烟碱乙酰胆碱受体显像剂2-[~(18)F]-A-85380的合成及大鼠脑磷屏显像

通过18F标记前体Me3N+-Boc-A-85380·CF3SO-3,合成了烟碱乙酰胆碱受体显像剂2-[18 F]-A-85380,并探讨该显像剂在大鼠脑内的分布。采用取代法以Me3N+-Boc-A-85380·CF3SO-3为反应前体,在含氮芳香环的2位用18F进行标记,合成nAChRs显像剂2-[18F]-A-85380;以聚酰胺薄膜为支持介质、生理盐水为展开剂,测定标记物的标记率和放化纯度;SD大鼠4只尾静脉注射0.5mL(1.48MBq)2-[18F]-A-85380,分别在5、60、120、180min时用多聚甲醛灌流固定,取出大脑做冠状位切片,将切片与磷屏在专用暗盒内曝光30min,取出磷屏进行扫描显影。结果表明:2-[18 F]-A-85380的标记率达93%,其放化纯在标记后2、4、6h均大于90%。磷屏显像结果显示:注药后60min时磷屏所受辐射最强,所得图像光强度大于5min、120min和180min的;丘脑分布最多、皮质次之、小脑及脑干分布较少。     

2-18F-A-85380 的制备与 MicroPET 显像

通过对现有 CTI 公司计算机控制化学合成模块 (CPCU) 进行改造,合成了神经型烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 (nAChRs)显像剂2-18F-A-85380 ,并用高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 检测了其放化纯度及比活度,所得的产品用于正常大鼠头部MicroPET 显像.结果显示,采用改进方法合成 2-18F-A-85380 的总时间为 45 min,放化收率为 50%±5%(n＝6),产品的放化纯度＞99%,比活度为0.35±0.02 PBq/g.MicroPET 显像结果表明,2-18F-A-85380 在富含α4β2 亚型 nAChRs 受体的丘脑中浓集程度明显高于周围其它组织.以上结果提示,利用 CPCU 半自动合成 2-18F-A-85380,方法简便、稳定,产品的比活度较高;动物实验结果表明2-18F-A-85380已基本满足临床显像剂的要求.     

n-Gluc-Lys([Al18F]NOTA)-TOCA的制备和初步生物学评价

肿瘤细胞组织上常有一些生长抑素受体的过度表达,奥曲肽及其衍生物与生长抑素受体(SSTR)能够高特异性地结合,因此,应用18F标记的奥曲肽及其衍生物作为肿瘤示踪剂,可对生长抑素受体阳性肿瘤进行诊断和疗效评价。为开发一种能够高效快速合成的18F标记奥曲肽衍生物,用Al 18 F复合物和偶联了双功能螯合剂NOTA的糖基化奥曲肽衍生物n-Gluc-Lys(NOTA)-TOCA通过螯合反应制备了n-Gluc-Lys([Al 18 F]NOTA)-TOCA,放化反应合成时间为25～30min,标记率为69%,最终产品经HLB柱纯化后放化纯大于95%。标记物在体外稳定,水溶性高(lg P=-4.20±0.09(n=3))。正常鼠体内分布实验显示:标记物通过肾代谢;在肝中摄取很低,在生长抑素受体高表达的胰腺中有高摄取,血液和肌肉本底低。骨中的摄取低,说明标记物在体内无脱18F或Al 18F的现象。本工作为进一步研究Al 18F复合物标记的奥曲肽衍生物作为生长抑素受体阳性肿瘤显像剂提供了实验依据。     

