孜然精油对三种储粮害虫控制作用

储粮害虫是影响储粮安全的重要因素。本研究采用水蒸馏法提取的孜然精油处理玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais),谷蠹(Rhizopertha dominica)和长角扁谷盗(Cryptolestes pusillus)三种储粮害虫,测定了孜然精油的趋避,熏蒸及触杀活性,确定了熏蒸活性的半致死浓度LC_(50)和半致死时间LT_(50)。结果表明,孜然精油对三种储粮害虫均具有良好的控制效果,但三种控制作用随昆虫种类的不同存在差异,C.pusillus对趋避和熏蒸作用最敏感,明显高于其他两种试虫,但在触杀实验中R.dominica对孜然精油表现最敏感。     

三种植物精油对四种主要储粮害虫的生物活性研究

采用索氏提取法,以乙醚作为提取溶剂提取柑桔皮、臭椿树皮、辣椒粉的植物精油,研究了其对米象、锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、小眼书虱的控制作用.结果表明：臭椿皮精油和辣椒精油对4种储粮害虫均有较强的驱避作用,柑桔皮精油对小眼书虱若虫有极为显著的引诱作用.3种植物精油对米象成虫具有较强的触杀活性,对锯谷盗成虫具有较强的熏蒸活性;对锯谷盗成虫的当代种群抑制率都达到了100%,对米象成虫的当代种群抑制作用也较强.     

12种植物精油对两种仓储害虫熏蒸活性的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取12种香料植物精油,密闭容器熏蒸法测定精油对赤拟谷盗和花斑皮蠹的熏蒸活性,为仓储害虫的生物防治提供依据。结果表明:精油熏蒸处理24 h后,在3个筛选浓度(166.67、33.33、6.67μL/L)下,5种植物精油(大蒜、花椒、小茴香、肉桂和八角茴香)对赤拟谷盗表现出较好的熏蒸活性,在高浓度(166.67、33.33μL/L)时,熏蒸致死率达到90%,在低浓度6.67μL/L时,致死率依然在60%以上;5种精油对赤拟谷盗的LC_(50)分别为0.71、1.15、1.39、1.58、1.73 mg/L。4种植物精油(大蒜、肉桂、小茴香和八角茴香)对花斑皮蠹的熏蒸活性最好,在高浓度(166.67μL/L、33.33μL/L)时,致死率高达100%,在低浓度(6.67μL/L)时,致死率均在80%以上;4种精油的LC_(50)分别为0.41、1.03、2.92、3.28 mg/L。12种植物精油中,大蒜精油对两种仓储害虫的熏蒸活性最好,且大蒜精油资源丰富,原料易得,对人类安全无毒,可成为理想的绿色环保仓储害虫熏蒸剂。     

唇形科植物在储粮害虫防治中的应用

总结了应用唇形科植物粗提物、活性成分、精油等对储粮害虫进行防治的研究进展,并指明了今后防治储粮害虫的发展方向。     

黄荆精油的提取和对5种储粮害虫的致毒作用

为明确不同提取方法对黄荆精油的提取效果和黄荆精油对主要储粮害虫的毒力差异,采用水蒸气蒸馏法、二氯甲烷提取法和超临界CO2萃取法,分别从泰山黄荆(Vitex negundo)叶片和种子中提取精油,研究了水蒸气蒸馏提取的黄荆叶片精油对绿豆象、谷蠹、玉米象、锯谷盗和赤拟谷盗的毒力及杀虫作用方式。结果表明:黄荆叶片或种子中的精油均以超临界CO2萃取的提取率最高,水蒸气蒸馏的提取率最低,叶片精油的提取率前者是后者的5.39倍,但对玉米象成虫的综合毒力后者却是前者的5.95倍。水蒸气蒸馏法从黄荆叶片中获得的精油对绿豆象、谷蠹、玉米象、锯谷盗和赤拟谷盗,不仅具有很高的触杀、驱避和综合杀虫毒效,且对种群有持续控制作用,作为储粮保护剂的开发价值大。     

