2219高强铝合金活性TIG焊工艺

采用单组分活性剂(AlF_3和LiF)、3组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KF-AlF_3)和4组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KFAlF_3+10%K_2SiF_6)混合组分活性剂进行2219高强铝合金直流正极性活性TIG焊(DCSP A-TIG),研究4种类型活性剂对焊缝表面成型、焊缝内部质量(气孔)、焊缝熔深、电弧形态、接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:涂覆活性剂有助于去除2219铝合金表面的氧化膜,提高焊缝表面成型质量,涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG焊缝表面成型质量最佳;与变极性TIG焊(VPTIG)焊缝内部质量相比,DCSP A-TIG焊接方法可显著降低2219铝合金焊缝内部气孔的产生;AlF_3单组分活性剂可显著增大焊缝熔深,其电弧形态具有明显的拖弧现象;DCSP A-TIG焊焊缝组织具有与母材相同的组织组成物,电流对A-TIG焊缝组织影响较大,增大焊接电流,会造成接头晶粒组织粗大;涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG接头强度和伸长率最高,与VPTIG焊接头力学性能具有相近的技术指标。2219高强铝合金的DCSP A-TIG焊接方法具有很大的工程应用价值。     

Experimental investigation on the effects of process parameters of GMAW and transient thermal analysis of AISI321 steel

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) develops an arc by controlling the metal from the wire rod and the input process parameters. The deposited metal forms a weld bead and themechanical properties depend upon the quality of the weld bead. Proper control of the process parameters which affect the bead geometry, the microstructures of the weldments and the mechanical properties like hardness, is necessary. This experimental study aims at developing mathematical models for bead height (HB), bead width (WB) and bead penetration (PB) and investigating the effects of four process parameters
viz: welding voltage, welding speed, wire feed rate and gas flow rate on bead geometry, hardness and microstructure of AISI321 steel with 10 mm thickness. The transient thermal analysis shows temperature and residual stress distributions at different conduction and convection conditions.     

Optimization of laser welding process parameters for super austenitic stainless steel using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm

The laser welding input parameters play a very significant role in determining the quality of a weld joint. The quality of the joint can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. In particular mechanical properties should be controlled to obtain good welded joints. In this study, the weld bead geometry such as depth of penetration (DP), bead width (BW) and tensile strength (TS) of the laser welded butt joints made of AISI 904L super austenitic stainless steel are investigated. Full factorial design is used to carry out the experimental design. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) program was developed in MatLab software to establish the relationship between the laser welding input parameters like beam power, travel speed and focal position and the three responses DP, BW and TS in three different shielding gases (argon, helium and nitrogen). The established models are used for optimizing the process parameters using genetic algorithm (GA). Optimum solutions for the three different gases and their respective responses are obtained. Confirmation experiment has also been conducted to validate the optimized parameters obtained from GA.     

活性剂增加不锈钢A-TIG焊熔深机理研究

目的研究涂敷活性剂条件下1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的熔深增加机理。方法采用B1活性剂,涂敷在1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面,进行A-TIG焊试验,分析活性剂对电弧形貌、阳极斑点、电弧电压和焊缝熔深的影响情况。结果涂敷活性剂后,电弧和阳极斑点都发生了收缩,电弧宽度由4.97 mm变为4.12mm,减小了17.1%,阳极斑点长轴长度由9.92 mm变为8.22 mm,短轴长度由4.75 mm变为4.35 mm,电弧电压提高了2.7 V,阳极区和弧柱区收缩,提高了弧柱电场强度;相同参数下,涂敷活性剂后熔宽缩小0.62mm,熔深增加了3.01 mm,显著增加熔深。结论阳极斑点收缩和电弧收缩是活性剂增加不锈钢A-TIG焊熔深的主要原因。     

The mechanism of penetration increase in A-TIG welding

The mechanism of the increasing of A-TIG welding penetration is studied by using the activating flux we developed for stainless steel. The effect of flux on the flow and temperature fields of weld pool is simulated by the PHOENICS software. It shows that without flux, the fluid flow will be outward along the surface of the weld pool and then down, resulting in a flatter weld pool shape. With the flux, the oxygen, which changes the temperature dependence of surface tension grads from a negative value to a positive value, can cause significant changes on the weld penetration. Fluid flow will be inward along the surface of the weld pool toward the center and then down. This fluid flow pattern efficiently transfers heat to the weld root and produces a relatively deep and narrow weld. This change is the main cause of penetration increase. Moreover, arc construction can cause the weld width to become narrower and the penetration to become deeper, but this is not the main cause of penetration increase. The effects of flux on fluid flow of the weld pool surface and arc profiles were observed in conventional TIG welding and in A-TIG welding by using high-speed video camera. The fluid flow behavior was visualized in real-time scale by micro focused X-ray transmission video observation system. The result indicated that stronger inward fluid flow patterns leading to weld beads with narrower width and deeper penetration could be apparently identified in the case of A-TIG welding. The flux could change the direction of fluid flow in welding pool. It has a good agreement with the simulation results.     

