核与辐射安全的危机公关及对策

我们生活在一个危机四伏的年代，信息的透明化与经济的全球化，更使危机突显，而应对危机的重要措施之一便是危机公关。这已经被实践证实为有效的一种手段，是公关宣传和应急预案所不能替代的、相辅相成的重要组成部分。危机公关是一个新的领域，需要人们解放思想，适应时代的发展趋势。危机公关是一门新的学科领域，技巧性很强，因而也需要人们在建立危机公关机制时采用新的观念和措施。本文中笔者试图阐述核与辐射安全管理中运用危机公关应对危机。     

核农学在中国

核技术是农业科学研究的有力工具，在中国形成了一门以核技术农业应用为主要内容的综合性很强的交叉学科一核农学。核农学是农业科学和农业生产中的一项高新技术，是非核动力应用中的一个重要方面，也是核技术应用一个卓有成效的科学领域。核农学涉及到许多基础理论、方法学和应用技术及工艺等一系列问题，在具体应用中需要不断研究创新才能发挥其作用。在过去的数十年间，我国重视了上述各方面的研究，核技术在农业领域中的应用(包括诱变育种、     

食品辐照:走向消费者

在几个国家中,一些措施正在推动食品辐照的商业发展。在美国,1985年12月12日由保健和人事服务部(HHS)批准了一个新的条例,它准许人们用特定剂量的辐射去处理新鲜水果和蔬菜,以防止其变质,并延长其货架寿命。当时的HHS部长MargaretHeckler在宣布这项决定时说,新的条例“是走向消费者的重要一步”。辐照食品需加标     

浅析适应性安全时代

目前繁琐的文件化规定的弊端越来越明显,导致安全体制出现了问题。文章结合核工业系统阐述了第五代安全管理时代——适应性安全时代的特征。适应性安全时代包括适应性文化、警觉意识以及恢复性管理并且需要人们在思想观念上的转变,即从人为可变性作为一种责任和需要被控制的因素到人为可变性作为一个优势和安全的重要因素。核电运行管理中应对适应性安全时代加以重视。     

食品照射的现状与前景

随着人口的迅速增长,需要在世界范围内不断增加能源和食品生产,要求在节约能源的同时,更有效地利用原子能。食品照射无论在食品的贮藏、运输和分配的各个环节上均能有效地节约能源、减少食品损失,为防止食品腐败开辟一个新的领域。此外,辐射保藏食品较之传统的食品保藏方法具有许多优点和巨大的潜力,已越来越引起人们的兴趣和重视。因此,食品照射已成为核能利用的一个重要方面。     

2008财年美国新弹头研制计划将获得6600万美元拨款

美国能源部部长塞缪尔·博德曼与国防部部长和国务卿共同向国会提交了一份关于布什政府未来核武器战略的文件。这份名为《国家安全与核武器：在21世纪保持核威慑》的文件，不仅回顾了冷战期间的核威慑历史，还指出了如何使用核威慑来应对目前和未来的安全威胁，以及为了应对这些威胁，美国在21世纪需要怎样的核武库。其中可靠替换弹头（RRW）计划是美国新核战略中的一项重要内容。     

固体放射性废物处置的辐射防护原则

国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的常务委员会最近接受了一份由一个特别工作组提交的关于论述固体放射性废物处置的辐射防护原财的报告,在报告的穿言中记述了为满足与本主题特别有关的报告的需要是出于以下两个理由:其一是,由该委员会推荐的剂量限值体系,绝不可能帮助人们作出有关处置实践的决定,因为在处置实践中辐射影响取决于不一定发生的事件和过程。该报告所阐明的意图是要将ICRP的推荐崖延伸到废物管理中涉及随机情况的领域中去。另一个困难领域是关于伴随某些处置项目的长期管     

安全经济高效的先进能源

具有第四代安全经济特性的核电应该是人们期待的先进的清洁低碳能源。高温气冷堆是当今研发的第四代核电堆型之一,但现有的设计还存在需要排除的严重的安全隐患。堆芯不熔化,不等于说不会有严重事故发生。需要吸取国外球床高温堆和柱状高温堆两种实验堆型运行的经验教训、扩展安全观念和应对安全低概率事件,确保反应堆不出现后果极其严重的放射性释放事故。当热电转换系统采用与燃气蒸汽联合循环耦合应用的技术以后,会发挥高温堆所长,更大地提升转换效率,形成一种高安全低投资和高效率的双燃料清洁能源,可用于大堆或小堆的应用环境,可满足电力系统基本负荷和调锋负荷的需要。在工程设计上采取一系列改进和创新措施,包括釆用规则床模块化及地下反应堆设计以后,可在提高反应堆核心部位安全防卫能力的同时,防范低概率事件,成为一种新的安全经济高效的先进能源。     

用双波长分光光度法测定排放废水中的痕量铀

双波长分光光度法是一种新的光度测定技术,由于它具有较好的抗干扰能力和较高的灵敏度和准确度,因此近年来受到了人们愈来愈多的注意。该法与通常的单波长分光光度法的一个重要区别是,在双波长分光光度法中使用了两束不同波长的单色光交替地通过一个单独的样品地,然后测出样品溶液对两束光的吸光度的差值,这样样品溶液本身也被当作一个参     

溶液热合成法制备纳米结构SiC

纳米线／管作为纳米结构材料的重要结构形式成为材料界研究热点。人们利用各种方法制备出了金属、非金属和有机材料的纳米线／管，并不断发现材料在纳米尺度上一些新奇特异的性质，以及在众多领域新的甚至革命性的应用前景。     

论地区监督站在核电厂特殊事件中的职责问题

简要探讨了我国地区监督站职责中符合性监督和审评性监督问题,并结合核安全法规的价值理论,详细论述了地区监督站在核电厂特殊事件中的作用.本文所指“特殊事件“是指除会导致核电厂事故应急的其他偏离核电厂正常运行的或大修管理的事件或事故,包括电厂执照运行事件.指出地区监督站应建立应对核电厂特殊事件的集体决策机制,以便正确理解和履行法规赋予的职责,有所为而有所不为,为核安全监管起到应有的作用.     

