喷油对双螺杆压缩机的温度场和油分布的影响

为了研究双螺杆压缩机在不同喷油工况下流场力学特性和优化喷油效果,建立了双螺杆空压机工作过程的数值计算模型。采用计算流体力学(CFD)和多相流(VOF)模型对螺杆压缩室内的油分布和温度场进行研究。通过对喷油口的直径、位置、个数进行比较分析,研究发现,2个喷油口注油比单个喷油口注油存在明显优势,单侧喷油即使增加喷油量,对油液分布影响不大且会增加功率;双侧喷油使得压缩机腔室油液分布和温度分布更加均匀;在相同的喷油量下,双侧喷油比单侧喷油降低1.27%的功率。     

Performance of Used Engine Oil as Gear-Cutting Oil

In Japan, the lubricating oil used for the internal combustion engine of passenger cars is usually exchanged for fresh oil after running a distance in the range from 3,000 to 10,000 km. Refining of the used engine oil is very costly because friction-reducing additives containing sulfur, phosphorus, etc., are included in the oil. Therefore, wasted engine oil (used engine oil) is burned in many cases. This investigation was conducted to effectively re-use wasted engine oil without chemical refining. Performance of used engine oil as a gear-cutting oil was examined by conducting five kinds of experiments: (a) chemical analyses of the oils, (b) measurements of friction coefficients on the four-ball tester, (c) tool wear tests using a lathe, (d) tool life tests using a gear-cutting machine, and (e) accuracy and surface finish of the cut gears. In contrast to general expectations, longer tool lives were obtained when the used engine oils were used instead of a high-grade gear-cutting oil. The reason for this was discussed and it was concluded that used engine oil may be used as a high-performance gear-cutting oil if health risks for workers are removed.     

The effect of the nature of friction surfaces and lubricant on the adsorption and temperature stability of lubricant layers

The critical temperatures of a mineral oil with an additive under friction, the variations of the electron work function on a metal surface when a thin lubricant layer is applied, and the heat of adsorption of oil on a metal were investigated. A variety of alloy steels, a standard oil (mineral oil with a fatty acid), a standard material (steel) and a mineral oil containing a varying amount of surfactant (succinimide) were used. The data obtained confirm the relationship between the temperature stability of lubricant layers on steel surfaces under friction and the characteristics of oil adsorption on steel.     

Characterization of engine oil additive packages on diesel particulate emissions

This study investigated the impact of engine oil formulation on particulate matter (PM) characteristics from a light-duty diesel engine. The test engine was a 1.6 L Euro-5 diesel engine operated from low- to high-speed and high-load conditions. Specially formulated nonadditive containing base oil and genuine oil were evaluated. For diesel PM characterization, physicochemical analytic procedures were conducted on engine oil formulation, oil flushing, PMs sampling, morphology, and particle constituent determination. Size-resolved particle number (PN) concentration at the engine-out position was evaluated by differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). Nucleation mode particles originating from engine oil consumption during the expansion stroke had a higher concentration from genuine oil than those from base oil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the morphology patterns and atomic compositions with engine oil packages. From the SEM analysis, spherical PM of nucleation and accumulation mode particles were agglomerated on a quartz filter. In the XPS spectrum, more engine oil additive fractions of Ca, P, and Zn were found in the PM sample from genuine oil. In conclusion, the variation of physicochemical engine oil properties and additive amounts had strong contributions to engine oil derived PN emissions, morphology, and additive metal compositions in the exhaust gas stream.

     

Tribological evaluation of coconut oil as an environment-friendly lubricant

Increased concerns about environmental damage caused by mineral oil based lubricants, has created a growing worldwide trend of promoting vegetable oil as base oil for automobile lubricants. Coconut oil, which is abundantly available in southern states of India, is reportedly being widely used as two-stroke engine lubricant (2T oil) by autorikshaw¹ drivers. A survey among the users of coconut oil as 2T oil brought forth complaints of increased engine wear. This paper presents tribological properties of coconut oil evaluated using a four-ball tester and a test rig to test the wear on two stroke engines. The influence of an antiwear/extreme pressure (AW/EP) additive on the tribological performance of coconut oil was also evaluated experimentally. The addition of the AW/EP additive has brought about considerable reduction in wear with coconut oil as 2T oil.     

