构、控制原理、顶板安全性判定因素、安全评价因子。由此可以得出：(1) 特大断面巷道软弱厚煤层顶板大变形根源在于顶板支护结构弱、顶帮协同控制弱及顶板中部承受拉应力大;(2) “多支护结构体”控制系统形成全煤顶帮协同控制结构、浅顶板锚固体厚板结构和深顶板索块体承载体结构,大幅降低顶板离层变形和强化顶帮协同支护;(3) 提出顶板安全性判定的10个关键指标,计算得出特厚煤层顶板安全分区和安全评价因子,开发特厚煤层巷道顶板支护安全性判定系统;(4) 详细介绍井下运用均分断面两次成巷与“多支护结构体”控制系统的典型特大断面巷道软弱顶板成功实例。研究成果在五家沟煤矿进行推广应用,对类似条件工程的支护技术具有一定的理论意义和参考价值。     

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coal caving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a "masonry beam" type structure when"horizontal O-X" breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.     

采动影响下大跨度煤巷耦合支护技术研究与应用

 为解决多次采动影响下大跨度煤巷支护难的问题,以高家梁矿20108工作面回风巷道为例,通过分析工程地质条件和工程岩体特性可知,20108回风巷道属于应力扩容膨胀型复合地质软岩,确定力学破坏机制为IABCIIBDIIIDA复合型变形力学机制,提出采用锚网索带注耦合支护方案。基于FLAC3D数值软件,对锚网索带注耦合支护方案进行数值计算,计算结果显示,与无耦合支护对比,屈服区域显著缩小,顶底板和两帮变形都得到有效控制。现场监测煤巷围岩变形表明,多次采动影响下煤巷两帮变形速率大于顶底板,表明两帮变形速率控制着20108回风巷道的使用功能。研究结果表明,锚网索带注耦合支护在采动影响下大跨度煤巷支护中取得良好的支护效果,数值计算表明,采动影响下大跨度煤巷采用耦合支护技术是可行的;现场监测结果也验证耦合支护技术的有效性和可靠性。     

极近距离煤层回采巷道合理位置确定方法探讨

运用数值模拟分析方法,研究煤柱支承压力在底板的分布规律.研究结果表明,煤柱底板的应力分布具有明显的非均匀分布特征,应力集中程度最高地方在煤柱下,向采空区发展则应力集中程度迅速降低;分析非均匀荷载状态下巷道易于变形和破坏的原因,得出在非均匀的荷载作用下,巷道支护体结构更易出现局部过载,产生局部破坏,最终可能导致支护体结构失稳.指出在布置下部煤层回采巷道中,除避开煤柱支承压力增高区外,还应考虑煤柱下底板应力分布状态非均匀性的影响,应力分布状态的非均匀分布特征可用应力改变率衡量.提出采用应力改变率确定极近距离下部煤层回采巷道的合理位置方法,并通过现场实践证明该方法可行.研究结果对类似条件下巷道合理布置具有一定指导意义.     

非充分采动采空区与煤岩柱(体)耦合作用机制及应用

 以镇城底矿为工程背景,通过理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟和现场实测,研究了非充分采动采空区和煤岩柱(体)耦合作用机制。得出如下结论：(1) 不同的工作面布置产生不同的工作面构型、采空区形态和煤岩柱(体)形态,进而造成不同的耦合作用结果,采空区响应对实体煤岩柱(体)的应力及岩体破坏影响很大,数值模拟不可忽略采空区作用;(2) 推导出煤柱极限平衡区宽度表达式,分层开采单一分层时采高降低、大采高和错层位开采存在斜坡均导致煤柱极限平衡区宽度下降;(3) 垮落角对采空区和煤岩柱(体)耦合作用有重要影响,通过相似模拟确定了垮落角并用于数值模拟,得出非充分采动条件下工作面宽度L、最上部关键层跨度L1与垮落角θ之间的关系式;(4) 数值模拟显示非充分采动采空区承载增加,则支承压力相应降低,反之亦然,验证了非充分采动采空区和煤岩柱(体)的耦合作用,数值模拟若忽略采空区承载作用会造成支承压力偏大,应力集中区高度偏大,且位置降低,岩体破坏范围偏大;(5) 根据研究结果,现场将进风巷布置于采空区边缘下方,形成巷顶沿空巷道,该巷道处于整个回采系统应力最低区;而回风巷沿顶板布置,工作面两侧顺槽矿压问题均得到良好控制。