5-HTSUB>1A /SUB>受体显像剂S

为了找到适合123I标记的5-羟色胺(5-HT1A)受体显像剂,合成了4-三正丁基锡-N-[2-[1-(2-甲氧基苯基)]-1-哌嗪基]乙基-N-2-吡啶基-苯甲酰胺(MPPBu3Sn,标记前体),并采用双氧水标记法进行131I标记,得到标记物131I-MPPI,标记率大于90%,放化纯大于99%。初步动物实验结果显示,131I-MPPI在大鼠海马中摄取最多,30 min时,海马与小脑的摄取率比值为2.90,说明131I-MPPI浓集在海马中,与5-HT1A受体在脑中的分布一致;放射自显影结果显示,在注射8-OH-DPAT后,海马(CA3区)与小脑的光密度比值从13.98±0.87降至1.96±0.46,与阻断前差异显著,说明131I-MPPI与5-HT1A受体结合具有特异性;注射后5 min和120 min,甲状腺的摄取率分别为(0.069±0.020)%和(0.128±0.026)%,表明脱碘是其主要代谢途径;131I-MPPI对5-HT1A受体具有高度亲和性和特异性,可作为筛选其他化合物对5-HT1A受体亲和大小的工具药。     

~(18)F-FDG、~(18)F-RGD和~(18)F-FET在LN229脑胶质模型体内生物分布和Micro-PET显像

为研究肿瘤显像剂18F-FDG、18F-RGD和18F-FET在LN229脑胶质瘤模型裸鼠体内分布和MicroPET肿瘤显像,采用酪氨酸和NOTA修饰的[c(RGDyK)]2为前体分别合成18 F-FET和18 F-RGD;颅内注射LN229细胞建立脑胶质瘤模型,研究18F-FDG、18F-RGD和18F-FET在注射30min和60min体内脏器分布以及荷瘤鼠Micro-PET显像。结果表明,18 F-FET和18 F-RGD放化纯度大于95%。荷瘤鼠体内分布显示,注射后1h,18 F-FDG、18 F-RGD和18 F-FET在脑胶质瘤和脑组织内(括号内)的摄取分别为(4.89±0.65)%ID/g((2.72±0.76)%ID/g)、(2.10±0.32)%ID/g((0.23±0.01)%ID/g)、(3.02±0.64)%ID/g((0.74±0.12)%ID/g),18F-FDG、18F-RGD和18F-FET在肿瘤和脑摄取放射性比值分别为0.64±0.07(1.80±0.32)、8.22±1.03(9.13±1.21)和2.15±0.48(4.08±0.92),Micro-PET肿瘤显像清晰。结果提示,18F-FET和18F-RGD更适用于脑胶质瘤的诊断。     

血脑屏障可逆性开放增强~(99m)Tc-TRODAT-1脑摄取的初步研究

为探索应用血脑屏障可逆性开放是否可应用于增强99mTc -TRODAT - 1脑摄取 ,把 36只大鼠分为正常组和开放组 ,分别给予左侧股静脉注射 0 .9%生理盐水和 2 0 %甘露醇 ;再经尾静脉注射 0 .2mL99mTc -TRODAT - 1( 7.4MBq) ,比较两组不同时间99mTc -TRODAT - 1的脑摄取。将SD大鼠分为甘露醇组和甘露醇 +GBR12 90 9组 ,观察甘露醇开放血脑屏障是否影响99mTc -TRODAT - 1的特异性结合。结果表明 ,开放组大鼠经注射甘露醇后 ,全脑和纹状体摄取在 2、30、60min时均比对照组增高 ,纹状体 小脑在 2min时也明显增高 ;甘露醇 +GBR12 90 9组纹状体 小脑值显著低于甘露醇组 ,表明甘露醇注射后并不影响99mTc -TRODAT - 1与DAT的结合特异性。说明血脑屏障的可逆性开放可应用于增加99mTc标转运蛋白显像剂进脑量的研究 ,以改善图象质量。     

多功能模块合成心肌显像剂18F-FTHA及Micro-PET显像

用国产氟多功能模块合成心肌脂肪酸代谢显像剂18F-FTHA用于临床研究.以苄基-14-（R,S）-对甲苯磺酰基-6-硫代十七烷酸酯为前体,在氟多功能模块上经亲核反应、水解及HPLC纯化,最后经固相萃取,得到18F-FTHA.研究其在正常NH小鼠体内的生物学分布以及正常SD大鼠Micro-PET显像.结果显示,18F-FTHA不校正合成效率为10.6％,合成时间为50min.18F-FTHA的放化纯度为99％,体外稳定性良好.生物学分布结果表明,60 min心肌摄取为19.04 ID％/g;心与肝放射性摄取比在60～90 min达到3～6倍;Micro-PET心肌显像清晰.结果提示,国产氟多功能模块合成18F-FTHA耗时短,放化纯度高,其质量符合氟-18药物的临床.     

