Creating proteins with novel functionality via the Maillard reaction: a review

Proteins are widely utilized to add functional properties, such as gelling and emulsification to foods. These attributes depend on a number of factors such as molecular structure of the protein, the pH, and the composition of its chemical environment. There is substantial evidence to suggest that the functional properties of food proteins can be further improved by derivatization. Covalent bonding of proteins to polysaccharides and smaller reducing sugars via the Maillard reaction has been shown to alter the functionality of proteins without requiring the addition of chemical reagents. Establishment of a technologically feasible method for preparing the conjugates and optimization of the processing conditions, however, is needed to promote their development as functional food ingredients. This paper provides a state-of-the-art contribution to the impact of the Maillard reaction on protein functionality. It presents a deeper understanding of the influence of processing conditions and reactant formulation on improving desirable properties of proteins. In particular attention is given to how potential improvements could be achieved in the emulsifying, textural, and solubility properties of proteins to add value to commodity food ingredients. Elements that are considered to be critical to the design of functional Maillard conjugates are highlighted and suggestions proposed to facilitate progress in this area.     

大豆蛋白-瓜尔豆胶水解物Maillard反应共聚物的乳化特性研究

研究了不同水解时间的瓜尔豆胶对蛋白质-多糖Maillard反应共聚物的乳化特性的影响及不同水相条件下共聚物与酪朊酸钠乳化特性的差异。研究表明,瓜尔豆胶的酸水解时间对大豆分离蛋白-多糖共聚物的乳化活性和乳化稳定性都有明显的影响。水解40min的瓜尔豆胶与大豆分离蛋白反应10 d的共聚物具有优良的乳化性能;在0.3mol/L NaCl和pH 4.0的酸性条件下,共聚物的乳化活性和乳化稳定性都明显高于商品乳化剂酪朊酸钠;在90℃热处理60 min后其乳化活性和乳化稳定性仍接近未经热处理时的酪朊酸钠的乳化活性和稳定性。该共聚物作为安全高效的天然高分子食品乳化剂具有广阔的应用前景。     

大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的Maillard反应性及产物乳化性质研究

以SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和毛细管电泳研究了大豆分离蛋白-麦芽糊精的Maillard反应形成的共聚物。电泳分析表明:7S亚基与麦芽糊精的反应性较高,而且在文中所研究的蛋白质与多糖质量比的范围内,7S亚基都能与麦芽糊精发生定量的共聚合反应,形成分子特性高度一致的共聚物;而11S亚基与麦芽糊精间的反应性较低,共聚物的分子特性受蛋白质与多糖质量比的影响。共聚物在pH7.0和pH4.5时的乳化性能优于酪朊酸钠,尤其是在pH4.5时具有优良的乳化稳定性。但在较高NaCl浓度时的乳化活性与大豆分离蛋白相比没有明显的改善,其乳化稳定性则明显优于酪朊酸钠。     

多糖-蛋白质酶促共聚物研究进展

蛋白质和多糖作为食品主要组成中的生物活性大分子,在食品体系中起重要作用。近年来,研究人员试图通过蛋白质与多糖结合进而改善其功能特性。酶促交联方式作用条件温和,反应速率较快,反应产物无毒害作用,并能赋予多糖和蛋白质新功能。因此,主要介绍三大酶促反应体系(过氧化物酶、微生物转谷氨酰胺酶、漆酶)作用原理及多糖与蛋白质酶促交联产物表征技术,为多糖-蛋白质酶促交联产物在食品体系中的应用提供思路。     

Food properties of egg white protein modified by rare ketohexoses through Maillard reaction

d ‐psicose (Psi), a rare ketohexose, improves food properties of proteins through the Maillard reaction (MR) much more than d ‐fructose (Fru). This encouraged us to investigate the improvement of food properties of proteins through MR with various rare ketohexoses (d ‐psicose, Psi; d ‐tagatose, Tag; and d ‐sorbose, Sor). The food properties of egg white protein (EWP) after reaction with Psi, Tag, Sor and Fru were studied. Psi‐EWP (43.3 μmol TE g^?1) and Tag‐EWP (43.4 μmol TE g^?1) had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Sor‐EWP (38.4 μmol TE g^?1) and Fru‐EWP (38.9 μmol TE g^?1). MR enhanced the breaking stress of heat‐induced EWP gels by 224–267%. The breaking stress was higher in Psi‐EWP (81.1 kN m^?2), Tag‐EWP (80.0 kN m^?2) and Sor‐EWP (77.8 kN m^?2) than in Fru‐EWP (71.6 kN m^?2). Furthermore, the foaming capacity was highest in Psi‐EWP and Sor‐EWP. Rare ketohexoses improved food properties of EWP more than Fru. Overall, Psi offered the greatest functional improvement.     