高分辨质谱直接分析食用油中脂肪酸甘油酯

食用油中不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯的含量与人体健康密切相关,针对其建立快速有效的检测方法具有重要意义。本研究建立了一种可直接分析食用油中脂肪酸甘油酯的方法,采用大气压化学电离-高分辨质谱技术（APCI-HRMS）对食用油中脂肪酸甘油三酯及脂肪酸甘油二酯分子直接进样分析,在指纹区高分辨质谱数据的基础上,采用分解系数和平均不饱和度（DBE）对不同油品进行比较分析。结果表明,食用油与餐厨回收油及动物油具有明显差别,当分解系数大于10时,或DBE小于3时,可判断样品为餐厨回收油或动物油,利用这两个特征参数可成功地区分食用油与餐厨回收油样品。通过偏最小二乘法的分组验证,以及添加不同比例餐厨回收油的食用植物油样品分解系数和平均不饱和度的比较验证,表明该方法可便捷、准确地分析油品中脂肪酸甘油酯的含量变化,有望成为监测食用油品质的快速、有效的新型分析方法。     

Effects of Chlorinated Paraffin and ZDDP Concentrations on Boundary Lubrication Properties of Mineral and Soybean Oils

Concentration effects of chlorinated paraffin and zinc di-ethylhexyl dithio phosphate on boundary lubrication properties were tested in vegetable and mineral base stocks. Solvent refined low sulfur paraffinic mineral oil (150 N oil) and conventional food grade soybean oil (soy oil) with EP additive concentration of 0–20% (w/w) were used in ASTM D2783 four-ball extreme pressure (4-ball EP) and Twist Compression Tribotests (TCT). Weld points in 4-ball EP and times to failure in TCT at 200 MPa showed that 150 N oil needed more than double treat levels of EP additives to achieve similar boundary lubrication performance as their 5% blends in soy oil. Also, incorporation of 20% soy oil into 150 N oil-based EP additive blends improved the performance to nearly the same level as soy oil only blends of corresponding additives. Boundary lubricity of some soy oil samples was similar to that of a commercial straight oil chlorinated metal forming lubricant. Several suggestions are provided to explain such pronounced influence of the base stock type on EP additive response. The findings suggest that soy oil and other farm-based oils may provide strategies for formulating cost effective industrial fluids and other lubricants.     

Active control of hydraulic oil contamination to extend the service life of aviation hydraulic system

The hydraulic system is the control center of aircraft, the performance of which is critically dependent on the purity of the oil that flows through it. Contamination of hydraulic system oil has been known to be the primary cause of catastrophic failure and accidents. A review of literature in the area of hydraulic oil contamination reveals three facts: (i) there is a dearth of effective methods to prevent intrusion of external contaminants into the hydraulic oil, (ii) there are no effective purification methods for liquid and gaseous contaminants of oil, and (iii) there is an absence of real-time monitoring for major contaminants. This work systematically reviews the hazards, sources, and removal methods of major contaminants, especially of gaseous contaminants. An active method to control oil contamination is proposed instead of the existing passive maintenance techniques that are ridden with problems. In a case study of aviation hydraulic system, our active control system comprises (i) a closed hydraulic circuit and a closed oil tank to prevent the intrusion of external contaminants, (ii) a vacuum centrifuge to efficiently remove contaminants without creating consumption costs, and (iii) monitoring devices installed to actively monitor the contaminant content in oil during operation. The results from the purification experiments and three-dimensional modeling indicate that the active control of hydraulic oil contamination can effectively remove 98.4% solid contaminants and reduce the water content below 50 ppm, and in particular reduce the gas content below 2%. It is obvious that this method can improve the continuous operation capability of aviation hydraulic systems and extend the intermaintenance period of aircrafts by reducing the contaminant content in oil.     

Effect of palm oil methyl ester and its emulsions on lubricant degradation and engine component wear

This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl ester also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions, as alternative fuels, on unmodified indirect‐injection diesel engine wear and lubricant oil deterioration compared with ordinary diesel (OD). A constant 2500 rpm engine setting at half throttle was maintained throughout the wear debris and lubricant oil analysis period for 20 h for each fuel system. Samples of lubricant oil were collected through a one‐way valve connected to the crankcase sump at intervals of 4 h. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The same lubricating oil, a conventional SAE 30, was used for all experiments. A multi‐element oil analyser was used to measure metal wear debris and lubricating oil additive depletion for the used lubricating oil. An ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D 445) and potentiometric titration (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure the viscosity and total base number, respectively. The lubricant oil analysis results for POD, OD, and their emulsions containing 10% water by volume were compared. Very promising results were obtained. The accumulation of metal wear debris in crankcase oil samples was lower with POD and its emulsion compared with the OD fuel. The addition of 10% water (by volume) to POD showed a promising tendency for wear resistance.     

