旋转气冷涡轮流场的数值模拟

应用数值计算的方法,对采用气膜冷却的涡轮叶片在静止和旋转状态下的流场进行数值模拟,研究涡轮叶片在静止和旋转状态下冷却射流和主流的掺混流场结构.结果表明:涡轮叶片压力面极限流线在静止和旋转两种工况下的区别比较明显.旋转使得马蹄涡的尺度有所加强.压力面和吸力面侧都存在明显的反向涡对结构;在吸力面,反向涡对的对称性比压力面的好;反向涡对随着下游距离的增大逐渐减弱,同时旋转使得掺混流场的轨迹有向叶片径向偏转的趋势.旋转工况下涡轮压力面侧反向涡对的衰减速度和程度变化明显,吸力面侧涡对的涡心位置更靠近叶片壁面,涡的影响区域也较小.     

涡轮叶片尾缘气膜冷却耦合传热的数值模拟

采用耦合方法对燃气轮机涡轮叶片尾缘气膜冷却流场进行数值模拟,并与绝热方法下的结果进行对比,得到不同吹风比和不同吸力面厚度下的气膜冷却规律。结果表明:与绝热方法相比,采用耦合方法时气膜冷却效率曲线更平缓,吸力面温度分布均匀,压力面尾部上方区域温度梯度较大;增大吹风比可以减弱吸力面导热对气膜冷却效率的影响,且能有效抑制流体与壁面的分离;随着吸力面厚度的增加,0.6～0.76等温度比线区域内流体温度发生变化,在劈缝出口下游温度升高,在下游的远距离处温度降低。     

尾迹对气膜冷却影响的三维非定常数值模拟

采用数值计算的方法，对带有前导静叶的涡轮动叶气膜冷却进行三维非定常数值计算，研究了静叶非定常尾迹对动叶气膜孔周围流场及绝热冷却效率的影响，同时比较了在吹风比M=0．8和M=1．5时动叶表面气膜冷却效果的变化。结果表明，静叶尾迹使动叶压力面和吸力面上冷却气流的流场发生改变，降低了叶片表面的气膜冷却效果。另外，吹风比从0．8增大到1．5时，静叶非定常尾迹对动叶气膜冷却效果的影响降低。     

透平叶片表面单排孔气膜冷却效率试验研究

采用稳态红外法试验测量了透平叶片压力面和吸力面气膜孔后冷却效率的分布,分析了吹风比对叶片表面不同位置处单排孔后气膜冷却效率的影响规律,结果发现:吸力面孔排1下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而降低;孔排2出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加先增加后减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。压力面孔排1出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加;孔排2下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。研究成果可为燃气轮机透平叶片气膜冷却结构设计和冷却空气流量的选取提供参考。     

重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶气膜冷却特性数值模拟研究

采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,并结合Simple算法和有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,对某重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶在不同吹风比和主流湍流度条件下的气膜冷却效率进行了数值模拟。结果表明:气膜冷却能够有效地降低叶片表面的温度,但叶片前缘吹风比的改变对冷却效果的影响不是很大,在前缘滞止线两侧仍然存在较大的高温区;在压力面侧和吸力面侧,随着吹风比的增大,沿叶片展向平均冷却效率分布都得到了提高;低吹风比时,吸力面靠前缘区域孔排中的冷却孔保持单孔冷却特点,孔间区域冷却效果较差;主流湍流度对气膜冷却效果产生了明显的影响,但影响趋势因不同吹风比而各不相同,其对冷却射流的影响主要集中在气膜孔下游扩散上。     

燃气透平叶片前缘气膜冷却效率的试验研究

为了研究燃气透平叶片前缘气膜冷却的传热特性,建立了叶片可视化测试试验台,对叶片前缘区域的冷却效率进行了试验研究,分析了不同吹风比、不同主流雷诺数对叶片前缘区域冷却效率的影响.结果表明：气膜孔附近的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而提高,气膜孔下游的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而降低;冷却效率最高的区域在吸力面上,最低的气膜冷却效率在压力面上产生;低吹风比时主流雷诺数对叶片冷却效率的影响较小;但在高吹风比时,主流雷诺数对叶片前缘气膜孔附近的冷却效率影响较大.     

