基于主曲线法的核电主管道材料断裂韧性研究

核电工程的防脆断设计和在役缺陷评价主要应用线弹性断裂力学,并基于材料断裂韧性进行评价。材料断裂韧性需通过试验测定,首先采用落锤试验和V型缺口冲击试验共同确定参考温度,或采用主曲线法确定参考温度,然后将参考温度和材料温度作为变量建立关系式描述材料的断裂韧性。主曲线法能通过较少的试样试验得到材料的断裂韧性,并具有较高的置信度,因此在工程中已得到越来越多的应用。文中采用ASTM E1921标准,应用主曲线法测量了某核电厂主管道材料的参考温度,确定了材料的断裂韧性,并与ASME第Ⅺ卷附录G中的断裂韧性进行比较。结果表明,采用主曲线法得到的材料断裂韧性更高,工程应用中减少了保守裕度,提高了经济性。     

载荷分离法对国产A508-Ⅲ钢断裂韧性的适用性测试

利用载荷分离规则化方法对国产A508-Ⅲ钢1/2T-FFCT试样的断裂韧性进行了测试,得到了国产A508-Ⅲ钢的J-R阻力曲线及断裂韧性JQ值,并采用ASTM E1820及GB/T21143标准对结果进行了判定;同时对其中一个辐照后参考转变温度(T_0)测试的断裂韧性数据采用规则化法进行了处理,研究了载荷分离法对国产A508-Ⅲ钢的断裂韧性测试的适用性。     

22NiMoCr3-7钢韧-脆转变区断裂韧度及断裂失效曲线

采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对22NiMoCr3-7压力容器钢单边裂纹三点弯曲试件进行弹塑性数值计算.分析了在不同温度的解理断裂载荷水平下,韧-脆转变温度区标准裂纹和浅裂纹试件裂纹尖端区域的应力场.用J-A2双参数理论,评估标准裂纹和浅裂纹试件裂纹尖端的约束效应,计算了与主曲线参考温度T0相应的约束参数A2值.根据双参数断裂理论和RKR断裂准则,给出了22NiMoCr3-7压力容器钢在不同温度时与约束相关的断裂失效曲线.结果表明,断裂失效预测曲线与实验结果基本一致.     

核电厂核级承压设备对铁素体材料的断裂韧性基本要求

本文概要介绍了铁素体材料构件的低温脆断的理论基础和抗脆断设计．总结并评价了ASME规范中对核电厂核安全级别承压设备铁素体材料抗脆断的断裂韧性要求．即核安全级别与材料的缺口冲击韧性要求之间存在相应的关系，从而保证了核电厂承压边界不会发生脆性破裂。     

核电厂压力容器安全评估的新方法——主曲线简介

新的主曲线方法对反应堆压力容器完整性的评估在美国被称为革命性的改进。本文从保证核电安全的反应堆运行限值曲线出发,说明主曲线的由来、根据和标准;从对微观组织很敏感的脆性断裂特点,阐述主曲线的理论和它的统计规律性及其Weibull分布统计模型和实验方法;从断裂韧性数据库对该模型的拟合式,理解主曲线的含义、优点和应用以及主曲...     

核压力容器钢辐照后动态断裂韧性测试及研究

应用预裂纹示波冲击法研究压力容器钢辐辐照后动态断裂韧性Ｋｉｄ测试方法,结果表明：预裂纹试样的裂纹扩展始于其最大载荷之前,辐照对动态断裂韧性△Ｔ１００的影响小于冲击韧性转变温度△Ｔ４ＩＪ的影响。     

IAEA技术报告TECDOC-371(1987)——适用于放射性核素释放的大气弥散模式

IAEA 的这一技术报告对建立大气弥散模式各种方法和这些模式的来源做了综合性的评论。报告涉及建立各种不同尺度(局地尺度、中尺度、区域性尺度及全球尺度)的弥散模式的不同方法和用于特殊条件时方法的改进.该报告包括三个部分:①有关模式的物理和理论基础的基本知识;②模式;③模式的有效性和它们在预测中的不确定性。对于原先缺乏这方面知识的人来说,较好地掌握有关模式的物理和理论基础方面的     

田湾核电站反应堆压力容器承压热冲击分析

反应堆压力容器(RPV)是核反应堆中不可替换的关键设备。田湾核电站在役前检查阶段,发现反应堆压力容器2#焊缝存在超标缺陷,2#焊缝处于堆芯筒体段,属强辐照区。为评价该缺陷的可接受性,采用有限元方法对反应堆压力容器2#焊缝进行了承压热冲击分析,在分析中考虑了小破口失水事故和安全阀误开启这两种最严酷工况。计算结果表明:有限元分析的结果与外国专家推荐方法的计算结果基本吻合,且田湾核电站反应堆压力容器2#焊缝寿期末的脆性转变温度小于最低容许脆性转变温度,能满足防脆断的设计要求。     

