不同市场主导者下的以旧换再回收模型

为探究闭环供应链的定价决策问题,基于市场上不同主导者与废旧品回收渠道,建立了4种以旧换再回收模型,并对比分析了各个模型中制造商与零售商的定价决策。研究表明,1) 企业权力越大,议价能力就越强,企业的利润就越大;2) 再制造产品的定价、废旧品的回收价仅与废旧品的回收渠道有关,与市场主导者无关;3) 制造商回收时,潜在消费者能获更多的以旧换再返利,但是会损害初始消费者的利益;4) 制造商可以通过适当的降低新产品的耐用性、提高消费者对于再制造产品的接纳度等方式促使更多的消费者参加以旧换再活动,增大废旧品的回收率,进一步的把再制造产品推向市场。     

考虑再制造成本的闭环供应链回收渠道决策

当前考虑再制造产品成本对其回收渠道选择影响的研究相对缺乏。将再造品成本作为内生变量,分别讨论了制造商回收、零售商回收和回收商回收三种模式下新产品与再造品的产量以及废旧产品的回收量决策,并分别基于企业收益、消费者剩余和回收率视角展开回收渠道偏好分析。研究表明:从企业收益角度考虑,制造商的回收渠道偏好与再制品成本有关,而零售商始终偏好零售商回收渠道;从消费者剩余角度考虑,为满足消费者剩余最大化,不同的再制品成本会导致不同的回收渠道偏好;从回收率角度考虑,制造商回收渠道下的废旧产品回收率始终高于另外两种渠道。研究结论对再制造闭环供应链各方的定价决策以及回收渠道选择具有一定的参考价值。     

考虑供方组内强外部性的双边服务平台定价策略

针对双边平台连接的服务消费者与提供者两群体之间存在组内与组间外部性,重点研究了在服务供方存在组内强外部性时,双边平台最优定价策略,以及不同策略对用户参与和利润结构的影响。研究表明,平台对消费者和服务供方的最优定价策略均有收费、免费和补贴等3种,且能使平台利润总为正;组内外部性对平台收益具有损益影响;组间外部性之间的大小关系和组内组间外部性之间的数量关系共同决定了服务的供需双方对平台利润的贡献占比。     

基于生态效益的制造商再制造竞争决策模型

以生态效益最大化为决策准则,研究了两家制造商回收再制造废旧产品的竞争决策,研究发现:无论回收再制造本身是否经济,回收再制造废旧产品都对企业有利,先实施回收再制造的企业获利更多。随着环境成本的增加,回收率升高,制造商收益下降。产品价格与再制造成本优势有关,成本优势高时,随着环境成本的增加,产品价格降低,对消费者有利;成本优势低时,制造商将环境成本转嫁给消费者,产品价格上升到最高点后下降。随着再制造成本优势的增加,产品价格下降,回收率和制造商收益升高,制造商和消费者均获益。再制造成本优势不同的两家制造商回收再制造时,成本优势高的制造商产品价格低,回收率和企业收益高。     

两个生产阶段下闭环供应链产品定价策略研究

伴随着环保思想、可持续发展观念的逐渐加强,废旧产品的回购、再利用开始越来越引起国内的企业和学者的关注。由于最终消费者对再制品的认可度与最终消费者对新产品的喜爱程度之间存在着差别,所以这两种产品在实际定价过程中有着明显的区别。本文在假定第一个生产阶段只生产新品,而第二个生产阶段可生产新品和再制品的情况下,研究了"单个制造商和单个销售商"所构建起来的闭环供应链系统中,不同渠道力量下的产品定价问题。研究结论显示,制造商同时生产新品与再制品时新品与再制品的销售价格均不超过只生产新产品情况下的销售价;此外,当制造商所支付的回收价格越高,销售商对回收终端废旧产品的努力程度越大,而制造商批发价格的制定又由新品、再制品的成本及废旧品回收价格等因素决定。研究进一步显示,以销售商为主的市场整体供应链收益最大;以制造商为主的市场整体供应链收益最小;当两者渠道力量差距不明显时,市场整体供应链利润居于中间。     

废旧汽车零部件再制造回收模型优化研究

建立废旧汽车零部件回收与再制造智能交易平台,对我国废车市场的建设和完善以及汽车零部件再制造产业链的发展具有重大的工程实用价值。为研究适用于第三方平台的回收模式和策略,本文构建了由制造商、再制造商、销售商、回收平台和激励政策共同组成的再制造闭环供应链回收模型,通过利润函数来揭示再制造供应链中各企业的定价策略和相关变量的关系。分别利用逆向归纳法和多目标遗传算法求解该模型,并以废旧汽车变速箱为案例,验证和比较了2种算法的可行性和优劣性。仿真分析结果表明,基于多目标遗传算法求解下制定的回收策略优于逆向归纳法,预期闭环供应链整体回收率和企业利润可得到全面优化,为再制造产业链各参与者的回收决策提供了具有现实意义的理论依据。     

