发展现代煤化工有利于降低我国石油对外依存度

2012年,我国石油对外依存度已达到56．4％,石油供应不足,将导致化工用石脑油出现短缺。现代煤化工应运而生．以煤炭为原料生产燃料油、低碳烯烃、芳烃、乙二醇等产品,部分替代石油原料,有利于降低我国石油对外依存度。我国已在煤制油、煤制烯烃、煤制芳烃、煤制乙二醇等方面取得了突破性进展,建设了煤制油、MTO、MTP工业生产装置和MTA、煤制乙二醇的中试及示范装置,并且开发了褐煤利用的高浓度水煤浆生产技术,为煤化工的发展和资源利用打下了基础。我国目前有4家企业投产了煤制油装置,2016年全国煤制油产能将达到1600×10^5t／a。煤制烯烃项目也掀起了建设热潮,预计2020年将形成1500×10^4t／a煤制烯烃生产能力,粗略估算,仅此一项即可减少1．5×10^8t来自中东的石油进口量。我国具有自主知识产权的煤制芳烃技术有清华大学的循环流化床FMTA技术和中科院山西煤化所与赛鼎工程公司合作开发的固定床MTA技术,河南煤化集团与北京化工大学也在合作开发MTA技术。我国有多家联合体掌握了煤制乙二醇技术,其中福建物构所一丹化科技的技术应用较多。     

Residual coal exploitation and its impact on sustainable development of the coal industry in China

Although China owns large coal reserves, it now faces the problem of depletion of its coal resources in advance. The coal-based energy mix in China will not change in the short term, and a means of delaying the coal resources depletion is therefore urgently required. The residual coal was exploited first with a lower recovery percentage and was evaluated as commercially valuable damaged coal. This approach is in comparison to past evaluations when the residual coal was allocated as exploitation losses. Coal recovery rates, the calculation method of residual coal reserves and statistics of its mines in China were given. On this basis, a discussion concerning the impacts on the delay of China's coal depletion, development of coal exploitation and sustainable developments, as well as technologies and relevant policies, were presented. It is considered that the exploitation of residual coal can effectively delay China's coal depletion, inhibit the construction of new mines, redress the imbalance between supply and demand of coal in eastern China, improve the mining area environment and guarantee social stability. The Chinese government supports the exploitation technologies of residual coal. Hence, exploiting residual coal is of considerable importance in sustainable development of the coal industry in China.     

Clean coal use in China: Challenges and policy implications

Energy consumption in China is currently dominated by coal, a major source of air pollution and carbon emissions. The utilization of clean coal technologies is a likely strategic choice for China at present, however, although there have been many successes in clean coal technologies worldwide, they are not widely used in China. This paper examines the challenges that China faces in the implementation of such clean coal technologies, where the analysis shows that those drivers that have a negative bearing on the utilization of clean coal in China are mainly non-technical factors such as the low legal liability of atmospheric pollution related to coal use, and the lack of laws and mandatory regulations for clean coal use in China. Policies for the development of clean coal technologies are in their early stages in China, and the lack of laws and detailed implementation requirements for clean coal require resolution in order to accelerate China's clean coal developments. Currently, environmental pollution has gained widespread attention from the wider Chinese populace and taking advantage of this opportunity provides a space in which to regain the initiative to raise people’s awareness of clean coal products, and improve enterprises’ enthusiasm for clean coal.     