Heat transfer and friction in nonuniform wall roughness lattice

The heat transfer and friction characteristics in a new lattice with nonuniform wall roughness are simulated using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) method with the Reynolds stress model (RSM). The applicable test of the turbulent model is made in a rectangular channel with a roughness wall. The roughness element height (e) is specified as a constant, and the influence of the relative roughness pitch (p/e) is analyzed in this work. This new lattice with nonuniform wall roughness is shown to be propitious for raising the quasi-periodic large-scale vortex structure even though the pattern is not as regular as that in the lattice with a smooth wall. The flow and temperature fields are redistributed for the introduction of roughness elements. The friction factor gradually decreases with the increase of p/e; however, minimal value of heat transfer is obtained in the lattice with p/e = 8. The friction factor and heat transfer in the new lattices are 2.64–3.59 and 3.14–3.30 times larger than those in the lattices with smooth walls, respectively. Considering the effects of both flow resistance and heat transfer coefficient, a new lattice with p/e = 15 is recommended.     

新型栅元湍流流动及涡结构数值模拟

本文利用非稳态雷诺平均模拟(URANS)对非均匀壁厚新型栅元中的准周期性大尺度涡结构和湍流流动特性进行了模拟和分析。结果表明:新型栅元的对流换热能力优于传统栅元的;增加周向角可强化涡结构强度;随周向角的增大,新型栅元摩擦阻力系数呈现先减小、后趋于恒定的变化趋势,而传热系数则会在达到极小值后略有上升。     

SOI材料和器件及其应用的新进展

综述了绝缘层上的硅(SOI)材料的新结构包括不同绝缘埋层和不同半导体材料结构的最新进展，介绍了SOI器件的新结构和SOI器件在抗辐射电子学方面的应用，报道了国内在SOI技术的研发和产业化的最新动态。     

基于模糊C-均值的原型模式选择及其在核爆地震识别中的应用

协同模式识别是一种全新的有着抗噪声、抗缺损等诸多优良特性的模式识别方法,但将其用于核爆地震和天然地震的分类时,采用现有的原型模式选择方法识别效果并不理想.本文提出了一种基于模糊C-均值的原型模式选择方法,该方法首先对每一类训练样本采用模糊C-均值聚类的方法聚为c类,然后选取这c类的c个重心或c个聚类中心作为该类的原型模式进行核爆地震的协同模式识别.实验结果表明,同现有的原型模式选择方法相比,该方法使识别率有了较大提高.     

Global electrification and nuclear power: Toward sustainable growth in the new millennium

The new millennium will present daunting challenges for the world community: how to sustain prosperity while preserving the global environment in the presence of increasing world population. Science and technology hold the keys to resolving this well-publicized “tri-lemma” of balancing economy and environment under the increasing burden of population growth.

Technologies have been developing rapidly in recent years and their impact is being felt in every corner of the global community. It is expected that the process will only accelerate and expand in the new millennium. This, together with people's aspirations for better life, will put enormous demands on energy production. Thus, energy and environment will remain two poles of a central global issue in the new century. Electricity's role in mitigating environmental degradation is well known and global electrification promises the best hope for achieving globally sustainable growth. The question is then how to produce energy that can generate electricity harmoniously with environment. Nuclear power offers the best answer, as it is one of the few non-carbon sources that can produce electricity in significant quantity.

In examining the big picture of global priorities for the new millennium, the role of electrification and nuclear power is brought to the fore in the context of globally sustainable growth, and a strategic roadmap for revival of nuclear option is proposed.     

A New Filter Concept Yielding Improved Resolution and Throughput in Radiation Detection Systems

We introduce a new filtering method capable of increasing measurement resolution and processed data throughput through a nonstandard baseline restoration technique. An overall optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio and of the processing efficiency is performed and new filters are obtained. The hardware implementation exploits the resources of a FPGA and is not significantly resource-hungrier than standard setups. The experiments confirm theoretical expectations. The obtained resolution is 1.8 keV on the 1.173 MeV peak: This result is an improvement with respect to the one achievable with the standard optimum filter in the same conditions by about a 10% factor; the data rate is improved too.     

Modification and validation of the natural heat convection and subcooled void formation models in the code PARET

Two new modifications have been included in the current PARET code that is widely applied in the dynamic and safety analysis of research reactors. A new model was implemented for the simulation of void formation in the subcooled boiling regime, the other modification dealt with the implementation of a new approach to improve the prediction of heat transfer coefficient under natural circulation condition.     

Digital Architecture and Interface of the New ATLAS Pixel Front-End IC for Upgraded LHC Luminosity

A new pixel front-end integrated circuit is being developed in a 130 nm technology for use in the foreseen b-layer upgrade of the ATLAS pixel detector. Development of this chip is considered as an intermediate step towards super-LHC upgrade, and also allows having a smaller radius insertable pixel layer. The higher luminosity for which this chip is tuned implies a complete redefinition of the digital architecture logic with respect to the current ATLAS pixel front-end. The new digital architecture logic is not based on a transfer of all pixel hits to the periphery of the chip, but on local pixel logic, local pixel data storage, and a new mechanism to drain triggered hits from the double-column. An overview of the new chip will be given with particular emphasis on the new digital logic architecture and possible variations. The new interface needed to configure and operate the chip will also be described.