枯茗醛、孜然精油及其微胶囊对两种储粮害虫的熏蒸效果比较

本研究评价了孜然精油主成分枯茗醛、孜然精油及其微胶囊对玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)和杂拟谷盗(Tribolium confusum)两种储粮害虫的熏蒸效果。结果表明:孜然精油对玉米象和杂拟谷盗具有良好的熏蒸作用,20μL/L浓度下熏蒸12 h可达到100%的控制效果;枯茗醛的熏蒸效果略逊于孜然精油,孜然精油微胶囊的熏蒸效果一般;杂拟谷盗对高浓度孜然精油的敏感性高于枯茗醛,而枯茗醛则对玉米象的作用效果明显,且随着浓度升高、作用时间延长,熏蒸效果越好。由此表明,孜然精油中的各种活性成分会通过协同作用达到良好的熏蒸效果。     

一种基于聚类特征的Faster R-CNN粮仓害虫检测方法

本文基于Faster R-CNN模型提出复杂背景下粮仓害虫的检测识别方法。将六种常见的储粮害虫(豆象、谷蠹、米象、锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗)分别以大米、小米为背景,建立了真实背景下粮仓害虫图像数据集SGI-6。SGI-6中包括网络获取图像、显微镜采集图像和单反拍摄图像三种多目标尺度的数据集。根据粮仓害虫的小目标特性,使用聚类算法改进Faster R-CNN模型的区域提案网络,来提取这些图像中含有害虫的区域,并对这些区域中的害虫进行分类。实验结果表明,该方法能够在储粮条件下检测和识别粮仓害虫,且其平均准确率(mAP)达到96.63%。     

八种植物提取物对储粮害虫的防治效果研究

为适应新形势下粮食行业“绿色”、“环保”的发展方向,研究了八种植物提取物对赤拟谷盗、米象两种主要储粮害虫的触杀作用及驱避作用效果。研究结果表明,相较于其他几种植物提取物,柑橘精油对两种虫种均有较强的触杀和驱避作用。柑橘精油在使用量约为1.05 μg/cm2的剂量处理72 h后,对赤拟谷盗成虫驱避率能达到80%以上且触杀校正死亡率接近100%,柑橘精油在使用量约为2.10 μg/cm2的剂量处理72 h后,对米象成虫驱避率能达到40%以上且触杀校正死亡率达到70%以上。     

江西省储粮昆虫调查

在江西省内选择5个地市作为代表地区,对粮库、加工厂、饲料厂、农户等调查点的储粮昆虫进行调查。调查发现江西省有60种储粮昆虫,其中鞘翅目昆虫最多,达42种,占70%。拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum Herbst和谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius是江西省重要储粮害虫,总发生频率均为69.6%;12种主要储粮害虫在江西省的总发生频率约大于10%。江西省粮库内的储粮昆虫种类数量为5.4种/调查点。加工厂、饲料厂和农户中储粮昆虫种类数量达11.8种/调查点。江西省地区储粮害虫天敌种类丰富,主要有寄生蜂类、嗜虫蝽类、拟蝎类和捕食螨类,具有生物防治储粮害虫的天然优势。在江西省还首次发现并确定微扁谷盗Cryptolestes pusilloides(Steel et Howe)。     

国内外储粮害虫防治技术研究的新进展（2）

(接第3期)3.2　非化学杀虫剂防治3.2.1　植物及其油的杀虫效果美国堪萨斯大学研究了用中国花椒粉防治麦蛾的效果和机理,研究得出花椒粉中黄木灵成分对麦蛾的产卵和幼虫的取食有明显抑制作用。德国汉诺威大学研究印度产的菖蒲精炼油对防治储粮害虫具有潜在的能力,其活性物质——β—细辛脑对储粮害虫有毒力和不育作用。美国研究者Shaaya.E最近对大量各种香料和草药提取出的精油防治储粮害虫进行了较系统的研究,并在实仓条件下评价了这些油的生物活性,证明对四纹豆象是一种潜在的控制剂,在储粮保护和减少化学杀虫剂的应用方面可起到良好的作…     