Genetic-Algorithm-Based Computational Models for Optimizing the Process Parameters of A-TIG Welding to Achieve Target Bead Geometry in Type 304 L(N) and 316 L(N) Stainless Steels

The weld-bead geometry in 304LN and 316LN stainless steels produced by A-TIG welding plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties of the weld and its quality. Its shape parameters such as bead width, depth of penetration, and reinforcement height are decided according to the A-TIG welding process parameters such as current, voltage, torch speed, and arc gap. Identification of a suitable combination of A-TIG process parameters to produce the desired weld-bead geometry required many experiments, and the experimental optimization of the A-TIG process was indeed time consuming and costly. Therefore it becomes necessary to develop a methodology for optimizing the A-TIG process parameters to achieve the target weld-bead geometry. In the present work, genetic algorithm (GA)-based computational models have been developed to determine the optimum/near optimum process parameters to achieve the target weld-bead geometry in 304LN and 316LN stainless steel welds produced by A-TIG welding.     

Research on the Mechanism of Penetration Increase by Flux in A-TIG Welding

The mechanism of penetration depth increased by activating flux in activating tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) weldingwas studied by measuring the distribution of trace element Bi in the weld and monitoring the change of arc voltageduring A-TIG welding of stain     

Zone-wise investigation of creep behaviour 9Cr–1Mo steel weld joints

Distinct regions such as weld metal, heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal of P9 steel weld joints fabricated by various welding processes were investigated using impression creep testing. Smaller prior austenitic grain size, lower density of precipitates and dislocations resulted in faster recovery and higher creep rate of HAZ in comparison to the weld and base metal. Compared to base metal, shielded metal arc weld (SMAW) and activated tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) weld of the P9 steel weld joints exhibited better resistance to creep and displayed higher activation energy due to their coarser prior austenite grain size. A-TIG HAZ exhibited superior creep properties compared to the SMAW and TIG HAZ due to the presence of higher number density of precipitates.     

粉煤灰/二氧化硅活性剂在Q235钢A-TIG焊中的应用

为了探究粉煤灰作为A-TIG焊活性剂的可行性,以粉煤灰和不同含量的二氧化硅制备复合活性剂在Q235钢基体表面进行A-TIG焊,研究了复合活性剂成分含量对焊缝截面形貌、显微组织和元素分布的影响.结果表明:采用粉煤灰-40%SiO_2作为复合活性剂进行A-TIG焊时,可将6 mm厚Q235钢板一次性焊透,焊缝深宽比可达到0.85;焊缝出现明显的中间收缩倾向,呈"深口杯"状,可实现单道焊双面成型的效果;其焊缝柱状晶数目较多、组织排列规则且具有方向性,熔合区和热影响区组织均匀细小,可降低焊接母材的过热倾向;相对于100%SiO_2活性剂,Si元素的溶入量和溶入深度显著增加,这说明粉煤灰中其他成分的存在对Si元素溶入焊缝、进而增加焊缝熔深起到促进作用.采用粉煤灰-40%SiO_2为活性剂进行A-TIG焊时焊缝熔深的增加机理可能是以电弧收缩理论为主,但考虑到Al元素溶入较深且溶入量较多,粉煤灰中其他物相又十分复杂,在高温电弧作用下各物相之间相互反应放热致使电弧热输入增加、其他组分在熔池中改变了熔池表面张力温度梯度等均可能致使焊缝熔深增加.     

功率对纯钛薄片激光封孔成形及接头性能的影响

为实现直径为0.1 mm微孔的良好封接,采用低功率脉冲激光对0.40 mm厚的工业纯钛(CP-Ti Grade 1)进行了封焊,采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计及光学显微镜,研究了激光功率对焊缝表面成形、焊接接头横截面形貌和显微硬度的影响规律,分析了接头的微观组织结构.结果表明:当激光功率不低于19.2 W时,微孔可以实现完全封接,且熔核直径随着激光功率的增大而增大,但随着激光功率增大,焊缝凹陷和烧蚀现象越加严重;当激光功率增大时,焊缝表面显微硬度呈上升趋势,激光功率为19.2 W时,焊缝成形良好,且最大显微硬度值可以达到290 HV;焊缝中心微观组织为针状α、锯齿状α以及板条状α晶,焊缝上边缘为锯齿状α晶,而焊缝下边缘为细小的锯齿状α和针状α晶.     

