China's fuel gas sector: History,current status,and future prospects

China has a unique urban pipeline network of three types of fuel gases: manufactured gas (coal gas), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and natural gas. Manufactured gas, which is often seen as an outdated technology in the western world, is still widely used in Chinese cities. LPG is distributed through community-based pipelines in many Chinese cities, in addition to its distribution in cylinders and canisters in rural areas. Natural gas consumption is increasing throughout China, particularly as a cooking fuel. Expanding the production and supply of natural gas in China faces many challenges. In particular, China's controls on natural gas prices have deterred investment in exploration and natural gas imports. However, recent price decontrols of unconventional natural gas (defined in Chinas as shale gas, coal-bed methane, and coal-to-natural-gas), and recent pricing reforms, appear likely to increase natural gas use. The prospect for increased exploration is promising but will still depend greatly on the future of institutional reforms. In the near term, regulatory reforms toward a more market-driven system will be the most critical issue in the development of China's fuel gas sector.     

天然气价格变化趋势及管输天然气的备用气源

分析了天然气价格变化趋势及管输天然气备用气源的选择。天然气价格上升并逐步接近液化石油气价格是发展趋势,管输天然气用户可选择压缩天然气、液化天然气或代用天然气(SNG)作为备用气源。     

城市天然气价格及价格机制的探讨

介绍了日本和韩国的燃气价格及价格机制,针对陕京天然气实施两部制价格的情况,提出对城市天然气价格制定的建议:调整目前价格水平,形成合理补偿原则的价格结构;建立价格机制,形成上下游价格联动机制,适应当前市场形势;充分利用价格杠杆作用,追求合理的用气结构,为市场竞争形成价格做准备。     

天然气加气站运行费用的研究

确定了影响天然气加气站年运行费用的因素,在LNG、L-CNG、CNG这3种加气站各对应变量间引入比例系数,建立了计算加气站年运行费用的模型。利用该模型分析了天然气进站价格对加气站年运行费用的影响。在年运行费用相等时LNG加气站的进气价格有高于CNG加气站进气价格0.14元/m3的价格优势,所以在一定条件下应优先建设LNG加气站。     

全球液化天然气供需形势分析

文章主要介绍了全球液化天然气供需现状和发展趋势,提出未来10年内该产业将处于供应紧张状态,液化天然气交易价格也将随之走高。     

天然气价格的探讨

分析比较了国外天然气的价格和上海市4种天然气气源的价格。探讨了影响天然气价格制定的因素，对建立上海市天然气的价格制度进行了探讨。     

多气源供气中进口LNG调峰的作用和定位

以上海LNG项目的建设运行实践为例,在分析进口LNG调峰和上海天然气市场调峰特点基础上,分析进口LNG已成为上海多气源供气中主力气源并在上海天然气市场调峰中发挥重要作用的现状和存在问题,探讨进口LNG调峰在多气源供气中的合理定位.为确保多气源供气的安全可靠,必须建立系统完善的天然气供应调峰和储备体系,而进口LNG可以在这一体系中扮演重要角色.     

European Union emissions trading scheme impact on the Spanish electricity price during phase II and phase III implementation

The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change and its key tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the influence of CO₂ opportunity cost on the Spanish wholesale electricity price. Our sample includes all Phase II of the EU ETS and the first year of Phase III implementation, from January 2008 to December 2013. A vector error correction model (VECM) is applied to estimate not only long-run equilibrium relations, but also short-run interactions between the electricity price and the fuel (natural gas and coal) and carbon prices. The four commodities prices are modeled as joint endogenous variables with air temperature and renewable energy as exogenous variables. We found a long-run relationship (cointegration) between electricity price, carbon price, and fuel prices. By estimating the dynamic pass-through of carbon price into electricity price for different periods of our sample, it is possible to observe the weakening of the link between carbon and electricity prices as a result from the collapse on CO₂ prices, therefore compromising the efficacy of the system to reach proposed environmental goals. This conclusion is in line with the need to shape new policies within the framework of the EU ETS that prevent excessive low prices for carbon over extended periods of time.     

浅析我国天然气现状和进口前景

我国天然气资源相对贫乏,天然气在一次能源消耗中只占3%,远低于全球的平均水平23%.应该加大天然气的使用力度,而我国天然气产量难以满足经济发展的要求.这就要求国家加大陆上管道燃气进口和沿海地区的LNG引进力度.国际市场LNG供应强劲增长,而在金融危机影响下,全球能源消耗疲软,所以说这是天然气进口国以较低的价格签订大合同的好机会;同时筹备中的"天然气欧佩克"对国际市场天然气价格也会有很大的拉动作用.     

车船用LNG业务的发展现状与问题

本文介绍了车船用LNG业务的发展现状和布局、制约因素、以及发展中的问题.目前,发展中存在问题包括气源价格问题、气源供应保障、气源运输、市场开发的对策、改装车辆市场的挖掘、LNG加气站的运营服务和投资收益等问题,阐述了LNG加气市场发展的重要时期.     

