某海港码头直立式沉箱过渡段受力特性物理模型试验研究

针对直立式沉箱构筑物工程量小，造价合理，但未推广应用，对其受力特性研究较少的背景，为研究广东某海港码头直立式沉箱结构过渡段的受力特性与泊稳条件，采取物理模型试验研究方法，建立１∶４０的正态水槽风浪物理模型试验，从结构所受波浪力、直立式沉箱堤顶越浪量、堤前护顶块石稳定性等方面对直立式沉箱过渡段受力特性进行研究分析。分析结果表明，实例工程码头过渡段采用直立式沉箱结构满足结构受力和泊稳要求，码头断面越浪量较小，结构方案合理可行。     

施工期台风浪作用下沉箱碰撞破坏分析

以“莎莉嘉”台风引起施工期沉箱碰撞破坏为背景,研究台风浪作用下施工期沉箱碰撞破坏模式及机理。提出基于台风浪作用下沉箱碰撞反应分析两步走的数值模拟方法,该方法利用高精度流体模拟软件Flow-3D的造波技术模拟台风引起的波浪传播过程,并与沉箱结构作用获取沉箱波浪力时程曲线;建立沉箱精细化有限元模型,将上述波浪力时程曲线施加于沉箱结构,利用LS-DYNA显式求解器分析沉箱结构的碰撞反应。应用该方法对“莎莉嘉”台风引起施工期沉箱碰撞破坏进行分析,结果表明:数值模拟的沉箱结构在不同波浪方向作用下发生不同角度的碰撞会导致不同的沉箱碰撞破坏模式,波浪作用方向与沉箱前后壁夹角为60°时,沉箱碰撞破坏模式与“莎莉嘉”台风作用期间的现场情况吻合较好。     

港口沉箱重力式结构的动力特性和波浪作用下的动力反应

本文通过室内动力模型试验与有限元计算,对沉箱重力式建筑物的自振特性(包括有水与无水情况)与波浪作用下的动力反应(包括码头的动位移,沉箱底面浮托力及侧向波压力等)进行了初步研究。并就不同的地基和弹性模量情况下的结构自振特性进行了动力有限元计算。探讨了结构与地基的相互作用,并对此输入规则波来计算结构的动力反应。本文综合介绍了上述各种情况下的试验与计算结果。并建议在一般情况下,可采用静力方法来计算沉箱在波浪作用下的动位移。提出了根据某已知地基上的结构频率推算其他不同地基条件时沉箱结构的一阶频率的经验公式。     

新型圆弧面防波堤波压力分析

在现有半圆型防波堤研究的基础上,保留半圆型防波堤良好的受力特性,并根据现代水工结构对水环境提出的新要求设计了一种新型的圆弧面防波堤。通过物理模型试验,从相对波高、波陡及开孔率这三个因素对圆弧面的受力性进行了分析。结果表明波浪力随着相对波高的增大而增大;随着波陡的增大波浪力呈现下降趋势,且波陡变化对水平分力影响较小;适当增加开孔率会减小圆弧面上的波压力,而在相对波高较大时开孔率变化对波浪力的影响较小。     

沉入式大圆筒结构入土深度计算方法研究

沉入式大圆筒结构是一种适用于软土地基的新型港口与海岸水工建筑物。本文在由水平力和力矩平衡条件建立的入土深度计算方法的基础上，进一步考虑竖向力平衡条件，建立了沉入式大圆筒结构满足稳定性要求的新的入土深度计算方法。针对一工程实例的设计条件，研究了土性指标取值、波浪力大小和竖向力平衡条件对沉入式大圆筒结构稳定性(入土深度)的影响。结果表明，土性指标和波浪力对大圆筒结构的稳定性均有显著影响，且土性指标的影响大于波浪力的影响；当竖向力较大时，竖向力平衡条件对大圆筒结构的稳定性也有较大影响。建议在实际工程设计中，应准确选取土性指标，并采用考虑竖向力平衡条件的稳定性计算方法。     