Contact and fumigant activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

Methanol extracts from 30 aromatic medicinal plant species and five plant essential oils were tested for their insecticidal activities against Lasioderma serricorne (F.) adults using direct contact application and fumigation methods. Responses varied with plant material and exposure time. Good insecticidal activity against L. serricorne adults was achieved with extracts of Agastache rugosa whole plant, Cinnamomum cassia bark, Illicium verum fruit and Foeniculum vulgare fruit as well as cinnamon (C. cassia), horseradish (Cocholeria aroracia) and mustard (Brassica juncea) oils applied at 3.5 mg/cm² in a filter paper diffusion method. Over 90% mortality at 3 days after treatment was achieved with an extract of Acorus calamus var. angustatus rhizome. Cinnamon, horseradish and mustard oils, at 0.7 mg/cm², were highly toxic to the adult beetles 1 day after treatment. In a fumigation test with the beetle adults, insecticidal activity of horseradish oil, mustard oil and Foeniculum fruit extract was much more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of these materials was largely attributable to fumigant action. These naturally occurring plant extracts and essential oils could be useful for managing populations of L. serricorne.     

Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis

Methanol extracts from 30 aromatic medicinal plant species and five essential oils were tested for their insecticidal activities against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), using direct contact application and fumigation methods. Responses varied with plant material, insect species, and exposure time. In a test with a filter paper diffusion method at 3.5 mg/cm², potent insecticidal activity against both species was produced by an extract from Cinnamomum cassia bark, cinnamon (C. cassia) oil, horseradish (Cocholeria aroracia) oil, and mustard (Brassica juncea) oil within 1 day after treatment. Over 90% mortality at 3 or 4 days after treatment was achieved using extracts of Acorus calamus var. angustatus rhizome, Acorus gramineus rhizome, Illicium verum fruit, and Foeniculum vulgare fruit. An extract from Cinnamomum sieboldii root bark gave 100% mortality at 2 days after treatment. At 0.7 mg/cm², extracts from C. cassia, C. sieboldii, and F. vulgare as well as cinnamon oil, horseradish oil and mustard oil were highly effective against both species. In a fumigation test with S. oryzae adults, the oils described were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of the oils was attributable to fumigant action. The plant extracts and essential oils described could be useful for managing field populations of S. oryzae and C. chinensis.     

Bioefficacy of essential and vegetable oils of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides seeds against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the bioefficacy of essential and vegetable oils of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides (Rutaceae) against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The chemical composition of the essential oil and the fatty acid composition of the vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of Z. xanthoxyloides were determined. The insecticidal activities of these oils and the associated aromatized clay powder were evaluated against A. obtectus. Both oils were strongly repellent (100% repellency at 0.501 μl/cm2 essential oil and 3.144 μl/cm2 vegetable oil) and highly toxic (LC?? = 0.118 μl/cm2 for essential oil) to this beetle after contact on filter paper. The vapors of the essential oil were highly toxic to adult insects (LC?? = 0.044 μl/cm3), and the aromatized powder made from clay and essential oil was more toxic (LD?? = 0.137 μl/g) than the essential oil alone (LD?? = 0.193 μl/g) after 2 days of exposure on a common bean. Both oils greatly reduced the F? insect production and bean weight loss and did not adversely affect the bean seed viability. In general, the results obtained indicate that these plant oils can be used for control of A. obtectus in stored beans.     

Development of anti-insect multilayered films for brown rice packaging that prevent Plodia interpunctella infestation

The aim of this study was to develop a multilayered insect-proof film that prevents contamination with Plodia interpunctella (Hübner; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) insect larvae. The anti-insect activities of five essential oils (EOs), allyl disulfide (AD), and allyl mercaptan isolated from garlic and onion, respectively, were evaluated. Subsequently, fumigation insecticidal assays were performed to identify the anti-insect agents, their optimal concentrations. Garlic, onion EOs and their compounds were chosen as efficient anti-insect agents for application to rice flour-based multilayered plastic films. Penetration tests were then used to evaluate the ability of multilayered films to resist invasion by P. interpunctella larvae. Films containing 5% AD (AD-5) had the strongest resistance to penetration by insects. Thus, AD-5 was applied to brown rice packaging to measure protection from insects and to assess sensory properties. In these analyses, AD-5 showed insect-proofing effects and no undesirable changes to the sensory properties of the rice after cooking. Hence, this novel multilayer film could be used as an active packaging material with effective anti-insect activities and desirable physical properties.     