旋转对复合角度气膜冷却叶片的数值模拟

采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型并结合SIMPLEC算法,对前缘复合角度α=30°、β=45°,α=90°、β=45°的动叶栅在不同旋转状速度下的气膜冷却效率进行计算。分析了不同转速、吹风比、叶片前缘射流角度对气膜冷却效率的影响。计算结果表明:旋转导致冷却射流向叶顶偏移,转速越高气膜冷却效率越低;高转速时叶盆区域有回流涡旋形成;高吹风比使得冷却射流在吸力面的贴壁性变差;比较两种前缘冷气喷射角度的计算结果可以看出,前缘冷却气流喷射角度较小时的气膜冷却效果较好。     

带沟槽涡轮叶片颗粒沉积特性和气膜冷却性能研究

为探究带沟槽叶片的颗粒沉积特性以及气膜冷却性能,以某型高压涡轮含有尾缘劈缝结构的涡轮叶片为原型,针对实际工况建立沉积模型,采用数值模拟方法研究了0<M≤2不同吹风比下沟槽结构对叶片表面颗粒沉积特性和叶片表面气膜冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明：沟槽结构提高了总碰撞效率,降低了总沉积效率,颗粒易沉积于气膜孔下游以外区域以及端壁两侧,沟槽导致压力面中后部颗粒沉积的区域增大;随着吹风比的增加,沟槽内部捕获效率提高,整体颗粒捕获效率降低,沟槽内部的气膜冷却性能不断下降,但沟槽下游部分区域的气膜冷却性能优于原始结构;沟槽的存在使下游附近沿展向的气膜覆盖区域变大,冷却性能提升,沿孔流向的展向平均气膜冷却效率最高可提升18%。     

燃气轮机叶片前缘气膜冷却的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法,对燃气轮机叶片前缘气膜冷却问题进行了数值模拟研究。对比分析了在不同吹风比时,叶片吸力面气膜冷却效果的变化规律以及前缘表面不同位置冷却气膜孔排的下游曲率变化对冷却效果的影响。结果表明:不同冷却排孔的冷却效果向下游呈现出逐渐减弱的趋势,每排气膜孔减弱程度各不相同;当吹风比小于1. 0时,吸力面气膜冷却效果随着吹风比的增大而逐渐明显;当吹风比大于1. 0时,吸力面气膜冷却效果随着吹风比的增大而逐渐减弱。     

燃气轮机动叶缩放型气膜孔冷却效果的数值模拟

为了增强燃气轮机动叶气膜冷却效果,提出一种缩放型气膜孔结构。采用数值模拟的研究方法,模拟了当吹风比M=1.2、主流湍流度Tu=5%时,不同孔间距下分别带有圆柱型气膜孔和缩放型气膜孔叶片的气膜冷却效果。研究结果表明:无论是在叶片压力面还是吸力面,带有缩放型气膜孔叶片的气膜冷却效果总体要优于圆柱型气膜孔叶片;在圆柱型气膜孔和缩放型气膜孔叶片表面,覆盖的气膜整体朝向叶片偏转角流动,由于叶片受到前缘冷却的影响,叶片后缘位置的气膜冷却效率更高,整体呈现出偏转叠加效应,带缩放型气膜孔的叶片在后缘位置冷却优势更加明显;随着孔间距的减小,两种孔型叶片的平均气膜冷却效率都呈现递增趋势,冷却性能得到提高。     

Effect of rotation on leading edge region film cooling of a gas turbine blade with three rows of film cooling holes

Effect of rotation on detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions in the leading edge region of a gas turbine blade with three showerhead rows of radial-angle holes were measured using the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique. Tests were conducted on the first-stage rotor blade of a three-stage axial turbine at three rotational speeds. The effect of the blowing ratio was also studied. The Reynolds number based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity was 200,000 and the total to exit pressure ratio was 1.12 for the first-stage rotor blade. The corresponding rotor blade inlet and exit Mach number was 0.1 and 0.3, respectively. The film cooling effectiveness distributions were presented along with the discussions on the influences of rotational speed, blowing ratio, and vortices around the leading edge region. Results showed that different rotation speeds significantly change the film cooling traces with the average film cooling effectiveness in the leading edge region increasing with blowing ratio.     