平台式潮汐能发电结构水平波浪力工程计算

可再生能源的开发利用是经济快速发展的助推器。潮汐能发电技术是利用海洋可再生能源的一种重手段。传统水坝式潮汐发电结构受到诸多条件的限制,离岸式潮汐能发电结构是未来潮汐能发电主研究方向。主对离岸平台式潮汐能发电结构初始设计中的波浪力进行了研究：利用Ansys和Sesam—Wajac对离岸平台式潮汐能结构支撑杆件波浪力进行计算,利用Matlab对基于Froude—Krylov假定的不同尺度的水下沉垫波浪力进行分析。运用《水下地基与基础》和《海港码头结构设计手册》中波浪力的计算公式对结果进行校核,验证了平台式潮汐能发电结构初始设计水平波浪力计算结果的正确性。     

几何非对称桩基结构波浪力归一化经验公式研究

该文研究的对象是非圆柱单桩结构和非对称分布群桩支撑结构。对非圆柱单桩结构进行了实验研究,发现结构所受波浪力与结构波向长宽比有关。对非对称布置的四桩柱和七桩柱桩基结构进行数值波浪力计算研究,发现结构柱间距越大,几何非对称性对结构所受波浪力影响越小。基于实验和数值计算结果,提出了非对称系数和结构面积率这两个几何影响参数,并通过它们拓宽了原用于几何对称桩基结构的波浪力经验公式的范围。     

大型预制沉箱外海拖航稳性与耐波性分析

大型预制沉箱在复杂海况条件下的拖航安全是其在外海运输过程中需要关注的重点问题。该文利用AQWA构建了拖轮-缆绳-沉箱系统拖带动力学数值模型，并对风浪流作用下，大型沉箱的稳性和耐波性进行了模拟分析。结果表明：沉箱压载后可很好地满足浮游稳定性和大倾角稳性要求；沉箱运动响应受波向影响显著，顺浪与迎浪下纵摇运动剧烈，横向浪下，横摇与垂荡运动剧烈；缆力均值主要取决于流的作用，几乎与波浪无关；随着波高与波周期的增加，沉箱运动幅值和缆力最大值总体上也随之增大。综合考虑运动稳定和目前国内市场上拖轮的性能，建议大型沉箱外海拖航海况限制为四级，浪向角取135°，该值与施工单位的拖航经验值较为接近。该研究结果可为大型沉箱外海拖航方案的确定和作业窗口期的选择提供参考。     

小尺寸双柱式桥墩波浪力的数值分析

Morison 方程适用于小直径孤立柱的波浪力计算,对于双柱式桥墩的波浪力计算已不能直接采用 Morison 方程。为了能利用 Morison 方程求解双柱式桥墩的波浪力,定义了双柱式桥墩前柱、后柱及整体结构的波浪力干扰系数。采用线性波浪理论,利用推板式造波方法模拟线性波,将 ANSYS Workbench平台作为 FLUENT 和 ANSYS 的数据传递平台,对深水环境下双柱式桥墩受到的波浪力以及波浪场作用下双柱式桥墩的结构变形进行单向流固耦合数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,双柱式桥墩前、后柱波浪力的干扰系数在一定柱距范围内均随柱距的增大近似的成线性增大,当柱距超过一定值后趋于稳定。由于双柱间存在相位差,双柱墩波浪力的总干扰系数以及双柱墩的结构变形却随着双柱中心距的增大而减小。这些变化曲线为实际工程中深水桥梁双柱式桥墩的波浪荷载计算提供了一种更为简便的算法。     

海上漂浮式风力机Spar平台动态特性分析

建立基于Umaine-Hywind Spar平台的漂浮式风力机整机模型,针对平台进行水动力特性分析,主要研究结构的时域动态响应和频域波浪力响应。利用有限元软件ANSYS中水动力计算模块,考虑风、浪、流联合载荷,得到风力机平台的时域和频域特性,通过平台随时间的位置变化幅度分析了平台的动态响应特性;分别研究了各波浪力成分对结构运动的贡献,并探讨了波浪力随频率的变化趋势。结果表明：结构在低频波浪作用下容易出现较大响应,包括幅值响应算子和所受波浪力;在主要波浪力成分中,附加质量力峰值最大;结构在外界载荷作用下平台的偏转运动比水平位移运动更显著。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.