竞争环境中基于异质消费群体的再制造定价策略

针对竞争环境中制造商和再制造商应如何对再制造品定价的问题,建立基于消费者对新产品和再制造品异质需求的两周期模型,求出了制造商对新产品和再制造品采用单一化和差异化定价策略两种情况下制造商和再制造商的最优回收率和最优产品价格,并进行了比较。最后通过数值算例讨论了参数变化对制造商和再制造商的利润的影响。研究表明在单一化定价条件下,再制造品的价格更高,再制造品的总产量更大,制造商和再制造商的利润更高。这一结果说明即使面临再制造商的竞争,制造商采用单一化定价策略仍然优于采用差异化定价策略。     

考虑渠道权力结构和产品双重差异的再制造闭环供应链最优定价决策

针对具有不同渠道权力结构和回收拆解产品质量差异、新产品与再制造产品价格差异的再制造闭环供应链,主要研究其成员企业最优定价决策问题。构建了包含制造/再制造商、零售商、消费者和回收拆解商的三级再制造闭环供应链决策模型;采用Stackelberg主从博弈确定不同渠道权力结构下各成员企业的最优定价策略及其利润,并重点探讨废旧产品回收率τ、产品替代系数δ两个关键参数对它们的影响;将该决策模型应用到汽车发电机再制造闭环供应链案例。研究结果表明：1） 对于3种渠道权力结构,当制造/再制造商和零售商为主导者时,其自身利润和再制造闭环供应链总利润均最大;而当回收拆解商为主导者时,其自身利润和总利润却最小;2） 随着τ和δ的提高,单位新产品与再制造产品的最优批发价、最优零售价均增加,单位废旧产品的最优回收价则降低;制造/再制造商和零售商的利润下降,回收拆解商的利润上升,导致再制造闭环供应链的总利润呈U形。研究能够为各成员企业的最优定价决策提供有效支持与参考。     

具有政府回收约束的闭环供应链回收再制造决策模型

在回收和再制造的闭环供应链中,一个第三方替制造方从用户中买回废旧产品。为了激励废旧产品的回收再制造,政府对制造商设定一个最低回收率,并且对制造商的回收进行奖惩;同时考虑第三方的回收努力,建立了基于第三方负责回收的多级再制造闭环供应链模型,设计了政府与制造商之间的奖惩函数;讨论比较了制造商不回收废旧产品、没有政府奖惩时回收再制造废旧产品和考虑政府约束时回收再制造废旧产品等3种情形下的最优策略,并且分析了参数变化对回收率和供应链成员企业收益的影响;结合国内某家电制造商废旧家电回收再制造的运作情况进行了仿真计算与分析。     

基于双边道德风险的逆向供应链回收激励契约

针对制造商和零售商共同努力回收废旧品过程中的双边道德风险问题,引入努力弹性系数,运用委托代理理论,设计了一个基于双边道德风险的线性契约。理论和数值分析结果表明,制造商和零售商努力水平之比和边际利润之比均等于二者努力效率之比,零售商固定费用与制造商努力效率成正比,与产出系数负相关,与努力成本系数正相关。因此,制造商和零售商应根据努力弹性系数决定努力水平,制造商在制定价格合同时,应当充分考虑回收产出和努力成本等因素,最大程度地消除双边道德风险对逆向供应链系统效率的影响,以提高逆向供应链整体绩效。     

基于专利保护下闭环供应链的快递包装回收定价研究

针对快递包装回收的定价问题,构建了由一个生产商、一个再制造商以及一个物流服务商构成的快递包装回收闭环供应链系统,利用Stackelberg博弈方法对非专利保护和专利保护两种回收模式进行对比,可知专利保护对于生产商和再制造商都可以获得更大的利润,实现双赢的局面,在专利保护下,通过考虑两者之间同时回收的竞争关系,可知竞争对两者都带来负面影响。对生产商何时参加竞争给出建议。最后通过数值验证了结论的正确性。研究结果不仅丰富了闭环供应链的理论研究,而且也对国家实行专利保护政策具有借鉴意义。     

Effects of carbon emission regulations on remanufacturing decisions with limited information of demand distribution

Policy-makers are developing regulation policies to drive down carbon emissions from industries. Independent remanufacturers (IRs), which remanufacture recycled products/components/parts, must manage and evaluate economic costs generated by the production under future carbon emission regulations. We present three optimisation models to determine the remanufacturing quantity that maximises the total profits under three common carbon emission regulation policies: (a) mandatory carbon emissions capacity, (b) carbon tax and (c) cap and trade. These models include sales revenue, remanufacturing cost, disposal cost, inventory holding cost, shortage cost and carbon emission cost. The max–min approach is used to solve the models, which assume limited information on demand distribution. We investigate how the three regulation policies affect remanufacturing decision-making for IRs and we also solve some numerical examples where we vary the magnitudes of incentives, penalties and stringency of constraints to provide implications to policy-makers. The results indicate that remanufacturers should aim to improve yield rate to maximise the profit irrespective of the implemented carbon emissions policy. Policy-makers should prefer the carbon tax policy, if any of the other two policies must be performed, a remanufacturing discount such as a higher carbon emission cap or lower penalty should be implemented to better promote the development of remanufacturers.     