食品色素的过去、现在和未来

食品色素是食品添加剂的重要组成部分 ,从古代的埃及开始在食物中添加色素到人工合成色素的出现。食品色素的发展已经有数个世纪。本文综述了食品色素的发展历史、发展现状以及未来的发展趋势     

Textural Properties of Pressure-Induced Gels of Food Proteins Obtained under Different Temperatures including Subzero

High-pressure-induced gelation of ovalbumin, egg yolk and soy protein was studied by pressurization up to 500 MPa for 30 min at -20 to 50°C; hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess of the gels were compared to those of gels obtained by heating at 100°C for 10 min. In the range -5 to 50°C, ovalbumin gelation showed a minimum at 25°C at all pressures applied. Operating at low temperatures allowed a reduction in pressure required to provide rather hard gels. With egg yolk and soy protein, gelation effectiveness progressively and continuously decreased with decreasing temperatures; the decrease was sharper with egg yolk.     

逆流色谱技术进展及其在食品工业中的应用

逆流色谱技术是近年发展起来的一种新型的液-液分配色谱技术，在天然产物分离纯化方面有突出的优越睦。文章综述了逆流色谱技术研究进展及其在相关领域的应用前景；并阐述了低速逆流色谱技术投入制备型分离纯化生产的可行性；文章最后结合逆流色谱技术用于食品工业中的优势所在，提出了逆流色谱技术要以自身的分离纯化手段为技术依托，同时与其它先进技术相结合，突破自身的技术不足，才能够在食品工业生产中做出更多的贡献。     

IgA与食物过敏反应

分泌型IgA(SIgA)在消化道内大量存在,阻止着食物抗原进入体内,如果这一机制崩溃,则易引起过敏反应。本文从IgA的观点论述食物过敏反应。     

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Challenge for the Food Industry

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were first described in the 1940s, but whereas new antibiotics were being discovered at a steady rate, the consequences of this phenomenon were slow to be appreciated. At present, the paucity of new antimicrobials coming into the market has led to the problem of antibiotic resistance fast escalating into a global health crisis. Although the selective pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics (particularly overuse or misuse) has been deemed the major factor in the emergence of bacterial resistance to these antimicrobials, concerns about the role of the food industry have been growing in recent years and have been raised at both national and international levels. The selective pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics (primary production) and biocides (e.g., disinfectants, food and feed preservatives, or decontaminants) is the main driving force behind the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance throughout the food chain. Genetically modified (GM) crops with antibiotic resistance marker genes, microorganisms added intentionally to the food chain (probiotic or technological) with potentially transferable antimicrobial resistance genes, and food processing technologies used at sub-lethal doses (e.g., alternative non-thermal treatments) are also issues for concern. This paper presents the main trends in antibiotic resistance and antibiotic development in recent decades, as well as their economic and health consequences, current knowledge concerning the generation, dissemination, and mechanisms of antibacterial resistance, progress to date on the possible routes for emergence of resistance throughout the food chain and the role of foods as a vehicle for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The main approaches to prevention and control of the development, selection, and spread of antibacterial resistance in the food industry are also addressed.     

高新技术在食品工业中的应用

介绍微胶囊技术,CO2萃取技术,膜分离技术,挤压膨化技术,微波技术等高新技术在食品工业中应用。     

Food ethics: a decision making tool for the food industry?

The modern food industry is able to exercise great power and influence over society. It acts as an agent of social change and, consequently, functions as a form of moral agent. Although the industry as a whole may be thought of as `the' moral agent, the moral and ethical standing of the industry is a reflection of the moral and ethical values of the executives who lead the businesses that constitute the industry. With increasing competitiveness in the food marketplace, the use of developments in science and technology to create new food products, and the distancing of consumers from practical involvement with food, other than eating, many issues arise which must be managed sensitively if the food industry's conduct and place in society is to be seen as morally acceptable and ethically supportable. These issues are issues of food ethics. Some issues in food ethics are considered and food ethics is proposed as a tool for decision making within the food industry, for the benefit of people and society, and the food industry itself.     