Visualisation of fuel-lubricant interaction on the cylinder surface in the combustion chamber of SI engines

Visualisation of fuel component penetration and release into the lubricating oil layer covering the combustion chamber wall has been achieved, using a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) test technique. Experimental data show that fuel component penetration into the oil layer contributes not only to unburnt hydrocarbon emissions in spark ignition (SI) engines, but also to engine oil degradation. Fuel components accumulated in the oil layer are transferred to the bulk in ring belt zones, after a measurable residence time. A significant difference in film thickness between the oil layer on the combustion-chamber wall during the intake/compression sequence, as against the expansion/exhaust sequence, indicates that in the ring belt zones and above, engine oil viscosity, and hence load-carrying capacity, is influenced by fuel absorption/desorption in the engine oil.     

一种新型水中矿物油测试仪器的研制与开发

MFA 4 5 0型红外测油仪是吉林大学根据国家“九五”科技 (重点 )攻关项目的要求研制的新一代水中矿物油检测仪器 ,具有完全自主的知识产权。所采用的液芯波导红外吸收技术 ,光谱视网膜技术 ,直接稳定光源辐射的稳光技术 ,高精度的光源调制技术 ,操作安全、便捷、稳定的样品引入技术等是自行研制开发的专有技术。仪器具有优异的分析性能 :稳定性和测量精密度好 (RSD <1% ) ;灵敏度高 ,较现有同类仪器提高近 10倍 ,检出限低 ,达到 0 .0 3mg/L(油 /萃取剂 ) ;动态线性范围宽 (0 .10mg/L～ 12 0 .0 0mg/L) ;线性好 ,相关系数R2 >0 .999。仪器可广泛应用于水中矿物油、动植物油、土壤中油、油烟中油、半导体器件表面和各种工业产品表面残留油的定量测定。     

含水量对汽轮机油润滑性能的影响

舰用防锈汽轮机油为抗氧防锈型汽轮机油,采用标准试验方法很难就水分对其润滑性能的影响进行有效评价。利用高频往复试验机和Timken试验机,用改进的试验方法考察了含水量对舰用防锈汽轮机油润滑性能的影响。结果表明：改进的试验方法试验结果区分性较好,可用于油水乳化液润滑机制的研究;水分降低了舰用防锈汽轮机油的润滑性能,当汽轮机油含水量超过0.5%时,汽轮机油的极压抗磨性能显著下降。     

活塞销偏置对润滑油消耗的影响

基于润滑油消耗机制,以某型12v柴油机为研究对象,建立活塞组件动力学仿真模型,分析活塞销偏置方式和活塞销偏置量对于润滑油消耗的影响.结果表明:活塞销偏置方式总体趋势是使润滑油的消耗减少,窜油和甩油得到明显改善,其中活塞销偏副推力侧(Anti-Thrust Side,ATS)对润滑油的消耗减少的效果最好;活塞销偏置量对润...     

The monitoring of the two phase flow-annular flow type regime using microwave sensor technique

Accurate monitoring of a multiphase fluid flow in a dynamic pipeline is a significant problem in the oil industry. For efficient management of oil field wells, a real-time online system with capabilities to monitor fractions of oil, gas and water in oil production pipelines is required. These parameters determine the oil quality and inform how much water, oil and gas is produced from oil wells. This paper reports on the development of a novel non-intrusive sensor, which is based on electromagnetic waves cavity resonator. It determines and monitors the percentage volumes of each of the two phases (oil and gas) in the pipeline using the resonant frequencies shifts that occur within the resonator. A laboratory prototype version of the sensor system was constructed and tested. Experimental results were in good correlation with theoretical model that was simulated with High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software. Reported system will form the basis for the advanced real-time multiphase fluid composition monitoring platform.     

高速动车组齿轮箱内部流场仿真分析及搅油损失计算

为精确、快速地获取操作过程中高速列车齿轮箱中复杂内部流场的真实运动和分布状态,通过合理简化高速动车组驱动齿轮箱的三维模型,采用运动粒子仿真(Moving Particle Simulation,MPS)开展仿真分析.基于箱体内部油液不同瞬时分布状态,研究正、反转工况、油液浸没深度和润滑油黏度等参数对齿轮箱内部流场分布的...     

Atomization of fuel mixtures

The combustion process of a coal/oil slurry begins by atomization of the slurry. This project is a presentation of experimental system and results on atomization of coal/oil(COM) and coal/methanol mixtures with a twin-fluid and a wheel atomizer. The slurries are consisted of coal/methanol and coal/oil mixtures with two different concentrations and two coal particile sizes. The volume median diameters of the coal particles were 45 and 130 microns. The oil was No. 2 diesel oil. The droplet size was determined by photographing the spray and the photographs were analyzed to determine droplet size and distribution. The results show that the inclusion of particles in the liquid(both methanol and diesel oil) does not appreciably affect the atomized droplet size. The tendency is for the slurry droplets to be somewhat smaller than the droplets atomized with the pure liquid.     

