几何非线性扩展有限元法及其断裂力学应用

该文将扩展有限元方法应用到几何非线性及断裂力学问题中,并研制开发了扩展有限元Fortran程序。扩展有限元法其计算网格与不连续面相互独立,因此模拟移动的不连续面时无需对网格进行重新剖分。该文推导了几何非线性扩展有限元法的公式,在常规有限元位移模式中,基于单位分解的思想加进一个阶跃函数和二维渐近裂尖位移场,反映裂纹处位移的不连续性,并用2个水平集函数表示裂纹;采用拉格朗日描述方程建立了有限变形几何非线性扩展有限元方程;采用多点位移外推法计算裂纹应力强度因子并通过最小二乘法拟合得到更精确的结果。最后给出的大变形算例表明该文提出的几何非线性的断裂力学扩展有限元方法和相应的计算机程序是合理可行的,而且对于含裂纹及裂纹扩展的问题,扩展有限元法优于传统的有限元法。     

线弹性断裂力学问题的扩展自然单元法

为了更加有效地求解线弹性断裂问题,提出了扩展自然单元法。该方法基于单位分解的思想,在自然单元法的位移模式中加入扩展项表征不连续位移场和裂纹尖端奇异场。通过水平集方法确定裂纹面和裂纹尖端区域,并基于虚位移原理推导了平衡方程的离散线性方程。由于自然单元法的形函数满足Kronecker delta函数性质,本质边界条件易于施加。混合模式裂纹的应力强度因子由相互作用能量积分方法计算。数值算例结果表明扩展自然单元法可以方便地求解线弹性断裂力学问题。     

基于ABAQUS平台的扩展有限元法

以ABAQUS为平台,提出了一种预设虚节点法,首次在通用有限元程序上嵌入了扩展有限元法的功能。推导了扩展有限元法中的子域积分同Heaviside函数的关系,并改进了一种三角形子域积分算法。对三点弯梁的开裂过程进行了模拟。计算结果表明,扩展有限元法对非连续位移场的表达不依赖于单元边界,是一种模拟裂纹扩展过程等涉及移动非连续问题的有效方法。与通用有限元软件的结合则为应用该方法解决实际复杂问题提供了方便的途径。     

基于水平集算法的扩展比例边界有限元法研究

扩展比例边界有限元法在裂纹贯穿单元采用Heaviside阶跃函数描述裂纹面两侧的不连续位移,在裂尖则采用半解析的比例边界有限元描述奇异应力场。该方法具有无需预先知道裂尖渐进场的形式,无需采用特殊的数值积分技术直接生成裂尖刚度阵,对多种应力奇异类型可根据定义直接求解广义应力强度因子的特点。该文将扩展比例边界有限元法与水平集方法相结合,进一步发展了扩展比例边界有限元法,并将其应用于解决裂纹扩展的问题。在数值算例中,通过编写完整的MATLAB分析计算程序,求解了单边缺口的三点弯曲梁和四点剪切梁的裂纹扩展问题,计算结果显示扩展比例边界有限元法能有效地预测裂纹轨迹和荷载-位移曲线。通过参数敏感性分析,还可得出该方法具有较低的网格依赖性,且对裂纹扩展步长不敏感。     

发展基于CB壳单元的扩展有限元模拟三维任意扩展裂纹

该文提出了一种新的基于连续体壳单元的扩展有限元格式,以用于对曲面上任意形状裂纹的扩展问题进行模拟。扩充形函数的构造和应力强度因子的计算都是基于三维实体单元进行,因此可以模拟复杂的三维断裂情况,壳体厚度的变化也可以得到考虑。三维应力强度因子的计算公式被引入到这种方法中。为模拟裂纹扩展,三维最大能量释放率准则被用作裂纹扩展准则。计算结果显示了曲面上的裂纹扩展路径可以与网格无关,并且由于在裂纹尖端的单元设置了具有奇异性的形函数,裂尖应力场被精确捕捉,从而证明了这种方法的优越性。     

求解双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子的扩展有限元法

基于双材料界面裂纹尖端的基本解,构造扩展有限元法(eXtended Finite Element Methods, XFEM)裂尖单元结点的改进函数。有限元网格剖分不遵从材料界面,考虑3种类型的结点改进函数:弱不连续改进函数、Heaviside改进函数和裂尖改进函数,建立XFEM的位移模式,给出计算双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子(Stress Intensity Factors, SIFs)的相互作用积分方法。数值结果表明:XFEM无需遵从材料界面剖分网格,该文的方法能够准确评价双材料界面裂纹尖端的SIFs。     