Use of plant oils from the southwestern Amazon for the control of maize weevil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal potential of oils obtained from plant species endemic to the southwestern Amazon region against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). We evaluated the mortality of insects treated with 11 plant oils. After the discriminant assays, concentration–mortality bioassays were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of each oil. The insects were treated with the oils, and mortality was assessed after 24 h. Each assay was performed in four replicates. The LC₅₀ of the oils against S. zeamais ranged between 53.35% and 65.22% for the oils obtained from Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Copaifera spp., Carapa guianensis Aublet, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., Mauritia flexuosa L,. and Orbignya phalerata Mart. These oils exhibited consistency in their toxic activity and emerged as potential alternatives to be implemented in integrated pest management programs for stored product pests. The results of this investigation identified several plant species in the Amazonian flora with potential insecticidal properties.     

植物精油对烟草甲触杀、熏蒸和驱避作用研究

为筛选有效的贮烟用植物精油杀虫物质,利用点滴法,锥形瓶(密闭熏蒸)法,室内测定了9种植物精油(留兰香油、艾叶油、青蒿油、茶树油、丁香油、冬青油、薄荷油、桉叶油、百里香油)对烟草甲的触杀,熏蒸和驱避活性.结果表明:9种植物精油中表现触杀作用较好的是:丁香油、冬青油、茶树油、艾叶油、百里香油;表现熏蒸作用较好的是:留兰香油...     

Antioxidant effect of essential oils of rosemary,clove and cinnamon on hazelnut and poppy oils

Antioxidant effects of essential oils from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were determined on hazelnut and poppy oils. These essential oils were added to the oils at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at 0.02% level served as standard besides the control groups for comparison. The samples were stored 50 °C in darkness for 14 days. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined by measuring peroxide values (meq O₂/kg oil) at regular intervals. On the basis of peroxide value assay, the essential oils showed stronger antioxidant effect when compared to control groups. BHA was more effective than the essential oils, whilst it exhibited no antioxidative effect on the first few days of storage. Amongst the investigated essential oils, the cinnamon oil was the most effective on retarding lipid oxidation of crude oils, which was followed by clove and rosemary oils.     

龙脑樟鲜叶挥发油成分及其抗菌活性的研究

目的:研究龙脑樟鲜叶中挥发油的化学成分和抗菌活性。方法:采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取龙脑樟叶中挥发油;通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析挥发油化学成分;采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法和微量肉汤稀释法分别测其对细菌、酵母菌和霉菌的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC值),以评估挥发油的抑菌性能。结果:GC-MS结果表明该挥发油有27种组成成分,占整个挥发油的98.14%,其中以右旋龙脑(81.58%)、樟脑油(2.96%)和α-蒎烯(2.03%)为主要成分;该挥发油及其主要成分右旋龙脑对实验所选的细菌、酵母菌和霉菌三类微生物均表现出一定的抗菌效果。其中,挥发油对所测菌的抑菌直径范围为(9.21±0.6)～(22.12±1.30)mm,而右旋龙脑组分对所测菌的抑菌直径范围为(7.32±0.5)～(20.42±1.40)mm;对应两种物质对所测菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC值)范围分别为(31.25～125)μg/mL和(62.5～125)μg/mL。结论:该研究为龙脑樟叶的综合利用及天然右旋龙脑药用资源的研究开发提供参考依据。     

天竺桂挥发油对小鼠的体外抗氧化作用研究

目的:通过提取天竺桂挥发油,对小鼠进行体外的抗氧化的实验,研究天竺桂挥发油的抗氧化作用。方法:使用ROS测定试剂盒测定挥发油的抗活性氧能力;使用丙二醛(MDA)测定试剂盒和GSH-Px活力测定试剂盒测定天竺桂挥发油对小鼠体外MDA含量的影响;用分光光度法来测定天竺桂挥发油对H2O2所诱导的小鼠红细胞溶血和Fe2+-Vc诱导的肝线粒体肿胀度的抑制效果;通过化学方法考查了天竺桂挥发油清除DPPH自由基以及羟自由基的能力。结果:挥发油在浓度为0.25%～1.00%的范围内,有较强的体外抗氧化性,且能减少小鼠肝匀浆和心脏匀浆MDA的含量,对H2O2诱导的小鼠红细胞溶血和由Fe2+-Vc诱导的肝线粒体肿胀度均具有显著的抑制作用,具有较强的清除DPPH自由基以及羟自由基的能力。