Film cooling performance of converging slot-hole rows on a gas turbine blade

Experimental tests have been performed to investigate the film cooling performance of converging slot-hole (console) rows on the turbine blade. Film cooling effectiveness of each single hole row is measured under three momentum flux ratios based on the wide-band liquid crystal technique. Measurements of the cooling effectiveness with all the hole rows open are also carried out under two coolant–mainstream flux ratios. Film cooling effectiveness of cylindrical hole rows on the same blade model is measured as a comparison. The results reveal that the trace of jets from both consoles and cylindrical holes is converging on the suction surface and expanding on the pressure surface by the influence of the passage vortex, while the influence of passage vortex on the jets from consoles is weaker. The film coverage area and the film cooling effectiveness of single/multiple console row(s) are much larger than those of single/multiple cylindrical hole row(s). When the console row is discrete and the diffusion angle of the console is not very large, the adjacent jets cannot connect immediately after ejecting out of the holes and the cooling effectiveness in the region between adjacent holes is relatively lower. On the pressure surface, the film cooling effectiveness of console rows increases notably with the increasing of momentum flux ratio or coolant–mainstream flux ratio. But on the suction side, the increase in cooling effectiveness is not very notable for console row film cooling as the coolant flux increases. Moreover, for the film cooling of single console row at the gill region of the suction surface, the jets could lift off from the blade surface because of the convex geometry of the suction surface.     

Film cooling on a gas turbine blade pressure side or suction side with axial shaped holes

The film cooling effectiveness on the surface of a high pressure turbine blade is measured using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Four rows of axial laid-back, fan-shaped cooling holes are distributed on the pressure side while two such rows are provided on the suction side. The coolant is only injected to either the pressure side or suction side of the blade at five average blowing ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. The presence of wakes due to upstream vanes is simulated by placing a periodic set of rods upstream of the test blade. Effect of the upstream wakes is recorded at four different phase locations with equal intervals along the pitch-wise direction. The freestream Mach numbers at cascade inlet and exit are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively. Results reveal that the tip leakage vortices and endwall vortices sweep the coolant film on the suction side to the midspan region. The film cooling effectiveness on the suction side is usually higher than that on the pressure side except the regions affected by the secondary vortices. The presence of upstream wakes results in lower film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface. The moderate blowing ratios (M = 0.6 or M = 0.9) give higher film cooling effectiveness immediately downstream of the film cooling holes. Further downstream of the holes, higher blowing ratios cover wider surface area.     

叶型表面曲率对离散孔气膜冷却性能的影响

由于型面曲率的影响,涡轮叶片前缘和吸力面的冷却气膜易于脱离型面,气膜冷却效果下降。本研究将叶片型线分段拟合,建立了多个单一曲率的曲面模型(R/D=-30、-75、120、∞),研究涡轮叶片表面曲率对于气膜冷却的影响。流动与传热的数值模拟采用Fluent软件,湍流模型选择RNGk-ε模型,模拟方法经平板流动进行的结果验证是可靠的。在不同吹风比(M=0.5、1.2、2.0)条件下,计算比较了不同曲率曲面上气膜单孔下游的壁面传热系数以及局部平均气膜冷却效率。结果表明:涡轮叶片型面曲率对气膜冷却效果的影响与吹风比有关。不同曲率的型线部分,应该设计采用不同的吹风比,气膜冷却效果可能取得最佳。低吹风比M<1时,凹面曲率对气膜换热系数是强化,凸面基本没有作用。高吹风比M>1时,曲率不影响换热能力,冷却效果则取决与气膜相对于型面的流动状态和与主流的掺混能力。     