受体显像剂~(99m)Tc-NCAM在小鼠脑组织中的药物代谢动力学研究

对N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂锝标记N-[2-(N-(2-巯基乙基))氨基乙酰基]-N-(2-巯基乙基)-3,5-二甲基金刚烷胺基乙酰胺(99mTc-NCAM)进行小鼠脑组织中药物动力学研究。KM小鼠尾静脉注射0.2mL(7.4MBq)99mTc-NCAM,分别于注射后5、10、30、60、120、180min处死,取大脑皮层、纹状体、海马、小脑和丘脑,称重和测计数。以相同的时间点,小鼠断尾取血20μL,测计数。用药物动力学定域模型进行脑组织和血药动力学研究。结果表明,99mTc-NCAM静脉注射给药后迅速进脑,在大脑皮层和海马有较高的摄取,最高摄取分别为1.51±0.13%ID/g和0.74±0.002%ID/g。理论计算表明,99mTc-NCAM在小鼠体内符合二室模型,并获得各种脑组织和血液的药物动力学方程和参数。99mTc-NCAM能透过血脑屏障进入小鼠脑内特定区域,以NMDA受体分布最多的大脑皮层和海马摄取较多,可望成为一种新的NMDA受体显像剂,用于一些神经退行性疾病的诊断预后等。     

在线合成心肌灌注显像剂:碳-11三苯甲基磷

99mTc-MIBI是常用的心肌灌注显像剂,肝摄取高,临床应用有一定的影响。11C-三苯甲基磷(11C-TPMP)为脂溶性正一价阳离子,用于心肌显像能得到更好的分辨率。以11CH3-Triflate为甲基化试剂,采用LOOP法在线合成了11C-TPMP,研究了11C-TPMP在正常小鼠的分布,正常大鼠行Micro PET显像,并与4位18F-苯基三苯基磷(18F-FTPP)比较。结果显示,LOOP法合成11C-TPMP效率大于90%(校正),放化纯度大于98%。正常小鼠心肌有高的摄取,注射后5 min和60 min,心肌摄取分别为(71.9±19.9)%ID.g–1和(12.87±0.81)%ID.g–1,肝摄取低,注射后5 min和60 min心肝摄取比分别为11.57和3.2。正常大鼠micro PET显像显示,从20 min到60 min,心肌显像清晰,肝未显像。表明LOOP法可高效合成11C-TPMP,11C-TPMP是一个很有希望的心肌灌注显像剂。     

一种潜在5-HT1A脑受体显像剂99Tcm-Bicine/HYNIC-MPP2的制备及其生物性能

优化合成了含有1-(2-甲氧基苯基)哌嗪(MPP)结构的配体2-(4-(2-甲氧基苯基)哌嗪基)乙胺-6-叔丁基氧羰基肼基吡啶-3-甲酸(HYNIC-MPP2).在室温下以N,N-二(2-羟基乙基)氨基乙酸(Bicine)为共配体制备得到配合物~(99)Tc~m-Bicine/HYNIC-MPP2,其放射化学纯度大于95%,并且在6 h内保持稳定.脂水分配系数和电泳实验结果表明,该放射性标记配合物是水溶性和电中性的.正常小鼠体内生物分布实验结果表明,~(99)Tc~m-Bicine/HYNIC-MPP2有一定的脑摄取(注射后2 min时为0.31%ID/g).脑区域分布及抑制实验显示,该配合物在5-HT_(1A)受体含量丰富的海马组织有较高摄取(注射后2 min时为1.00%ID/g),而在受体含量低的小脑组织中摄取也低(注射后2 min时为0.63%ID/g).抑制后,海马摄取降低较多(注射后2 min时为0.42%ID/g),而小脑摄取则无明显变化.抑制前后海马/小脑比值分别为1.59和0.89.由此可见该标记配合物与5-HT_(1A)受体具有一定特异性结合,是一种新的潜在5-HT_(1A)受体显像剂.     

