岩石膨化硝铵炸药的生产工艺和质量控制

岩石膨化硝铵炸药是一种新型无梯粉状炸药,它是由膨化硝酸铵、木粉和复合油相组成,其中膨化硝酸铵是经过表面活性技术处理的自敏化改性硝酸铵。文中介绍了岩石膨化硝铵炸药的生产工艺,详细讨论了影响膨化硝酸铵质量和岩石膨化硝铵炸药质量的因素。     

膨化硝酸铵的膨化过程研究

讨论了硝酸铵膨化敏化过程中体系水分、温度的变化情况和微气泡、孔的形成过程,研究发现专用表面活性剂在硝酸铵膨化敏化改性过程中起降低表面张力和起发泡剂的作用。     

改性硝酸铵研究进展及其发展方向

从粒状硝酸铵的问世和发展、抗硬化结晶粉末硝酸铵和不破乳松散性结晶硝酸铵的研究、用于膨化炸药的膨化硝酸铵研制、用于无梯炸药的敏化改性硝酸铵的研究、钝化或防爆硝酸铵的开发、液体硝酸铵在炸药中的应用、改性多孔粒状硝酸铵的研究等方面概述了我国改性硝酸铵的研究成果。开发高性能多孔硝酸铵和防爆的农用硝酸铵及其下游产品,是我国改性硝酸铵今后主要的发展方向。     

膨化硝酸铵的制备技术

提出制备敏化硝酸铵的几个途径 ,重点阐述硝酸铵真空膨化改性结晶机制、膨化设备和膨化剂的作用 ,确定了优化的工艺条件。在表面活性剂作用下的真空改性结晶方法 ,是制造综合性能优良的“无梯”和“少梯”类膨化硝铵炸药的核心技术 ,也是当前的最佳技术途径。     

低爆速震源药柱的配方研究

研究一种以低爆速膨化硝铵炸药为主装药的低爆速震源药柱。用自敏化改性膨化硝酸铵为氧化剂的低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方为(质量分数):膨化硝酸铵83%~87%、木粉3.0%~4.0%、复合油2.0%~3.0%、高能添加剂4.0%~5.0%和稀释剂6%~8%。研究表明,低爆速膨化硝铵震源药柱具有稳定的爆炸性能和优良的安全性能,其爆速为2 200~2 500m.-s 1,装药密度0.78~0.82 g.cm-3,各种环境条件下的起爆率均为100%。     

膨化硝酸铵性能研究

用表面活性技术对工业硝酸铵进行处理制得膨化硝酸铵,研究了膨化硝酸铵的各项物理性能。研究结果表明：同工业硝酸铵相比,膨化硝酸铵具有更为优良的性能,更适合作为微烟、少烟工业炸药的氧化剂。     

膨化胱酸铵性能研究

用表面活性技术对工业硝酸铵进行处理制香膨化硝酸铵,研究了膨化硝酸铵的各项物理性能。研究结果表明：同工业硝酸铵相比,膨化硝酸铵具有更为优良的性能,更适合作为微烟、少烟工业炸药的氧化剂。     

硝酸铵膨化用表面活性剂研究

介绍了膨化硝酸铵（ＡＮ）的用途、膨化硝酸铵用表面活性剂的合成原理,考察了表面活性剂中各复配组分的作用。     

硝酸铵膨化机理研究

简介了新型粉状工业炸药——岩石膨化硝铵炸药配方及特性,提出了硝酸铵膨化机理,讨论了空白膨化及表面活性剂膨化硝酸铵的影响因素及其结果。     

膨化硝酸铵的热分解动力学研究

利用热重法测得了普通工业硝酸铵和膨胀化硝酸铵的热重曲线,计算到了普通肖酸铵和膨化硝酸铵的热分解活化能,研究了普通工业硝酸铵和膨化硝酸铵的热分解反应机理和动力学方程。     

Multilayer composite surfaces prepared by an electrostatic self‐assembly technique with quaternary ammonium salt and poly(acrylic acid) on poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐acrylic acid) membranes

An electrostatic self‐assembly technique was applied to prepare ion complex polymer layers on polyacrylonitrile with acrylic acid segments {poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐acrylic acid) [P(AN‐co‐AA)]}. For the ionic complex layers, quaternary ammonium salts, such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) and tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC), were used as cationic species, and also, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was used as an anionic species. These cationic and anionic species were self‐assembled alternately on the surface of the P(AN‐co‐AA) membrane. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, AFM, and water contact angle measurements of the membrane surface were used to confirm the formation of the multilayer composites on the P(AN‐co‐AA). The permeabilities of water and macromolecules of different molecular weights were evaluated by a membrane filtration technique. The values of permeability strongly depended on the formation layer by layer of these ion composites on the base P(AN‐co‐AA). Through the measurement of the values of the contact angle of water, it was clear that surface nature of the base membrane treated by CTAC or TMAC and PAA dramatically changed. We concluded that such an electrostatic self‐assembly technique is useful for the preparation of multicomposite layers to modify the surface of base P(AN‐co‐AA) membranes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Kinetic Regularities of the Heat Release for the Interaction of Some Organic Compounds with Ammonium Nitrate

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is used as an oxidant in a series of systems with a wide spectrum of applications, from explosive compositions up to smokeless stoichiometric self‐burning compositions with low combustion temperature. The knowledge of the thermal stability of such compositions is of great importance in using them in practice. In this work the research of kinetics of heat release in the interaction of AN with different organic compounds has been performed using the automatic differential calorimeter.     