政府干涉下闭环供应链的回收渠道选择策略

了提高回收效率,在政府对制造商的回收行为进行干涉下建立了制造商回收、零售商回收和混合回收决策模型,分别从消费者、政府、制造商、零售商和供应链整体五个角度研究了回收渠道的选择策略。结果表明,零售商总是希望参与回收;从其他四个角度来看,回收渠道选择主要受回收渠道竞争强度的影响,政府干涉对渠道选择影响不大。     

Estimation of future breakdowns to determine optimal warranty policies for products with deterioration

Warranty has been played an important role not only for safeguarding the rights and interests of consumers but also for promoting the sales and reputation of manufacturers, since a good warranty policy signifies the image of high-quality products and thus becomes a powerful weapon for marketing products in increasingly competitive markets. It is obvious that a more thoughtful warranty policy of a product will attract more customers to consume the specific product, and increase the product's market share accordingly. However, an unlimited warranty for monopolizing the market is absolutely unrealistic, since the cost will significantly increase for maintaining such a warranty policy with better offers. In this paper, a Bayesian decision model for determining the optimal warranty policy for repairable products is proposed. The successive failure times of the repairable product are assumed to be drawn from a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Both the repair costs for restoring the product to full functionality after each breakdown and the potential sales increases due to the specific warranty policy are also considered. Finally, an application case is utilized to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed approach.     

多方博弈情景下缺陷产品召回监管问题研究

缺陷产品造成安全事故频发对消费者人身和财产安全造成严重影响。本文针对产品召回的监管问题,考虑参与各方主体利益最大化,构建政府监管部门、企业和消费者三方博弈策略收益矩阵,对比分析各博弈主体行为策略的演化稳定均衡,分析三方博弈主体策略选择的影响因素,找出破解当前召回监管模式弊端的突破口。研究表明:对于政府,提高政府行政处罚力度、优化政府监督流程,将提高政府召回监督工作效率;对于企业,设立缺陷召回信用机制、提高对消费者损失的赔偿,将提高企业积极配合、主动召回的积极性;对于消费者,搭建缺陷召回信息平台、降低消费者维权成本和提高维权所得的赔偿,将有助于消费者主动上报缺陷产品信息、积极参与缺陷产品召回工作。     

Material flow analysis of cadmium applied to review MSW treatment in Taiwan

Abstract

This study applies the material flow analysis (MFA) of Cadmium to evaluate municipal solid waste (MSW) management policy in Taiwan.

In 2002, the Cd flow in Taiwan was approximately 441.2 tons, mainly contributed by the Cd in nickel‐cadmium batteries (60.15%) and plastics (33.45%). 415.6 tons of Cd entered the MSW treatment system from consumers. However, aside from the Cd emitted into the atmosphere (0.4 tons) and the Cd in incinerator ash (15.1 tons), the recycled Cd was 5.2 tons, representing a recycling rate of 1.2%. Moreover, instead of being effectively used, the recycled Cd is often casually deposited in the environment. Currently, Taiwan's Cd MFA data indicates that the MSW treatment is mainly performed by incineration, which does not conform to the main principles of sustainable development. To achieve a more sustainable policy, recycling and/or restriction of nickel‐cadmium batteries and plastics turn out to be important issues.     

Green supply chain contracts with eco-labels issued by the sales platform: profitability and environmental implications

Considering environmentally conscious consumers, a manufacturer, and a sales platform which provides eco-labels for qualified manufacturers, this paper develops a supply chain model to study how eco-labels affect green supply chain operations, from the profitability and environmental perspectives. The results show that the sales platform prefers the agency contract, but the manufacturer prefers the wholesale price contract. Considering the performance of the supply chain, the agency contract brings a higher profit while the wholesale price contract results in a bigger environmental improvement. An unexpected but interesting result is that when the agency contract is used and consumer green awareness increases, the sale price declines rather than increasing as it does under the wholesale price contract. This decline happens because the required marketing effort of the sales platform will be lower, which incentivises the platform to reduce the commission rate. Consequently, the manufacturer faces a lower commission rate and a higher margin when consumers display greater green awareness. Moreover, as the core and more powerful player of the supply chain, the sales platform can propose a platform-led revenue sharing contract to fully coordinate the supply chain, which improves the performance of the supply chain both in profitability and environmental perspectives.