高韧性低收缩纤维增强水泥基复合材料力学特性及其应用

基于细观力学设计的高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料（Engineered Cementitious Composite-ECC）是当前比较成功的具有应变硬化特性的水泥基材料。本文介绍了近期通过改进传统ECC基材，研制的低收缩ECC材料的主要力学特性，包括干燥性能，单轴拉伸与单轴压缩性能，弹性模量与极限拉压应变等主要力学参数。并与传统ECC相关性能作了对比。试验结果显示，采用低收缩基材的ECC的28d干燥收缩值分别为传统ECC干燥收缩值的0.12-0.20。单轴拉伸结果表明，采用低收缩基材的ECC的极限应变、裂纹宽度等参数与传统ECC相比，也有了明显的改进。在0.55-0.25范围内调整水胶比可以制备出抗压强度为20-60MPa，并保持应变硬化和多点开裂特性不变的水泥基复合材料。除拉伸时表现出显著的塑性变形外，在抗压试验中, 这种ECC材料在压应力峰值过后也同样表现出明显的类似于金属材料屈服的塑性变形特性。     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料基本力学性能

超高韧性水泥基复合材料(简称UHTCC)是一种中等纤维体积掺量的随机分布的短纤维增强高性能水泥基复合材料。本文通过单轴拉伸试验、四点弯曲试验、单轴抗压试验、三点弯曲缺口梁断裂试验研究了这种新型材料的抗拉、抗弯、抗压和断裂性能。试验结果表明，超高韧性水泥基复合材料在拉伸和弯曲荷载作用下具有假应变硬化和多缝开裂特性，以及高延性、高韧性和高能量吸收能力。极限荷载时的最大裂缝宽度在50μm左右，如此小的裂缝宽度可以有效地阻止侵蚀性物质的侵入，提高钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性。拉伸和弯曲试验测得的超高韧性水泥基复合材料的极限拉伸应变在3%以上，平均裂缝间距1mm左右。超高韧性水泥基复合材料的抗压强度类似于混凝土，抗压弹性模量较低，但受压变形能力比普通混凝土大很多。通过三点弯曲缺口梁试验证明，超高韧性水泥基复合材料的峰值荷载和峰值荷载对应变形都较基体有明显的提高。缺口拉伸试件和缺口梁试件均证明，超高韧性水泥基复合材料可以将单一裂缝细化成多条细裂缝，同时超高韧性水泥基复合材料具有对小缺口不敏感的特性。四种试验的结果证明超高韧性水泥基复合材料在各种破坏荷载作用下均能保持良好的整体性，不发生碎裂破坏。     

高韧性低收缩纤维增强水泥基复合材料特性及应用

基于细观力学设计的高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料（Engineered Cementitious Composite—ECC）是当前比较成功的具有应变硬化特性的水泥基材料。本文介绍了近期通过改进传统ECC基材,研制的低收缩ECC材料的主要力学特性,包括干燥性能,单轴拉伸与压缩性能,弹性模量及极限拉压应变等主要力学参数。试验结果显示,采用低收缩基材的ECC的28d干燥收缩值分别为传统ECC干燥收缩值的0．12～0．20。单轴拉伸结果表明,采用低收缩基材的ECC的极限应变、裂纹宽度等参数与传统ECC相比,也有了明显的改进。在0．55—0．25范围内调整水胶比可以制备出抗压强度为20～60MPa,并保持应变硬化和多点开裂特性不变的水泥基复合材料。除拉伸时表现出显著的塑性变形外,在抗压试验中,该材料在压应力峰值过后也同样表现出明显的类似于金属材料屈服的塑性变形特性。最后对该材料近期应用研究作了介绍。     

超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料基本力学性能

研制了采用高强高弹模聚乙烯醇纤维作为增强材,以精制水泥砂浆为基体的超高韧性水泥基复合材料。本文通过单轴拉伸试验、四点弯曲试验、单轴抗压试验、三点弯曲断裂试验研究了这种新型材料的抗拉、抗弯、抗压和抗裂性能。试验结果表明,该材料在拉伸和弯曲荷载作用下具有假应变硬化和多缝开裂特性,以及高延性、高韧性和高能量吸收能力。极限荷载时的最大裂缝宽度在50μm左右。拉伸和弯曲试验测得的极限拉伸应变在3％以上,平均裂缝间距1mm左右。其抗压强度类似于混凝土,抗压弹性模量较低,但受压变形能力比普通混凝土大很多。通过三点弯曲断     