硫三碳菁红外染料的光谱增感及超增感技术的应用研究

红外染料自减感的化学过程是致使红外增感效率低的原因。据此 ,红外感光材料的超增感过程应与抑制染料自发减感是密切相关的。二苯乙烯类衍生物 ,以及抗坏血酸作为红外染料超增感剂 ,有效地提高红外染料的光谱增感效率。     

用神经网络对石蜡无催化剂氧化反应行为的研究

在自制的石蜡氧化装置上对石蜡进行了无催化剂氧化 ,并利用人工神经网络将氧化蜡的酸值和酯值与石蜡氧化条件 (反应温度、空气流量和反应时间 )进行关联。建立了石蜡无催化剂氧化的神经网络模型 ,并用该模型对石蜡的无催化剂氧化规律进行了预测。结果表明 ,该模型不但具有较高的计算精度 ,而且具有满意的预测能力     

超低温喷射冻干法制备纳米硝酸铵及其热分解和感度特性研究

为了减小AN的粒径,采用超低温喷射冻干法制备了纳米AN;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)和X光电子能谱(XPS)对样品进行了表征;采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重-质谱(TG-MS)分析了其热分解性能;测试了纳米AN的机械感度和热感度,并与原料AN进行了对比。结果表明,制备出的纳米AN微观形貌呈类球形,粒径小于100nm;其分子结构、表面元素和晶相与原料AN一致;纳米AN的热分解活化能为92.11kJ/mol,较原料AN仅下降了5.43kJ/mol,说明纳米化后其热稳定性基本不变;纳米AN热分解的产物为NH₃、H₂O和N₂O,与原料AN基本一致;纳米AN对机械作用非常钝感,10kg落球下特性落高(H50)大于110cm,摩擦感度爆炸百分比(P)为16%;但纳米AN热感度低于原料AN,其5s爆发点(T5s)为277℃,而原料AN的T5s为266℃。     

钙矾石在湿热环境下结构变异性的研究

通过ＤＴＡ，ＳＥＭ观察和大量Ｘ射线衍射分析，给出钙矾石稳定存在和结构脱水变异的温度范围以及变异后的结构特征；得出了以钙矾石为膨胀源的自应力水泥混凝土的稳定使用范围。     

A Mathematical Approach to a More Accurate Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration and Other Thermodynamic Parameters of 14‐2‐14 Gemini Surfactant in Water–Organic Solvent Mixed Media at Variable Temperatures

To explore how the solvent characteristics influence the self‐aggregation of the cationic gemini surfactant dimethylene‐1,2‐bis(tetradecyldimethylammonium bromide) (14‐2‐14) and to obtain various energetic parameters, conductometric experiments were performed on the binary mixtures in the presence of commonly used organic solvents; formamide (FA), acetonitrile (AN) and 2‐methoxyethanol (ME) in aqueous solutions at varying temperatures (298.15–323.15 K) and compositions. The procedure suggested by Carpena et al. has been utilized to analyze conductivity–concentration plots in order to obtain critical micelle concentration (CMC) and degree of counterion dissociation (α) of the micelles. This method provides more accurate results as compared to conventional treatments, and the experimental error for the evaluation of micellar parameters is reduced significantly. The results revealed that, although the process of micellization becomes less favorable with the increase in composition of FA, AN and ME in mixed systems, the increase in CMC at compositions lower than 20% (v/v) of the organic solvents is relatively less, indicating that water character is dominant in the bulk phase. As the enthalpy of micellization became more negative, the corresponding entropy change became less positive and enthalpy–entropy compensation phenomenon has been observed for 14‐2‐14 in all the mixtures within the studied temperature range.     

去除丙烯腈产品过氧化物工艺技术

丙烯腈是重要的化工产品。随着丙烯腈下游产品加工的多元化,对丙烯腈产品中过氧化物含量也有不同的要求,过氧化物超标的问题时常困扰着丙烯腈生产企业,直接影响到丙烯腈产品的销售和市场竞争力。探讨了去除丙烯腈产品过氧化物的工艺技术,解决了丙烯腈装置过氧化物超标的难题。     

近年丙烯腈的市场分析

丙烯腈在我国近年获得了充分的发展,生产能力有了较大的增长,2000年达到43×104t/a,但我国的丙烯腈消费主要还是用于生产腈纶,因此丙烯腈的价格受腈纶行情的影响较大,在新一轮丙烯腈装置新建高潮来临之际,应该及时调整丙烯腈的消费结构,以保证丙烯腈在我国的顺利发展.