双示踪剂Micro-PET显像评价大鼠心肌缺血模型

采用左前降支结扎法建立大鼠心肌缺血模型,氯化三苯基四氮氮唑（TTC）染色法作为金标准,比较传统方法（结扎后心电图T波改变）和Micro PET方法（13NH3·H2O和18F-FDG联合显像）评价此模型成功的准确性.12只大鼠进行结扎手术,9只经心电图显示T波改变,视为建模成功;Micro-PET结果显示,建模前12只大鼠心肌摄取均匀,心肌摄取13NH3·H2O和18F-FDG的标准摄取值分别为3.78±0.59和2.30±0.21,建模后,仅6只出现心肌灌注和代谢异常,心肌摄取13NH3·H2O和18F-FDG的标准摄取值分别为2.78±0.46和1.65±0.21;TTC染色法验证Micro-PET评价方法的准确率为100％,而传统T波改变法的准确率为66.67％.结果表明,Micro-PET显像评价心肌缺血模型更准确、更客观.     

一种烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)显像前体化合物的合成与125I标记研究

本文介绍一种可用于125/123I标记的A-85380类前体化合物--(S)-5-(三丁基锡烷基)-3-[[1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-2-甲氧基]氮杂环丁基]吡啶的设计、合成及125I标记研究.实验以2-糠胺和(S)-氮杂环丁基甲酸为起始物,先合成(S)-5-(三丁基锡烷基)-3-[[1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-2-氮杂环丁基]甲氧基]吡啶前体化合物,再用125I标记,制得5-[125I]I-A-85380.整个放射性标记的时间为50-55min,标记率大于30%.5-[125I]I-A-85380在室温下放置3天,其放化纯度仍在95%以上,表明其在体外具有较高的稳定性.     

Synthesis of 2-[~(18)F]fluoro-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine as a radioligand for imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nChRs) are involved in the various pharmacological effects or disease states. In order to study the central nChRs by PET or SPECT, some radioligands have been investigated. In this paper, the procedure for synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine (2-[18F]-A-85380), a potential PET ligand for in vivo imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was described. 2-[18F]-A-85380 was prepared from the precursor, 2-nitro-3-[(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-(S)-azetidinyl)methoxy]pyridine(4), which was synthesized with commercial (S)-2-azetid- inecarboxylic acid as starting material. The whole procedure for radiosynthesis and purification was executed in about 1h and 45-55% of the added fluorine-18 was found in the purified 2-[18F]-A-85380, with specific activity of 1.0-2.2×1011 Bq/μmol.     

Semi-automated synthesis, validation and microPET imaging of 18F-FP-DTBZ as a vesicular monoamine transporter ligand

This work was to develop a semi-automated synthesis of 18F-9-fluoropropyl-9-desmethyl-DTBZ (18F-FP-DTBZ) and validate its potential as a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) ligand.18F-FP-DTBZ was synthesized by a semi-automated procedure in a 21-35% yield without decay correction and with a radiochemical purity of >98%.Bioistribution in rats exhibited a favorable brain uptakes of the ligand (0.31±0.04 ID% at 60min post injection,n=8).The highest radioactivity located in VMAT2 enriched striatal tissue.The target-to-nontarget ratio (striatum/cerebellum,ST/CB) was 4.81±0.84.Blocking studies implied that striatum uptake could be blocked by DTBZ (a VMAT2 inhibitor) but could not by CFT (a dopamine transporter inhibitor).MicroPET imaging with 18F-FP-DTBZ in normal rats gave high quality images in which high radioactivity were observed in the striatal tissue.Time-and-activity curves revealed good retention in the target (striatum) and rapid clearance in the background (cerebellum),which resulted in a maximum ST/CB ratio of 5.08±0.81 (n=3) in 80-120min.By contrast,the 6-hydroxydopamine unilateral lesioned rats gave asymmetrical striata images with higher 18F-FP-DTBZ concentration on the unlesioned side (unlesioned-ST/CB=5.21±0.38,n=3) than the lesioned (lesioned-ST/CB=2.34±0.51).The results validated that 18F-FP-DTBZ is a favorable PET ligand binding to VMAT2.     