对中国食品工业可持续发展的探讨(提要)

在对当今食品工业发展及其特点的初步认识基础上,提出了食品工业的发展应以生物技术等高新技术为动力,以生态工程技术为合力并结合现代管理学的先进理念,寻求食品工业可持续发展的重要途径－创建食品工业生态园区的探索。     

固相微萃取技术在食品风味分析中的应用

食品的风味是食品的典型特征之一,能够反映食品的质量与品质。进行风味分析需采用合适的分离分析技术,而提取方法极大地影响了分析结果的可靠性和准确性。固相微萃取(SPME)是一种无溶剂萃取技术,它集采样、萃取、浓缩、进样于一体,具有简单、快速、高效、无污染、便携、易于与其他仪器联用等优点,已被广泛应用于食品风味分析。本文综述了SPME技术在肉品、乳品、酒类、果蔬等食品风味分析上有代表性的应用研究,总结了食品风味分析所采用的萃取涂层和SPME与其他样品前处理技术的对比情况,重点分析了为提高SPME方法选择性、准确性和灵敏度所采取的措施,如衍生化SPME技术、萃取条件的优化方法、与多维色谱和电子鼻等分析仪器联用技术及SPME定量分析方法,并对SPME在食品风味分析上的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

Effect of Hurdle Technology in Food Preservation: A Review

Hurdle technology is used in industrialized as well as in developing countries for the gentle but effective preservation of foods. Hurdle technology was developed several years ago as a new concept for the production of safe, stable, nutritious, tasty, and economical foods. Previously hurdle technology, i.e., a combination of preservation methods, was used empirically without much knowledge of the governing principles. The intelligent application of hurdle technology has become more prevalent now, because the principles of major preservative factors for foods (e.g., temperature, pH, a_w, Eh, competitive flora), and their interactions, became better known. Recently, the influence of food preservation methods on the physiology and behavior of microorganisms in foods, i.e. their homeostasis, metabolic exhaustion, stress reactions, are taken into account, and the novel concept of multi-target food preservation emerged. The present contribution reviews the concept of the potential hurdles for foods, the hurdle effect, and the hurdle technology for the prospects of the future goal of a multi-target preservation of foods.     

Applications of Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Food Safety Evaluation and Control: A Review of Recent Research Advances

Food safety is a critical public concern, and has drawn great attention in society. Consequently, developments of rapid, robust, and accurate methods and techniques for food safety evaluation and control are required. As a nondestructive and convenient tool, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely shown to be a promising technique for food safety inspection and control due to its huge advantages of speed, noninvasive measurement, ease of use, and minimal sample preparation requirement. This review presents the fundamentals of NIRS and focuses on recent advances in its applications, during the last 10 years of food safety control, in meat, fish and fishery products, edible oils, milk and dairy products, grains and grain products, fruits and vegetables, and others. Based upon these applications, it can be demonstrated that NIRS, combined with chemometric methods, is a powerful tool for food safety surveillance and for the elimination of the occurrence of food safety problems. Some disadvantages that need to be solved or investigated with regard to the further development of NIRS are also discussed.     

Enhancement of Food Processes by Ultrasound: A Review

In food processing, the applications of ultrasound can be divided into two categories, namely replacing traditional technologies and assisting traditional technologies. In the latter case, the processing efficiency is enhanced and the disadvantageous of traditional technologies during processing are improved. These ultrasonic effects can be defined as ultrasonic enhancement of food processes. This review is focused on the use of ultrasound to enhance various food processes, including extraction, freezing, thawing, brining, oxidation, filtration, and drying/dehydration. The major functions of ultrasound in enhancing these processes and the factors which can affect the ultrasonic enhancement are elucidated. In the meantime, the strategies of modeling these processes enhanced by ultrasound are provided. Future studies should pay more attention to elucidate the ultrasonic effects during freezing, thawing, brining, oxidation, and filtration processes. Furthermore, when it comes to design the ultrasound equipment at the industrial level, it is better to quantify the ultrasonic effects through numerical stimulation.     

新型高效食品防腐剂-甘油单月桂酸酯

简单叙述了高效食品防腐剂应具备的分子结构特征,同时介绍了一处新的防腐剂—甘油单月桂酸酯的性质及合成方法。     

食品工业中的农业问题初探

对我国农业与食品工业发展中存在的问题进行了宏观系统地分析,对农业与食品工业的综合发展提出了总体设想,并用一具体企业的实例说明了农业生产与食品加工的相互关系,提出了中国农业和食品工业发展的可持续化发展战略,对指导农业与食品行业的发展具有重要意义。     

生物传感器在食品工业中的应用

本文简单介绍了生物传感器的检测原理和检测过程,并对近年来生物传感器在食品工业中的应用作了概括介绍,主要包括食品污染物,食品营养成分和食品添加剂等的检测。最后,对生物传感器的发展前景作了预测和展望,因其专一性好,测量快速准确,设备简单,生物传感器在市场上有极强的竞争力。