590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧立焊焊缝组织性能

为研究590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧工艺得到的焊接接头组织与性能的关系,采用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)与熔化极气体保护焊(MAG)方法获得成型良好的焊接接头,经过拉伸、冲击、弯曲试验及光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EBSD分析,对590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧立焊打底焊与盖面焊焊接接头的组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明:打底焊缝组织主要为贝氏体,盖面焊缝组织以贝氏体与针状铁素体为主;打底焊缝经历过一次热循环后组织得到一定程度的细化;打底焊缝硬度值与盖面焊缝相近,盖面焊缝热影响区最高硬度值高于打底焊缝热影响区最高硬度;2 mm坡口间隙性能较5 mm坡口间隙有较大提高,2 mm坡口间隙断口以韧窝断裂为主,5 mm坡口间隙断口以解理断裂为主.     

Optimizing process parameters for joint strength efficiency improvement in friction stir welding of polycarbonate sheets

The present work addresses optimization of these friction stir welding process variables to maximize joint strength efficiency of welded polycarbonate sheets by using particle swarm optimization algorithm over response surface method based regression model. Initially, parametric influence on weld quality characteristics namely weld bead profile, bead geometry with associated microstructure along with micro-hardness deviation through the weld centerline and stress-strain behavior of the weld have been studied in detail as per full factorial design of experiments by using three different tool pin profiles such as cylindrical, square and triangular. The center point experiment i. e. tool rotational speed of 1800 min⁻¹ and welding speed of 20 mm/min, and square tool pin profile were found to be the optimum combination with a maximum joint strength efficiency of 60.06 %. The regression model of weld ultimate tensile strength was developed by using response surface methodology which was found to be significant. Therefore, this model was further used for parametric optimization by using both response surface methodology and intelligent particle swarm optimization approaches. A slight improvement in joint strength efficiency with better optimization capability was found by using particle swarm optimization technique as compared to response surface methodology.     

Predicting of bead undercut defects in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

In the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process, when the welding speed reaches a certain threshold, there will be an onset of weld bead undercut defects which limit the further increase of the welding speed. Establishing a mathematical model for high-speed GMAW to predict the tendency of bead undercuts is of great significance to prevent such defects. Under the action of various forces, the transferred metal from filler wire to the weld pool, and the geometry and dimension of the pool itself decide if the bead undercut occurs or not. The previous model simplified the pool shape too much. In this paper, based on the actual weld pool geometry and dimension calculated from a numerical model, a hydrostatic model for liquid metal surface is used to study the onset of bead undercut defects in the high-speed welding process and the effects of different welding parameters on the bead undercut tendency.     

Study on welding process and prosperities of AA5754 Al-alloy welded by double pulsed gas metal arc welding

In this paper, the effect of double pulsed gas metal arc welding (DP-GMAW) on metal droplet transfer, weld pool profile, weld bead geometry and weld joint mechanical properties of Al alloy AA5754 are presented. A high speed camera was utilized to reveal the metal transfer behavior and weld pool profile. A self-developed electrical signal acquire system was adopted to record the current waveform during welding process. The results indicated that the metal transfer, weld pool profile and weld bead geometry in DP-GMAW significantly differ with P-GMAW. The microstructure showed that grain size of the weld bead decreased with increasing of thermal pulse frequency, and the eutectic precipitates Mg₂Si were homogeneously distributed at fusion zone. The mechanical properties of welded joints were improved.     

奥氏体不锈钢A-TIG焊工艺研究

目的研究焊接参数对焊缝成形和接头宏观组织的影响。方法改变焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接电压以及活性剂中的一个参数,固定其他3个参数不变,对奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,分析其接头宏观形貌、组织和力学性能。结果随着电流、电压的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在增加,随着焊接速度的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在降低,在相同参数下,将不同活性剂下的A-TIG焊接头的熔深和熔宽进行比较,发现涂敷C4活性剂接头熔深最大达到4.29mm,而常规TIG焊接头熔深为1.38mm,涂敷C4活性剂的接头熔深为TIG焊的3.11倍,且熔宽也有所减小。结论 C4活性剂A-TIG最佳工艺参数为:I=175 A,U=14 V,v=80 mm/min,此时能将6 mm板材焊透,成形良好,在此工艺下焊缝等轴晶范围最大,焊缝组织最为细小。相比于TIG焊,涂敷C4活性剂接头强度系数提升4.1%。     