Preparation of 6—[^18F]fluoro—L—DOPA and its biodistribution in normal and unilateral PD model rats

No-carrier-added 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA (6-FDOPA) was synthesized via a multistep procedure from a commercial available precursor, 6-nitroveratraldehyde. The total synthesis time was 75min, with a radiochemical yield of (10±3)%, high radiochemical purity (>99%) and high enantiomeric purity (>95%). The biodistri-butions of 6-FDOPA in normal and unilateral PD model rats were measured. The results from normal rats showed the expected high concentration of radioactivity in striatum and low distributions in cerebrum, cortex and cerebellum. The ratio of the radioactivity in striatum to cerebellum reached a peak value (5.9) at 60min. In unilateral PD model rats, whose substania nigra of the right side had been damaged by pre-treated with 6-OHDA, the radioactive concentration in striatum of the damaged side was significantly lower than that of the undamaged side or that of both sides in striatum of control groups.     

Pharmacological studies of dopamine transporter imaging agent 125／131I－β－CIT

To prepare ^125/131I-β-CIT(2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter (DAT),the labeling method from tributylstannyl precursor with peracetic acid has been reported in this article.The radiochemical purity(RCP) of the labeled compound was over 95% determined by HPLC and TLC.The stability,partition coefficients were also determined.The pharmacological studies of the imaging agent were performed in rats,mice,rabbits and normal monkey.The ligand showed preferable uptake in rats,mice,rabbits and normal monkey.The ligand showed preferable uptake in brain (1.9%ID/organ in rats and 4.5%ID/organ in mice at 5min).The ratios of striatum/cerebellum,hippocampus/cerebellum and cortex/cerebellum were 29.8,3.97and 4.75 at 6h in rats,and 8.52,2.99 and 3.06 at 6h in mice,respectively.In monkey brain imaging the ratios of striatum/frontal cortex(ST/FC)and striatum/occipital cortex(ST/OC) were 5.14 and 5.97 at 4h.respectively,All of above showed the high affinity of the ligand to DAT,The compound was primarily metabolized in liver because the hepatic uptake was much higher than other organs(75.4%ID/organ at 18h).The half-life of blood elimination was 5min.The dose received by mice was 2500 times as high as that received by human in the test of undue toxicity,which evaluated the safety of the agent.All the results suggest that β-CIT can be used as a potential DAT imaging agent.     

β2—MG、AlbRIA在肾病诊断中的应用

采用放免法(RIA)对95例肾脏疾病患者和40例正常对照组的血β     

Biological evaluation on ^125I-ADAM as serotonin transporter ligand

ADAM (2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine) is suggested as a promising serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging agent for central nervous system. In this paper, biodistribution studies in rats showed that the initial uptake of 131I-ADAM in the brain was high (1.087%ID at 2 min post-injection), and consistently displayed the highest binding (between 60~240 min post-injection) in hypothalamus, a region known with the highest density of SERT. The specific binding((T/CB)-1) of 131I-ADAM in hypothalamus were 2.94, 3.03 and 3.09 at 60, 120 and 240 min post-injection, respectively. The (T/CB)-1 was significantly blocked by pretreatment with paroxetine, which is known as a serotonin site reuptake inhibitor, while another nonselective competing drug (5HT2A antagonist) Ketanserin, showed no block effect. The rat brain autoradiography and analysis showed that there was a high 131I-ADAM uptake in hypothalamus, the ratio of hypothalamus/cerebellum was significantly reduced from 7.94±0.39 to 1.30±0.56 by pretreatment with paroxetine at 60 min post-injection. Blood clearance kinetics was performed in rats, and the initial half-life of 13.79 min and late half-life of 357.14 min were obtained. The kinetic equation is: C=3.6147e-0.0725t 1.0413e-0.0028t. The thyroid uptake was 0.009% ID and 1.421% ID at 2 min and 120 min post-injection, respectively, suggesting that in vivo deiodination may be the major route of metabolism. Toxicity trial showed that the dose per kilogram administered to mice was 1000 times greater than that to humans, assuming a weight of 50kg. These data suggest that 131I-ADAM may be useful for SPECT imaging of SERT binding sites in the brain.