中小城镇气源的选择

分析了湖南省中小城镇气源的现状,比较了压缩天然气、液化天然气、液化石油气3种气源的特性、适用性和价格,确定了中小城镇气源选择的原则。     

城市应急备用气源的燃气互换性探讨

通过对不同情况下的液化石油气混空气、液化天然气、液化天然气混空气与忠县天然气混合后的混合气的华白数、燃烧势进行计算,分析其与城市主气源忠县天然气的燃气互换性．探讨了液化石油气混空气和LNG作为城市燃气应急备用气源的可行性。     

LNG、L-CNG、CNG加气站的比较

天然气加气站有LNG、CNG和L-CNG三种模式,其工艺流程及所需设备不同。比较了3种加气站设备、造价、运行费用以及安全性。LNG加气站在造价和安全性方面优于CNG加气站,而L-CNG加气站介于两者之间。对于加气规模为10 000 m3/d的加气站,只有当LNG加气站的天然气进站价格比CNG加气站高出约0.151元/m3时,其年总运行费用才会高于CNG加气站。建议在条件允许的情况下,优先考虑建设LNG加气站。     

Eonomic valuation of greenhouse gas emissions reduction

Climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions has been at the forefront of current research efforts in the past decade. The aim of these efforts was defined at the earth summit in Rio de Janeiro as achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climatic system”. With on‐going demographic and economic growth, stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions requires firm commitment from all countries to mitigate their emission increase often at the expense of economic growth. However, the economic and social costs of mitigating climate change are, for most countries, less than the costs of adverse impacts associated with the predicted change in climate patterns. This paper evaluates the current and future contribution of Lebanon to global greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation options with positive or minor economic impacts are investigated. Attainable levels of emission reduction are first estimated. An economic valuation of mitigation measures associated with these levels is then performed. Reasonable emission reductions at negative costs are found to be feasible due to existing inefficiencies in the energy and industry sectors.     

Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport: Multi-level Governance and the Problem of Monitoring

Tackling climate change and reducing global greenhouse gas emission levels to meet the target ceiling of two degrees above pre-industrial average global temperatures will require multi-level governance. In this paper we examine the idea of multi-level governance and the role of the transport sector at city level in contributing to the global goal. We examine international examples and options for Australia. Although policy at city level is sometimes well developed, monitoring of the effect of policies is not yet carried out systematically, transparently and in such a way that would enable city governments to adjust their policies to maximise goal achievement. Without monitoring we cannot know whether policies are effective. We explore methods that have been proposed to monitor carbon emissions from urban transport and their potential application in Australia.     

天然气领域相关新政策法律解读

2014年国家相关部门密集发布了关于天然气的一系列政策法规,分别涉及天然气领域的管网开放、供销合同、基础设施、价格机制等各个方面,是构建新形势下天然气监管体制的重要政策法律文件,将对今后较长一段时间内天然气行业发展产生重要影响。文章对这些政策法律文件做了一个较为系统的梳理。     

Carbon curves for the assessment of embodied carbon in the wastewater industry

The water and wastewater industry has been tasked with reducing its greenhouse gas (or carbon) emissions. A key component of any emissions reduction strategy is emissions measurement. While operational emissions are reported by the sector on an annual basis, there is a lack of robust data on embodied carbon. The aim of this paper was to develop a practical solution for assessing the embodied carbon in wastewater assets. The analysis revealed a linear relationship between carbon emissions and capital investment in the construction of wastewater treatment works (1.3 tCO₂/£1000) and wastewater pumping stations (0.3 tCO₂/£1000). Carbon emissions from sewer construction were found to increase linearly with increasing pipe diameter, with ductile iron pipelines responsible for higher emissions than polyethylene. Operational carbon is the major component in the whole life carbon of wastewater treatment works, but future decarbonisation of the electricity grid may increase the relative importance of embodied carbon.     

天然气气源转换对电厂用户的影响

根据电厂用户对天然气气质的要求,分析西气东输二线管输天然气转换目前使用的大鹏液化天然气时对电厂用户产生的影响。结合当前和未来天然气气源的情况,提出近期和远期电厂用户的供气方案。     

液化天然气燃具基准气的选择

分析了广州液化天然气的前期气源和潜在气源,探讨了燃具基准气的选取。确定合适的基准气能兼顾前期气源和潜在气源,有利于实施天然气输配管网大区域乃至全国性联通,促进煤层气的开发利用。     

LNG调峰站与天然气储气设施的联合调峰

分析了2008年上海城市天然气用户高峰周的负荷曲线,采用高压管道、高压球罐以及LNG调峰站共同承担调峰任务,确保正常安全供气。