SA335-P11钢高温断裂韧性试验中规则化方法的应用

运行温度下的弹塑性断裂韧性参数是核电厂含裂纹缺陷压力管道设计、评价和分析的重要数据输入。高温环境会对弹性卸载柔度法的准确性造成影响。基于载荷分离理论的规则化数据处理方法无需同步测量裂纹扩展量即可获得材料弹塑性断裂性能数据J-R阻力曲线,具有明显优势。根据美国材料与测试协会(ASTM)E1820标准,对核电厂主蒸汽管道材料SA335-P11钢的紧凑拉伸(CT)标准试样在280℃高温环境进行J-R阻力曲线测定。对试验载荷位移试验数据分别采用弹性卸载柔度法和规则化数据处理方法进行对比分析,验证在高温试验环境下的分析中规则化数据处理方法对传统弹性卸载柔度法的可替代性。     

核监测用断裂韧性Charpy尺寸试样的合理设计

预制疲劳裂纹侧槽Charpy尺寸试样是一种经济、方便的评价核压力容器用钢弹塑性断裂韧性的单试样方法。本文就几种常用压力容器用钢详细研究了侧槽相对深度对断裂韧性及相应的稳定裂纹扩展量的影响,并和满足GB2038要求的大尺寸试样的试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,采用预制疲劳裂纹、侧槽相对深度为30%的Charpy尺寸试样及三点弯曲试验曲线上最大载荷前的能量,可以偏安全地评价裂纹开始扩展时材料的弹塑性断裂韧性,建立了核监测用断裂韧性试验Charpy尺寸试样的合理设计。此外,还研究了侧槽的拘束效应和对试样的加厚作用,对试验结果进行了理论解释。     

Effect of prior crack growth on cleavage fracture of low toughness precracked Charpy specimens

Cleavage fracture of reactor pressure vessel steels in the upper ductile to brittle transition region generally occurs with prior significant ductile crack growth. For low upper shelf materials and using PreCracked Charpy v-notch (PCCv) specimens that can be obtained from conventional surveillance programs, the effect of prior crack growth could be particularly important. In practice, the shape of the Master Curve and the failure distribution could be affected by ductile crack growth. To quantify the effect in practical applications, the effect of prior ductile on cleavage is evaluated on PCCv specimen.The methodology use finite element calculations to grow a ductile crack and infer the brittle failure probability using the local approach to fracture. It is found that for very low upper shelf toughness materials, ductile crack growth enhances the failure probability, induces a steeper failure distribution and affects the shape of the Master Curve. However, for low toughness materials, the enhanced failure probability due to crack growth is compensated by loss of constraint.     

Fracture assessment of shallow-flaw cruciform beams tested under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions

A technology to determine shallow-flaw fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels is being developed for application to the safety assessment of RPVs containing postulated shallow surface flaws. Matrices of cruciform beam tests were developed to investigate and quantify the effects of temperature, biaxial loading, and specimen size on fracture initiation toughness of two-dimensional (constant depth), shallow, surface flaws. The cruciform beam specimens were developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to introduce a far-field, out-of-plane biaxial stress component in the test section that approximates the nonlinear stresses resulting from pressurized-thermal-shock or pressure–temperature loading of an RPV. Tests were conducted under biaxial load ratios ranging from uniaxial to equibiaxial. These tests demonstrated that biaxial loading can have a pronounced effect on shallow-flaw fracture toughness in the lower transition temperature region for an RPV material. The cruciform fracture toughness data were used to evaluate fracture methodologies for predicting the observed effects of biaxial loading on shallow-flaw fracture toughness. Initial emphasis was placed on assessment of stress-based methodologies, namely, the J–Q formulation, the Dodds–Anderson toughness scaling model, and the Weibull approach. Applications of these methodologies based on the hydrostatic stress fracture criterion indicated an effect of loading-biaxiality on fracture toughness; the conventional maximum principal stress criterion indicated no effect. A three-parameter Weibull model based on the hydrostatic stress criterion is shown to correlate with the experimentally observed biaxial effect on cleavage fracture toughness by providing a scaling mechanism between uniaxial and biaxial loading states.     

Structural integrity assessment of aging nuclear reactor pressure vessels

Irradiation embrittlement reduces both the cleavage fracture toughness and the ductile tearing toughness of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. Extensive research programs have investigated the fracture behavior of heavy-section vessels containing flaws. Information obtained from that research has been used to develop regulatory guidance for evaluating the structural integrity of irradiated RPVs. Additional research programs have developed fracture analysis methods, and generated the data required for their implementation. Regulatory guidance employs fracture analysis technology to assure that adequate fracture-prevention margins for RPVs are maintained throughout the licensed operating period of nuclear power plants.     