我国煤炭清洁利用战略探讨

中国在一定时期内能源结构仍将以煤为主,而煤炭的清洁利用将是我国未来能源战略的关键问题。目前煤炭清洁利用单元技术主要有整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)、煤炭地下气化技术(UCG)以及以煤气化为龙头,以碳一化工技术为基础,合成、制取化工产品和燃料油的现代煤化工。现代煤化工包括煤制油、煤制天然气、煤制烯烃、煤制乙二醇、煤制乙炔等,其产品大多属于石油化工产品的替代品。现代煤化工在世界范围内还没有完全成熟的技术和成功的工业化经验可借鉴,尚处在探索、验证阶段,发展前景仍存在不确定性。为此有学者提出,煤化工项目应与IGCC发电等一起发展多联产系统,从而实现经济效益最大化、环境污染最小化。煤基多联产比单纯的IGCC发电具有更好的经济性、更高的能量效率以及更加灵活的操作性,而作为先进的洁净煤技术,IGCC将成为未来能源系统的核心技术和重要基础之一。煤气化是IGCC的核心技术,煤炭地下气化技术开辟了煤炭高效、清洁、低碳开发利用的新途径,是从根本上解决传统开采方法存在的一系列技术和环境问题的重要途径。近年来,我国现代煤化工产业发展迅速,但同时也呈现出过热和无序发展态势。目前煤化工的经济性并没有得到充分论证和认可,国内当前正在运营的项目较大部分仍处于试点阶段。以煤气化为龙头的IGCC多联产是我国煤炭清洁利用的战略方向。目前我国IGCC和多项现代煤化工技术已具备技术推广的条件,国家应该从管理体制、政策法规、融资等方面给予大力扶持。     

China׳s precarious synthetic natural gas demonstration

In 2013, China׳s national government abandoned its previous cautious policy and started to promote large-scale deployment of coal-based synthetic natural gas (SNG). Coal-based SNG is both carbon-intensive and very water-intensive. Driven by a smog crisis and the recession of coal industry, China׳s 2013 policy change is major setback in its long-term efforts in carbon mitigation and water conservation. The government of China made the policy change before the commercial commencement of China׳s first SNG demonstration plant. Since the commencement of China׳s SNG demonstration plant, many problems have started to appear. In this article, I discuss the nature of demonstration project and explain the danger in starting a crash program without evaluating the demonstration comprehensively and transparently.     

Domestic micro-generation: Economic,regulatory and policy issues for the UK

Micro-generation in individual homes has been the subject of increasing policy and industry attention in recent years. Whilst it has been estimated that micro-generation could meet 30–40% of UK electricity demand by 2050, deployment to date has been slow. In its Micro-generation Strategy the UK government has started to outline how deployment could be increased. Various technical, economic, behavioural and institutional changes are needed to establish a UK market for micro-generation. This article discusses how different deployment models for domestic micro-generation might attract investments in these technologies. It considers not only investments by individual households but also by energy companies. Starting from an economic analysis of payback times for three different technologies (micro-CHP, micro-wind and solar PV) it identifies policy and regulatory recommendations. It argues for technology-specific support policies in the short term. It also suggests that a ‘level playing field’ for micro-generation technologies as a result of fiscal and market reforms could considerably increase the attractiveness of micro-generation technologies.     

我国炼油工业可持续发展的对策思考

我国已成为世界第二大炼油国,2008年炼油能力达到4.38×108t/a。通过结构调整,炼油装置平均规模越来越大;通过自主开发,我国已全面掌握原油加工技术,能自主建设年加工能力千万吨级的大型炼厂。据预测,到2020年我国汽煤柴油的需求量将达到3.5×108~3.9×108t,强劲的市场需求为中国炼油工业提供了难得的发展机遇。但同时我国炼油工业也面临着石油资源不足,原油品质呈现重质化、劣质化趋势,环保法规日益严格,石油产品质量亟待升级,二氧化碳减排压力大等制约因素。为了实现我国炼油工业的可持续发展,应努力优化炼油加工总流程,建设加氢型炼厂,充分合理地利用石油资源;调整油化一体化的发展思路,低碳烯烃可以用煤或天然气为原料进行生产,石油加工应以运输燃料收率最大化为目标,并提高柴油在运输燃料中的比例;发挥资源优势,适度有序发展煤制油、煤化工,合理安排煤制油和甲醇制烯烃、甲醇制丙烯项目;生产运输燃料是生物质大规模利用的最佳方式,应重视技术的集成创新,发展生物燃料产业,同时加强生物油藻的研究开发;减少能源使用是减排CO2最重要、最现实的措施,要大力推进技术创新,实现炼油过程的节能降耗,要推进二氧化碳的捕集、转化、储存(CCCS)技术的研发。     