钢筋超高韧性水泥基复合材料梁的抗剪性能

随着对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)各种基本性能的深入研究,UHTCC逐渐被使用和推广。为了探究纤维掺量对钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料(RUHTCC)梁抗剪性能的影响,文中对3根不同纤维含量的RUHTCC梁进行了集中加载受弯试验,从破坏模式、裂缝扩展形态、荷载-挠度曲线、剪切开裂荷载、极限剪切承载力、最小配箍率几个方面报道了纤维掺量的影响。试验结果表明:所有试验梁均发生典型的剪切破坏,随着纤维参量的增大,RUHTCC梁的剪切开裂荷载、极限抗剪承载力都有所提高。RUHTCC梁面产生的裂缝细密,在正常使用状态下,梁最大斜裂缝宽度小于0.2 mm。更多还原     

原状黄土单轴抗拉特性研究

通过单轴拉伸试验,研究原状黄土的拉伸特性。结果表明:在单轴拉应力作用下原状黄土的应力应变曲线为应变硬化型,试样的破坏表现为脆性破坏。初始含水率对原状黄土抗拉强度的影响极其显著,抗拉强度与初始含水率呈幂函数关系;试样破坏时的极限拉应变随含水率的增大出现先减小后增大的现象,在含水率为18.2%时的极限拉应变最小,为0.029%。     

秸秆纤维增强水泥基复合材料研究进展

秸秆纤维增强水泥基复合材料是一种利用秸秆纤维掺入水泥基材料而制成的复合材料，具有保温抗裂抗冲击等特性的同时也具有绿色环保的经济效益。通过分析与综述国内外秸秆纤维增强水泥基复合材料的制备技术、力学性能、耐久性能和保温性能的研究进展，总结了秸秆纤维增强水泥基复合材料作为一种经济环保新材料的诸多优点，并对未来进一步的研究及推广应用提出相关建议。     

全级配碾压混凝土单轴动态拉伸试验研究

大坝混凝土动态性能是影响混凝土高坝抗震安全的关键因素之一,在地震作用下重力坝的破坏主要发生在坝头、坝踵及坝体局部拉应力较大的区域,开展全级配碾压混凝土动态拉伸试验研究是为满足不断深化的碾压混凝土大坝抗震研究需求。本文使用中国水利水电科学研究院的大型动、静态材料试验机对全级配碾压混凝土试件开展单轴动态拉伸试验研究。试验混凝土全部采用实际工程所用材料进行浇筑,龄期180 d,全级配碾压混凝土试件为圆柱体,直径450 mm,长度1350 mm。根据大坝结构的振动频率和地震动特性,试验共设置4组,应变速率分别为10~(-6)/s、10~(-4)/s、5×10~(-4)/s和10~(-3)/s,其中10~(-6)/s为拟静态应变速率。分析试验结果发现,碾压混凝土的抗拉强度增长率和应变速率可近似表达为对数线性关系,极限拉应变和吸能能力随应变速率的增加而增加,抗拉弹性模量受到应变速率的影响不大。     

超高延性水泥基复合材料耐久性研究进展

普通混凝土在特殊环境下容易出现性能劣化、耐久性不足的问题。超高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC)是一种纤维增强水泥复合材料,在拉伸载荷作用下产生微裂纹后具有应变硬化和自愈合能力,使ECC在各种环境条件下比普通混凝土有更佳的耐久性。综述了近年来国内外关于ECC耐久性的研究进展,总结了ECC在抗渗性、抗冻性、耐化学侵蚀性能、耐高温性、耐磨性相关方面的特点,并与普通混凝土进行了对比。研究发现：目前关于多因素耦合条件下ECC的耐久性研究、耐久性微观层面解释以及设计耐高温、耐磨性好的ECC等方面研究还不充分,基于此提出了几个未来研究方向。     

纤维水泥基复合材料传感器用于弯曲裂缝监测

为了及时获得构件开裂及裂缝发展情况信息，提出了一种将混杂纤维水泥基复合材料传感器 （ＦＣＣＳ）埋入构件中，并通过实时测量其电阻，实现构件健康监测的方法。试验研究了6组不同纳米炭 黑、碳纤维和钢纤维掺量水泥基传感器的机敏性，对其弯曲破坏开裂及裂后荷载、挠度、裂缝张开位移 （Ｓｃｏｄ）及电阻变化率（Ｒｆｃｒ）进行测量。结果表明:纤维水泥基复合材料传感器的电阻变化率随受拉侧裂 缝张开位移增大而增大，且一次线性拟合的决定系数均在0．98以上，表明其具有较好的相关性；掺加碳 纤维的ＦＣＣＳ拥有较高的电阻变化灵敏度。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.