活性剂对铁素体不锈钢A-TIG接头熔深及组织性能研究

目的 选用430铁素体不锈钢作为研究对象,对比研究添加SiO2、TiO2、Cr2O3和未添加活性剂对A-TIG焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。方法 采用3种活性剂涂覆在430铁素体不锈钢上进行A-TIG试验,分析活性剂对接头熔深、组织、性能、元素含量的影响情况。结果 同一焊接工艺参数下,活性剂的加入均能提高焊缝的熔深和深宽比,减少熔宽;其中,SiO2为活性剂时获得了最佳的焊缝几何形貌。同时,对比常规TIG焊接(未添加活性剂)接头的显微组织及力学性能可知,活性剂的加入并未改变焊接接头的显微组织且无新相的生成;活性剂的添加能够细化接头组织,从而使得接头硬度有所提高。结论 活性剂的加入能够显著增加铁素体不锈钢TIG焊缝熔深,改善接头组织,提高接头硬度。     

A-TIG焊研究进展及前景展望

对活性化钨极氩弧焊(A-TIG)焊接工艺、活性剂的研发及其在增加焊缝熔深机理等方面的研究做了比较详尽的综述,并指出活性化TIG焊研究过程中存在的问题、发展前景及今后研究方向。认为对活性焊剂增加熔深的机理还有待深入研究,可以利用数值模拟过程结合活性化TIG焊试验深入研究活性焊剂增加焊缝熔深的机理。可以基于A-TIG焊基本思想结合其他方法研发新的活性焊方法。总之,A-TIG焊具有巨大的发展潜力和良好的应用前景。     

Activated flux TIG welding of Inconel 718 super alloy in presence of tri-component flux

In this study, we have explored the influence of newly developed tri-component oxide flux (Cr₂O₃, FeO, and MoO₃) on weldability, bead geometry, weld pool temperature variation, and mechanical strength of Inconel 718 welded joints. Moreover, the influence of used flux on weld pool, the surface morphology of electrode and penetration capability of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding on Inconel 718 plates have been well elucidated. Results indicate that the flux mixture significantly increases the penetration depth as well as aspect ratio almost 200% as compared to conventional TIG welding. The arc constriction caused by newly developed oxide flux upsurges the heat density and the weld pool temperature of joints. The alloying effect caused by entrapped oxide particles greatly improves the hardness as well as the tensile strength of joints. The reported reinforcement in the welding performance may increase potential utility of the developed methods for real-world applications.     

Effects of activating flux on the welded joint characteristics in gas metal arc welding

This paper presents the effect of each welding parameter on the weld bead geometry, and then sets out to determine the optimal process parameters using the Taguchi method to determine the parameters. Three kinds of oxides, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, and MgCO₃, were used to investigate the effect of activating flux aided gas metal arc welding (GMAW) on weld bead geometry, angular distortion and mechanical properties in AISI 1020 carbon steel. During welding, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera system was used to observe and record images of the welding arc and analyze the relationship between penetration increase and arc profile. The experimental results showed that activating flux aided GMAW increased the weld area and penetration and tended to reduce the angular distortion of the weldment. The MgCO₃ flux produced the most noticeable effect. Furthermore, the welded joint presented better tensile strength and hardness.     

Fatigue behavior characterization of laser-welded cold rolled sheet metal (SPCEN)

For the present work, the fatigue behavior of laser-welded cold-rolled sheet metal (SPCEN) was studied. Also, the thickness heterogeneity effect of weldment on the fatigue strength and crack growth behavior was studied. The sheet metals of same thickness (0.9 mm) were laser-welded (Case A), and the sheet metal of 0.9 mm thickness was laser-welded to the sheet metal of 2.0 mm thickness (Case B). For both cases, fatigue tests were conducted applying the load perpendicular or parallel to the welding line. Finite element analysis was performed to determine the form of stress intensity factor as a function of crack length for both cases. The results showed that the fatigue strength of Case A was 8.5% higher than that of Case B when the loading direction was parallel to the welding line. However, the fatigue strength of Case A was similar to that of Case B for the perpendicular fatigue loading to the welding line. At the same crack length, the stress intensity factor of Case A was greater than that of Case B. It was also found that for both cases, the crack propagation rate decreased noticeably in the front of weld bead but increased rapidly in the weld bead. The retardation of crack propagation was due to the increased hardness in the front of weld bead, and the increased crack propagation rate was due to the reduced fracture toughness in the weld bead.