Co-liquefaction behavior of a sub-bituminous coal and sawdust

The co-thermolysis and co-liquefaction properties of Shenhua coal and sawdust were investigated in this study. The synergistic effect between Shenhua coal and sawdust in co-liquefaction was probed. TG/DTG analysis suggests that the sawdust, which has lower pyrolysis temperature, can promote the thermolysis of Shenhua coal, resulting in more volatile matter to be released from coal molecular structure during the co-thermolysis process. This will result in the larger weight losses of their mixture compared to the corresponding weighted mean values of individual pyrolysis. The individual liquefaction of Shenhua coal and sawdust shows that sawdust has higher liquefaction activity compared to Shenhua coal. It gives much higher liquefaction conversion and oil yield than Shenhua coal at the same liquefaction conditions. Co-liquefactions of Shenhua coal and sawdust at different conditions were carried out. The results suggest that there exists an obviously synergistic effect during the co-liquefaction, and this synergistic effect is the function of liquefaction conditions. At high liquefaction temperatures and long reaction times, the synergistic effect decreases because of the increase of liquefaction activity of coal and lack of hydrogen donating ability of the system at the conditions, resulting in the increase of the rate of retrogressive condensed reactions. The largest enhancements in conversion of 16.8% and oil yield of 11.4% comparing with corresponding calculated weighted mean values of the individual liquefaction of Shenhua coal and sawdust were obtained at 400 and 380 °C, respectively in the co-liquefaction with 1/1 blending ratio of coal/sawdust.     

Research, development, demonstration, and early deployment policies for advanced-coal technology in China

Advanced-coal technologies will increasingly play a significant role in addressing China's multiple energy challenges. This paper introduces the current status of energy in China, evaluates the research, development, and demonstration policies for advanced-coal technologies during the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and gives policy prospects for advanced-coal technologies in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. Early deployment policies for advanced-coal technologies are discussed and some recommendations are put forward.

China has made great progress in the development of advanced-coal technologies. In terms of research, development, and demonstration of advanced-coal technologies, China has achieved breakthroughs in developing and demonstrating advanced-coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction, and key technologies of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and co-production systems. Progress on actual deployment of advanced-coal technologies has been more limited, in part due to insufficient supporting policies. Recently, industry chose Ultra Super Critical (USC) Pulverized Coal (PC) and Super Critical (SC) PC for new capacity coupled with pollution-control technology, and 300 MW Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) as a supplement.     

炼油行业发展清洁燃料面临的形势分析

经济、能源和环境是目前国际社会关注的三大焦点。随着经济形势的逐步向好,全球能源需求,特别是石油需求将持续增长,但同时也面临着治理环境污染的压力,这就需要提高燃油质量,发展清洁燃料。炼油行业面临的全球形势是原油品质趋于劣质化、油价走势依然存在不确定性、油品质量标准日趋严格、质量升级步伐加快、替代燃料发展迅速。当前我国的政策调整有利于炼油行业健康发展。国内"十二五"期间成品油需求刚性增长,预计2015年将达到2.86×108t;原油对外依存度居高不下,预计2015年将达到62%;节能降耗和安全环保要求不断提高;炼油技术有待进一步升级,自主创新能力亟待加强;高标号汽油消费比例不断上升;产品质量标准面临升级压力。基于这种形势,建议制定符合我国国情的汽柴油质量升级标准,政府应对汽柴油质量升级改造提供政策支持;做好加工高硫和劣质原油工艺路线的选择,选择适当的质量升级技术和加工工艺;增加烷基化油、异构化油生产能力,改善汽油调合组分构成;搞好区域资源优化;狠抓节能减排,建设节能环保型炼厂;同时加强与替代燃料的结合,实现资源多元化。     

Catalyzing strategic transformation to a low-carbon economy: A CCS roadmap for China

China now faces the three hard truths of thirsting for more oil, relying heavily on coal, and ranking first in global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Given these truths, two key questions must be addressed to develop a low-carbon economy: how to use coal in a carbon-constrained future? How to increase domestic oil supply to enhance energy security? Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) may be a technological solution that can deal with today's energy and environmental needs while enabling China to move closer to a low-carbon energy future. This paper has been developed to propose a possible CCS roadmap for China. To develop the roadmap, we first explore major carbon capture opportunities in China and then identify critical CCS-enabling technologies, as well as analyze their current status and future prospects. We find that coal gasification or polygeneration in combination with CCS could be a nearly unbeatable combination for China's low-carbon future. Even without CCS, gasification offers many benefits: once coal is gasified into syngas, it can be used for many different purposes including for alternative fuels production, thereby increasing the domestic oil supply and the flexibility of the energy system.     