基于流热耦合的燃气轮机透平叶顶冷却设计

燃气轮机透平叶顶区域存在复杂的流动和换热问题,承受很高的热负荷。为了降低透平动叶叶顶温度,在透平叶顶现有结构的基础上提出气膜冷却和气膜+内冷通道冷却两种叶顶冷却方案,并通过流热耦合计算分析冷却升级前后叶顶区域的换热和流动特性。研究发现：叶顶气膜冷却方案可有效降低叶顶温度,特别是叶顶前缘至中弦区域;而气膜＋内冷通道冷却方案基于外部气膜冷却,结合内部冷却通道设计,可进一步降低叶顶尾缘的温度;与原型叶片相比,气膜+内部冷气通道的复合冷却设计可以使叶顶尾缘最高温度降低24 K。     

Influence of Trenched Shaped Holes on Turbine Blade Leading Edge Film Cooling

Computational results are presented for a row of coolant injection holes on each side of a high-pressure turbine blade near the leading edge. Seven hole configurations have been used to show the effect of various diffusion shaped holes and their trenching on film cooling effectiveness: (1) cylindrical film hole; (2) forward diffused film hole; (3) trenched forward diffused film hole; (4) conically flared film hole; (5) trenched conically flared film hole; (6) laterally diffused film hole; and (7) trenched laterally diffused film hole. Computational solutions of the steady, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are obtained using a finite-volume method. Results show that the main effect of trenching is the reduction of jet lifting off from the blade surface and so the prevention of sudden lowering of cooling effectiveness after the injection location. Moreover, hole trenching has more effect on film cooling flow on the suction side than on the pressure side. Also, the trenched laterally diffused shaped hole has the highest laterally averaged effectiveness on both the suction side and the pressure side of the blade.     

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Mainstream Turbulence on Full Coverage Film Cooling Effectiveness for a Turbine Guide Vane

Experiments have been performed to investigate the effect of mainstream turbulence on the three-dimensional distribution of the full coverage film cooling effectiveness for two enlarged actual twisted vanes with cylindrical or shaped holes. The film cooling effectiveness was measured by transient liquid crystal technique at mainstream turbulence intensities of 2%, 9% and 15%. The mass flow rate ratios range from 5.5% to 12.5%. There are 3, 8 and 7 rows of film holes on the suction side, leading edge and pressure side, respectively. Results show that for the cylindrical hole vane the high mainstream turbulence intensity decreases the film cooling effectiveness in the top region and down region of pressure side in the low mass flow rate ratio of 5.5%, while the effect is opposite in the high mass flow rate ratio of 12.5%. The film cooling effectiveness in the middle region of pressure side decreases obviously with the increase of the turbulence at the low mass flow rate ratio of 5.5%, while the influence of increasing turbulence weakens gradually with the increase of mass flow rate ratio. Moreover, the high mainstream turbulence improves the film cooling effectiveness in the further downstream of the holes on suction side at the high mass flow rate ratio of 12.5%. For the shaped hole vane, the increase of mainstream turbulence decreases the film cooling effectiveness at all mass flow rate ratios. This study reveals the influence rule of the mainstream turbulence on the film cooling effectiveness in the different regions of the three-dimensional vane surface. The results would guide the designs of engineering heat transfer with application in gas turbine blade/vane cooling.     

Transformation algorithm of wind turbine blade moment signals for blade condition monitoring

To simplify signal analysis on wind turbine blades and enable their efficient monitoring, this paper presents a novel method of transforming blade moment signals on a horizontal axis 3-blade wind turbine. Instead of processing 3-blade moment signals directly, the proposed algorithm transforms the three sinusoidal signals into two static signals relative to the center of blade rotation through vector synthesis and coordinate transformation, and eliminates frequency components due to blade rotation from the obtained signals. Moreover, as an alternative to a rotational sensor, a blade rotation angle estimator is introduced. Its effectiveness was confirmed through simulations and field tests on an actual wind turbine.