线粘弹性断裂分析的增量加料有限元法

提出了一种用于解决线粘弹性断裂问题的增量加料有限元法。为了反映裂纹尖端的应力奇异性,在裂尖附近的应力奇异区采用若干四边形加料单元和过渡单元,非奇异区采用常规四边形单元,三种单元分区混合使用形成求解域网格划分。加料单元通过引入裂尖渐近位移场,构造出可以较好反映裂尖奇异性的单元位移模式,过渡单元在加料单元基础上引入调整函数构造单元位移模式,用于连接加料单元和常规单元,以消除加料单元和常规单元间位移不协调。基于Boltzmann叠加原理,推导了粘弹性材料的增量型本构关系,进而获得了增量加料有限元列式,并基于节点位移外推法计算粘弹性介质中裂纹应变能释放率。数值算例验证了该文方法的正确性和有效性。     

垂直界面裂纹应力强度因子的加料有限元分析

为求解裂尖位于界面上的垂直双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子,发展了一种加料有限元方法。该方法应用Williams本征函数展开和线性变换方法求解裂尖渐进位移场,将该位移场加入常规单元位移模式中,得到加料垂直界面裂纹单元和过渡单元的位移模式,给出加料有限元方程。建立了典型垂直界面裂纹平面问题的加料有限元模型,求解加料有限元方程直接得到应力强度因子,与文献结果对比表明该方法具有较高的精度,可方便地推广应用于垂直界面裂纹的计算分析。     

裂纹稳态扩展下正交异性材料的动应力强度因子K_(Ⅲ)解答

研究了无限大正交异性材料中半无限长Ⅲ型裂纹的动态扩展问题。裂纹尖端附近的应力和位移被表达为解析复函数的形式,而复函数可以表达为幂级数的形式,幂级数的系数由研究问题的边界条件来确定。这样就给出了裂纹尖端附近的应力分量和位移分量的简单近似表达式,由推导出的动应力分量和动位移分量可以退化为其在各向同性材料静态断裂问题中的情况。最后,裂纹扩展特性由裂纹几何参数和裂纹扩展速度来反映出来,相同的几何参数情况下,裂纹扩展愈快,裂纹尖端附近的最大应力分量和最大位移分量愈大。     

裂纹稳态扩展下正交异性材料的动应力强度因子KⅢ解答

研究了无限大正交异性材料中半无限长Ⅲ型裂纹的动态扩展问题.裂纹尖端附近的应力和位移被表达为解析复函数的形式,而复函数可以表达为幂级数的形式,幂级数的系数由研究问题的边界条件来确定.这样就给出了裂纹尖端附近的应力分量和位移分量的简单近似表达式,由推导出的动应力分量和动位移分量可以退化为其在各向同性材料静态断裂问题中的情况.最后,裂纹扩展特性由裂纹几何参数和裂纹扩展速度来反映出来,相同的几何参数情况下,裂纹扩展愈快,裂纹尖端附近的最大应力分量和最大位移分量愈大.     

Viscoplastic plane‐strain analysis of infinite solids using elastic supports

A highly efficient novel Finite Element Boundary Element Method (FEBEM) is proposed for the elasto‐viscoplastic plane‐strain analysis of displacements and stresses in infinite solids. The proposed method takes advantage of both the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Boundary Element Method (BEM) to achieve higher efficiency and accuracy by using the concept of elastic supports to simulate the effects of unbounded solid mass surrounding the region of interest. The BEM is used to compute the stiffnesses of elastic supports and to estimate the location of the truncation boundary for the finite element model. As compared to the conventional coupled FEBEM, the proposed method has three main computational advantages. Firstly, the symmetrical and highly banded form of the standard finite element stiffness matrix is not disturbed. Secondly, the proposed technique may be implemented simply by using standard codes for elasto‐viscoplastic finite element analysis and elastic boundary element analysis. Thirdly, the yielded zone is approximately located in advance by using the BEM and hence, an unnecessarily large extent of the domain does not have to be discretized for the finite element modelling. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated by computing elastic and elasto‐plastic displacements and stresses around ‘deep’ underground openings in rock mass subject to hydrostatic and non‐hydrostatic in situ stresses. Results obtained by the proposed method are compared with ‘exact’ solutions and with those obtained by using a BEM and a coupled FEBEM. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Discontinuity‐Enriched Finite Element Method

We introduce a new methodology for modeling problems with both weak and strong discontinuities independently of the finite element discretization. At variance with the eXtended/Generalized Finite Element Method (X/GFEM), the new method, named the Discontinuity‐Enriched Finite Element Method (DE‐FEM), adds enriched degrees of freedom only to nodes created at the intersection between a discontinuity and edges of elements in the mesh. Although general, the method is demonstrated in the context of fracture mechanics, and its versatility is illustrated with a set of traction‐free and cohesive crack examples. We show that DE‐FEM recovers the same rate of convergence as the standard FEM with matching meshes, and we also compare the new approach to X/GFEM.     