新型煤化工发展战略探讨

新型煤化工发展以洁净能源和可替代石油化工产品为目标产品,采用煤转化高新技术并优化集成,建设大型联产企业和产业基地,达到煤炭的有效、合理利用,实现经济最优化和清洁生产;涉及煤化工、化工合成、电力等多个领域的技术开发、工程示范、产业化建设;“十五”时期引进技术建设示范工程、开发自主知识产权技术,到2010年完成煤液化引进技术示范工程和国内工艺开发示范,达到生产发动机燃料油1000万t/a、合成替代石油化工产品450万t/a;2010年后产业化持续发展,到2020年,发动机燃料油、替代石油化工品、其它代用燃料等生产能力分别达到6000万t/a、2000万t/a、2500万t/a;建成西北-华北、西南、东北及其它大型产业区,带动煤炭、机械、建筑、服务等行业发展;建议加强战略统筹规划、技术创新和配套政策研究。新型煤化工是我国能源工业的重要战略发展方向。     

煤炭产业市场进入管制初探

自2005年以来,在全国开展了大规模的煤炭资源整合。与此同时,《煤炭法》进入修改程序,修改的基本目的是将煤炭资源整合的成果用法律形式固定下来。2009年底,正在修改中的《煤炭法》首次提到建立行业准入制度。煤炭资源整合仅是一种事后处置,应当由事前管制的市场准入制度取代常态化的资源整合。市场进入管制研究的主要对象是实质性进入管制理论,一般分为经济性管制和社会性管制。《煤炭法》在设立市场进入门槛时,必须在明晰政府与市场分工的基础上,准确界定市场进入管制的目标和对象。煤炭行业表现为经济的负外部性,属于市场失灵时的表现。煤炭行业进入管制的重心应是安全和环境的社会管制,是预防风险和威胁发生的事前管制,事中监督与事后处置只能作为事前管制的辅助和连续状态,《煤炭法》的修改中应设专章规定体现社会管制的特许权制度。煤炭行业不需要基于过度进入的经济管制,其理由一是因信息缺乏而导致政府失灵;二是因资本优势而出现资源垄断;三是因管制而滋生权力腐败。对于符合规划和计划的煤炭资源资产,应当允许其在流转市场自由进入。     

Hidden biases in Australian energy policy

The challenges in developing technology for the capture and storage of CO₂ from coal, oil and gas power generation, as well as those associated with the storage of nuclear waste, are widely regarded as solvable. According to proponents of clean coal, oil and gas technologies, as well as the proponents of nuclear technology, it is only a matter of time and resources to find a solution to their waste problems. Similarly, the Australian Government argues that our main efforts need to be concentrated on clean coal technologies, as well as considering the nuclear option. However, when it comes to the challenges associated with renewable energy technologies, like intermittency of wind generated grid power, storage of electricity from renewable energy and so on, there seems to be an attitude amongst Australian energy planners that these challenges represent insurmountable technical and financial problems, and will, at least in the short to medium term, prevent them from becoming a viable alternative to coal, oil, gas and uranium based energy technologies.     

煤炭液化技术的开发现状与前景分析

我国富煤缺油,有发展煤炭液化技术的强烈愿望。本文介绍了国内外主要煤炭液化技术的发展现状,分析了煤液化技术的经济性和环保性,指出煤炭液化可作为我国未来替代液体燃料来源之一。但是需要正确定位煤液化代油技术的作用,大规模实施煤液化商业化必须谨慎,现阶段应用前景不容乐观。     

A policy study examining the use of imported LNG for gas-fired power generation on the southeast coast of China

Since China's energy demand is growing quickly, speeding up the development of natural gas is an important substitute and supplement for coal and oil. The development of the natural gas market in many developing countries has demonstrated that the success of the whole project hinges upon the success of gas-fired power generation. However, under the current energy pricing system in China, the advantages of gas-fired power plants, such as low investment costs and high efficiency, have not been able to offset the low price of coal. The gas-fired power plants, both at downstream of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry and upstream of the power sector, are faced with a dilemma. In order to solve the problems facing gas-fired power projects while providing policy guidance for the future development of gas-fired power projects, the policy of gas-fired power generation using imported LNG on the southeastern coast of China was examined. This study aims to identify the position of the national energy strategy that China should import some LNG from the other countries, to guide the development of energy policy in this region, and to formulate some clear policy measures.     