二烷基二硫代磷酸镧/铕混合稀土有机化合物在润滑油中的摩擦性能

合成了二烷基二硫代磷酸镧／铕混合稀土有机化合物(La／EuDDP)，加入到30^#齿轮油中，利用四球试验机考察了摩擦磨损性能。结果表明，La／EuDDP作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的抗磨性能和承载能力，并具有一定的减摩能力，加有该添加剂的30^#齿轮油PB值增加了128％，磨斑直径减少了50％以上。     

Analysis of oil consumption in cylinder of diesel engine for optimization of piston rings

The performance and particulate emission of a diesel engine are affected by the consumption of lubricating oil.Most studies on oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder have been done by using the experimental method,however they are very costly.Therefore,it is very necessary to study oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder and obtain the accurate results by the calculation method.Firstly,four main modes of lubricating oil consumption in cylinder are analyzed and then the oil consumption rate under common working conditions are calculated for the four modes based on an engine.Then,the factors that affect the lubricating oil consumption such as working conditions,the second ring closed gap,the elastic force of the piston rings are also investigated for the four modes.The calculation results show that most of the lubricating oil is consumed by evaporation on the liner surface.Besides,there are three other findings:(1) The oil evaporation from the liner is determined by the working condition of an engine;(2) The increase of the ring closed gap reduces the oil blow through the top ring end gap but increases blow-by;(3) With the increase of the elastic force of the ring,both the left oil film thickness and the oil throw-off at the top ring decrease.The oil scraping of the piston top edge is consequently reduced while the friction loss between the rings and the liner increases.A neural network prediction model of the lubricating oil consumption in cylinder is established based on the BP neural network theory,and then the model is trained and validated.The main piston rings parameters which affect the oil consumption are optimized by using the BP neural network prediction model and the prediction accuracy of this BP neural network is within 8%,which is acceptable for normal engineering applications.The oil consumption is also measured experimentally.The relative errors of the calculated and experimental values are less than 10%,verifying the validity of the simulation results.Applying the established simulation model and the validated BP network model is able to generate numerical results with sufficient accuracy,which significantly reduces experimental work and provides guidance for the optimal design of the piston rings diesel engines.     

Impacts of Friction-Modified Fully Formulated Engine Oils on Tribological Performance of Nitrided Piston Rings Sliding against Cast Iron Cylinder Bores

The tribochemical interaction in a nitrided piston ring/cast iron cylinder bore sliding contact with two commercial fully formulated engine oils (ILSAC GF-2 and GF-3 category, referred to as modified GF-2 and modified GF-3, respectively) supplemented with molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) friction modifier was investigated in a laboratory bench test. Test results indicated that the modified GF-2 oil could produce a rapid friction reduction while the modified GF-3 oil maintained a stable and lower coefficient of friction (μ = 0.03) for a longer testing time. The modified GF-3 oil also generated a lower wear rate compared with the modified GF-2 oil under the same tribotest conditions. Based on SEM/EDX analyses of wear tracks on the tested tribo-components, it appears that the better formed tribofilm on both the lower and upper specimens by the modified GF-3 oil made a significant contribution to its tribological performance compared with the modified GF-2 oil when sliding under the same test conditions.     

基于拉曼光谱的三组分食用调和油快速定量检测

应用激光拉曼光谱技术结合化学计量学方法实现了三组分食用调和油中菜籽油、花生油和芝麻油的快速定量检测。分别采用标准正态变量变换(SNV)+去趋势(de-trending)算法和正交信号校正(OSC)算法对600~3 000cm-1波段的原始拉曼光谱进行预处理。建立了基于非线性支持向量机(SVM)和线性偏最小二乘(PLS)回归算法的定量分析模型,并采用19个预测集通过外部交叉验证法对模型进行验证。实验结果显示:对含有菜籽油、花生油和芝麻油的三组分食用调和油,以OSC预处理后建立的线性PLS模型预测效果最好,其验证集决定系数R2p分别为0.990 4,0.965 8,0.977 1,均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.018 8,0.037 9,0.026 2。研究结果表明,利用激光拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法快速定量检测三组分食用调和油中菜籽油、花生油和芝麻油的含量具有可行性,并获得了较高的预测精度。