Prediction of lower bound fracture toughness for lifetime evaluation of reactor pressure vessels

The potential damage of embrittlement in service is a very important problem of MnMoNi steels used for the nuclear reactor pressure vessel. A decrease of critical flaw size may occur when embrittlement proceeds. The remaining lifetime of the reactors should be assessed taking into account the embrittlement of the steel paying special attention to the degradation of dynamic fracture toughness. The present study introduces the basic concept of the remaining lifetime assessment. Examined was a small specimen fracture toughness test for measuring the dynamic fracture toughness of nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. The result was applied in the measurement of the dynamic fracture toughness of 12 heats of RPV steels. The test results were analyzed to find more practical applications and a method is presented to predict the lower bound dynamic fracture toughness using the Charpy impact test and tensile test results.     

Fracture toughness of irradiated and recovered vessel steels

This paper presents the fracture toughness measurements carried out on three vessel steels in an irradiated condition and after a post-irradiation recovery treatment. A statistical approach and the fracture parameters corresponding to two theoretical models of the fracture tests are used for evaluating toughness. Test results show that the neutron fluence gradually transforms the fracture behaviour of the vessel steels from ductile to brittle and seriously reduces their fracture toughness. The effectiveness of the recovery treatment, as evaluated from the toughness measurements, is confirmed, although the efficiency is not the same for the steels and depends on the evaluation parameter except in the case of almost complete recovery. The recovery effect increases with the received neutron fluence if the toughness values after treatment are compared with those in the irradiated condition rather than those in the as received condition.     

Mechanism based evaluation of materials behavior and reference curves

The safety assessment of nuclear pressure vessels and piping requires a quantitative estimation of defect growth by stable and unstable manner during service. This estimation is essential for determining whether the defect detected during inspection should be repaired or whether the size of the defect even after its expected growth is small enough to leave the integrity of the vessel unaffected.The most important stable defect growth mechanism is that of environmentally assisted cyclic crack growth. Recent results indicate that it is markedly affected by sulfur content and/or manganese sulfide morphology and distribution. This implies that an essential improvement in component safety has been gained by currently applied steelmaking practices, which result in extra low sulfur content, generally below 0.01 wt%, and in round shape and small size of inclusions, through, e.g., calcium treatment, hence considerably reducing the effect of environment on crack growth rate. This further implies that the ASME Section XI reference curves for environmentally accelerated cyclic crack growth are conservative for steels produced by current steelmaking practices.The ASME Section XI applies predominantly linear elastic fracture mechanics to assess the effects of cracks on the integrity of nuclear power plant components. Unstable linear elastic fracture often propagates by cleavage mechanism. The cleavage fracture process has recently been shown to be of statistical nature in both ferritic and bainitic steels. The carbide size distribution plays a dominant role in controlling the fracture toughness of these steels. A cleavage fracture model has been developed, based on carbide induced cleavage fracture in ferritic and bainitic steels, which can be used to estimate the expected value and probability limits of fracture toughness. This method has been utilized to evaluate the conservatism of the ASME reference fracture toughness curve. For this purpose a microstructural analysis was carried out for the HSST-02 plate material, with which a large amount of K_Ic data has previously been generated for reference curve purpose. The result of the statistical evaluation indicates that based on the 95% survival probability limit some parts of the ASME reference fracture toughness curve are unconservative.     

用小尺寸R－CT试样研究核压力容器钢断裂韧性及与Charpy试样的比较

提出了一种用双边带深侧槽的小尺寸圆形紧凑拉伸试样评定核压力容器（ＲＰＶ）钢断裂韧性的单试作试验方法，给出了用该方法测定的两个厂家生产的核压力容器用Ａ５０８ＣＬ３钢的断裂韧性参数，还与Ｃｈａｒｐｙ试样的试验结果及大尺寸标准试样的试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明：用双边带深侧槽的小尺寸Ｒ－ＣＴ试样测得的断裂韧性值比相同恻槽深度预制疲劳裂纹Ｃｈａｒｐｙ试样的测试值更接近有效断裂韧性值，所以，用于核压力容器断裂韧性的监测是可行的。     

低铜合金反应堆压力容器钢辐照脆化预测评估模型

反应堆压力容器（RPV）材料辐照脆化预测评估对保证核反应堆安全运行、预防重大灾难性事故的发生具有重要意义。通过深入了解RPV材料辐照损伤机理和分析国外较为成熟的RPV辐照脆化预测模型,揭示了国外有关压力容器辐照脆化预测模型对低铜RPV辐照脆化预测的不足及其原因。在此基础上,发展和建立了适用于低铜RPV辐照脆化趋势的预测模型CIAE-2009。利用辐照性能数据对CIAE-2009模型进行了验证。结果表明,CIAE-2009对低铜含量RPV材料辐照脆化趋势预测具有较高的准确性和可靠性。