新疆炼油与化工产业发展现状及面临的挑战

新疆石油远景资源量达到221.67×108t,占全国总量的20.4%;煤炭预测资源量为2.19×1012t,占全国总量的42%,居全国之首。为了开发利用本地丰富的石油、天然气、煤炭资源,新疆以独山子克拉玛依、乌鲁木齐、吐哈、南疆四大石化基地为基础,布局了一批与大型石化产业相关的深加工项目。目前中国石油和中国石化在新疆的炼油能力已达到2750×104t/a,约占全国炼油总能力的5.6%;乙烯生产能力122×104t/a,约占全国总能力的10%。目前规划建设的煤化工项目有哈密广汇甲醇/二甲醚项目、潞安合成氨/尿素项目、湖北宜化合成氨/尿素项目等。新疆炼油与化工产业发展面临加工原油种类多、品质差;油品质量与国内外先进水平差距较大;石化产品品种少,缺乏高附加值产品牌号;节能减排形势严峻;煤化工发展面临压力等挑战。与此同时,由于国家政策的支持、资源地域优势明显、炼化产业基础好,新疆炼油与化工产业也面临良好的发展机遇。新疆地区应大力发展炼油化工产业,谨慎发展煤化工;提高油品和石化产品质量,扩大下游产业链;重视节能减排,推进绿色生产;加快人才队伍建设,强化国内外交流合作。     

我国煤炭产业的前景、政策及价格分析

随着国际石油资源的日益趋紧和中国能源需求的不断增长,煤炭产业在中国经济中显得越来越重要,并经历着一个前所未有的繁荣期。未来几十年内,中国的非煤能源比重会有所增加,但以煤炭产业为主的能源结构不会发生根本性改变。中国煤炭产业的政策导向是,实现资源回采率高、安全有保障、环境污染少、经济效益好、全面协调和可持续发展。与油气价格受国际市场影响较大不同,中国煤炭价格主要取决于国内的市场供求关系、政府管制政策及其对煤炭生产成本的影响。     

Overseas oil-development policy of resource-poor countries: A case study from Japan

Japan, currently the world's third largest oil consumer, depends on imports for almost all of its oil needs. Owing to this high level of dependence, Japanese citizens as well as the economy have historically been vulnerable. In the past, certain incidents caused by the interruption of oil imports have resulted in fatal damages to the country. In order to reduce these risks, the Japanese government has supported overseas exploration and development activities of the domestic upstream oil industry, which has not proven as successful as expected. This paper presents the experiences, policies, and the structure of Japan's attempts to increase the share of domestic oil needs met by development activities. While conducting this study, both internal and external constraints were encountered. In addition to the lack of domestic oil reserves, factors including the institutional design of cooperation between government and private industries, the early history of the upstream industry, the target area of overseas development, and the changing environment have created impediments toward achieving the targets. In 2006, Japan again set a new target for doubling the ratio of self-developed oil in its total imports by 2030, and will face challenges in clearing the above-mentioned hurdles.     

我国现代煤化工技术发展路线探讨

根据我国的能源状况分析了我国必须发展现代煤化工的理由：2005年我国能源生产和消费结构中,煤炭分别占73．3％和68．7％,煤炭现在是,将来仍然是我国能源的主力;我国原油进口量不断增加;传统的煤炭利用方式不仅效率低,而且造成了严重的环境污染。因此发展以煤气化为核心的生产洁净和可替代石油的能源和化工产品的现代煤化工已成为解决我国能源与环境问题的关键。介绍了我国有关的发展煤化工的政策和规划。分析了煤基甲醇路线是适合我国国情的现代煤化工技术路线．指出煤制油项目虽是国家能源安全的萤要组成部分,但要谨慎发展．