Extension to linear dynamics for hybrid stress finite element formulation based on additional displacements

 Based upon legitimate variational principles, one microscopic-macroscopic finite element formulation for linear dynamics is presented by Hybrid Stress Finite Element Method. The microscopic application of Geometric Perturbation introduced by Pian and the introduction of infinitesimal limit core element (Baby Element) have been consistently combined according to the flexible and inherent interpretation of the legitimate variational principles initially originated by Pian and Tong. The conceptual development based upon Hybrid Finite Element Method is extended to linear dynamics with the introduction of physically meaningful higher modes.     

Daubechies条件小波混合有限元法在梁计算中的应用

常规的Daubechies小波有限元法是以挠度为基本未知量的单变量有限元法,其弯矩函数需要通过挠度函数的二阶求导间接求解,故弯矩的计算精度一般比挠度低。此外,目前常用的Daubechies小波有限元法需要借助于转换矩阵引入位移边界条件,大大影响了计算精度。结合广义变分原理,将边界条件作为附加条件构造修正泛函,以该修正泛...     

Embedded interfaces by polytope FEM

In this paper, the Polytope Finite Element Method is employed to model an embedded interface through the body, independent of the background FEM mesh. The elements that are crossed by the embedded interface are decomposed into new polytope elements which have some nodes on the interface line. The interface introduces discontinuity into the primary variable (strong) or into its derivatives (weak). Both strong and weak discontinuities are studied by the proposed method through different numerical examples including fracture problems with traction‐free and cohesive cracks, and heat conduction problems with Dirichlet and Dirichlet–Neumann types of boundary conditions on the embedded interface. For traction‐free cracks which have tip singularity, the nodes near the crack tip are enriched with the singular functions through the eXtended Finite Element Method. The concept of Natural Element Coordinates (NECs) is invoked to drive shape functions for the produced polytopes. A simple treatment is proposed for concave polytopes produced by a kinked interface and also for locating crack tip inside an element prior to using the singularity enrichment. The proposed method pursues some implementational details of eXtended/Generalized Finite Element Methods for interfaces. But here the additional DOFs are constructed on the interface lines in contrast to X/G‐FEM, which attach enriched DOFs to the previously existed nodes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限元简化模型应用于超声换能器模拟分析

依据有限元方法的基本物理思想,在某些不需要计算辐射声场的准确声学参数和波束特性的工程应用方面,对流体模型进行充分简化,提出了简化模型处理的有效方法,利用该方法对超声换能器进行模拟分析,并进行了样品的制作和测试,实测结果与模型简化分析处理的结果基本一致。可以证明,用该方法进行换能器的优化设计是可行和高效的。     

三维有限元并行EBE方法

采用Jacobi预处理,推导了基于EBE方法的预处理共轭梯度算法,给出了有限元EBE方法在分布存储并行机上的计算过程,可以实现整个三维有限元计算过程的并行化。编制了三维有限元求解的PFEM(ParallelFiniteElementMethod)程序,并在网络机群系统上实现。采用矩形截面悬臂梁的算例,对PFEM程序进行了数值测试,对串行计算和并行计算的效率进行了分析,最后将PFEM程序应用于二滩拱坝-地基系统的三维有限元数值计算中。结果表明,三维有限元EBE算法在求解过程中不需要集成整体刚度矩阵,有效地减少了对内存的需求,具有很好的并行性,可以有效地进行三维复杂结构的大规模数值分析。     

Experimental and numerical study for detection of rail defect

Condition monitoring methodologies have become an important part in maintenance programs for any type of structure towards prevention of catastrophic accidents. Natural frequency analysis is a useful methodology to evaluate the integrity condition of structural elements, such as: rotor beams, rails and almost every machine component. In this work, two techniques were applied for condition monitoring of rails: numerical, using the Finite Element Method (FEM), and experimental analysis. Sections of a rail 115RE had been characterized in the field for integral track section and laboratory for integral and artificial cracks conditions at different depths, in free-free boundary condition. Numerical simulation was used to compare and validate the experimental analysis. The changes in natural frequencies were observed as a function of the crack depth. It was performed a sensitivity analysis of natural frequency variation due to the influence of the crack depth and the section dimensions in order to explore the behaviour in modes of vibration. In addition, this monitoring technique can be potentially used as a criterion of when is necessary whether or not to eliminate the crack by gridding or replace the entire rail section. Finally, the finite element simulation was validated throughout natural frequencies measurements in the railway network.