热经济学分析方法及其在冷凝水回收系统中的应用

对热经济学分析方法进行了系统介绍，引入了Yong成本差和Yong经济系数作为系统热经济性的评价标准，并以冷凝水回收系统为例，对其进行了热经济性分析，得出了其各个子系统的成本差和经济系数，指明了系统中的用能薄弱环节及其主要原因，同时得出了在年运行时间不同的情况下，系统产品的总成本差随年运行时间变化的规律。图4表2参7     

天然气热、电、冷三联供的热经济性分析

提出系统Yong经济系数方法，对天然气热、电、冷三联供系统，天然气发电系统和天然气热电联供系统进行分析，计算出三系统的Yong经济系数，对其进行比较分析，指出天然气热、电、冷三联供系统具有较高的热经济性。进一步对天然气价格进行灵敏度分析，得出三系统在不同天然气价格下的Yong经济系数。图4表8参5     

热分析法在吸收式制冷机中的应用

由于影响吸收式制冷机的因素很多，针对吸收式制冷机性能评价的复杂性，运用COP分析法、Yong分析法、热经济学分析法对吸收式制冷机性能进行评价，得到三种方法各自的特点，COP分析法是从热力学第一定律对系统进行衡算，Yong分析法是热力学第一定律与热力学第二定律相结合的产物，热经济分析法是经济优化技术与Yong分析法的结合．分析了它们在吸收式制冷机性能优化过程中所起的作用。     

热经济学中计价方法的探讨

Yong经济学是以Yong为核算对象的成本核算方法，以最小产品成本为目标函数，结合一定的Yong经济学评价指标，对能量系统进行分析、评价，得到改进的途径。文章基于Yong成本方程，对Yong费用方程进行了讨论，明确了过程Yong损的计价方法，提出了有效的Yong经济学系数。用能级概念可以更为全面的描述能流的品质，能级匹配是减小系统Yong损失的有效途径。文章将能级的概念引入热经济学计价体系，提出了基于能级分析的计价策略和评价指标。以联产模型为实例，进行了讨论。     

火电机组的热经济性分析

为进行整个火电机组的能量系统热经济性分析及考察其组元变化的影响，提出了以热经济学和边际成本概念为基础的热经济性分析方法。对复杂能量系统主要以功能划分后形成的组元，考察其组元的输出炯流变化引起整个系统的能耗变化，可以通过边际炯成本、单位炯成本和组元产品的函数来表达，来衡量整个系统所有组元的输出炯流变化对系统外部输入燃料的影响，便于火电机组的运行经济状态动态评估。通过300MW机组主蒸汽参数变化的计算表明：参数变化时将引起系统的煤耗增加，降低了经济性，因而从本质上进行了热经济性的全面综合分析，以优化机组运行，进行性能诊断。图1表2参10     

热经济系数法及其在空调方案选择中的应用

本文导出了一种对用能系统进行热经济决策的新方法－热经济系数法，用此方法分析比较了酒店空调系统可常用制冷方案的热经济性，针对某酒店的具体负荷特点，进行了空调方案的选择。     

基于热经济学矩阵模式的发电厂热力系统经济性分析

对热经济学分析方法进行了简要介绍,运用热经济学矩阵模式对某320MW机组进行了热经济性分析,得出机组在设计工况下的单位炯成本和热经济学成本,并对该机组热力系统性能进行评价,指出机组在运行中需要重视的热力设备。     

单元初始Yong效率和Yong流价值分布

分析了Yong的不等价性，在此基础上提出了Yong弹性系数、初始Yong损耗率等概念。以Yong弹性系数为计算基础，分析了在单一系统内各组元Yong效率对整个系统Yong效率的影响，导出了初始Yong损耗率的计算方法，并以实例进行了分析计算。分析表明：系统内各组元的单位Yong所消耗的初始Yong更能反映系统各组元的Yong耗特性，从而有利于更科学地分析系统各单元的节能潜力。     

压缩式热泵系统Yong效率定义方法初探

对压缩式热泵系统Yong效率的定义式进行了分析，指出了该定义式在实际应用过程中存在的一些不足。即当低温热源为环境时，此定义式合理，否则即使热泵系统内部可逆，系统大用效率仍不为1，文中对产生这一问题的原因进行了分析。以热泵系统的Yong平衡方程为依据，参照Yong效率定义方法及Yong效率的基本特征，对压缩式热泵的系统Yong效率进行了重新定义。通过对两个不违背Yong效率定义特征的表达式的对比分析，确定了热泵系统合理的Yong效率表达式。最后说明，在压缩式制冷系统中当高温热源不为环境时，Yong效率定义也存在同样缺陷，改进方法与本文类似。     

蒸汽喷射换热泵的Yong分析

简要介绍了蒸汽喷射换热泵的结构和性能，分析了几种不同的评价方法。并且试用Yong分析方法，构造出谊装置的Yong流图并对其进行了热力Yong经济性分析。最后以某电厂具体工程运行中的装置为例，对其性能进行了分析，比较了改造前换热器的系统性能。为热力系统中的设备、装置的选用提供了理论和现实的依据和实例。     

双工质并联型联合循环热电冷三联产总能系统的研究

该文将并联型联合循环和三联产技术相结合，提出了综合利用能源的新思路，并对HAT循环和STIG循环构成的热电冷三联产总能系统进行了研究和比较，得出了有关并联型联合循环热电冷三联产总能系统的一些有用的结论。图5参5     

斯特林热机冷热电联产系统的可行性分析

斯特林热机对于促进能源的综合利用、减少环境污染具有重要的意义。文中通过对斯特林热机的斯特林循环及其热效率的分析,提出了三种不同形式的以斯特林热机为动力源的分散式冷热电三联产系统,并分别对其进行经济性分析。通过综合对比分析得出基于斯特林热机的分散式冷热电三联产是我国未来能源系统发展的一种环保的经济的选择。     

土壤蓄冷与释冷过程的能量分析

在对土壤蓄冷系统冷量损失过程分析的基础上,提出了地下埋管换热器垫层冷量损失与温差传热冷量损失的概念,并建立了垫层冷量损失和温差传热冷量损失的计算模型;为衡量系统在运行期间地下埋管换热器管束系统的运行效率,建立了埋管换热器管束系统的平均释冷率模型。通过理论研究与模拟计算,分析了土壤初始温度、埋管间距及管束结构对土壤蓄冷系统冷量损失的影响,指出了土壤蓄冷系统冷量损失随土壤初始温度及埋管间距之间的变化规律,为土壤蓄冷系统地下埋管换热器的优化设计提供理论依据。     

Entropy generation minimization for charging and discharging processes in a gas-hydrate cool storage system

Thermodynamic optimization models of gas-hydrate cool storage and cool release processes are established in this paper. The optimal temperature configuration at the sensible heat transfer stage and the optimal gas hydrate phase change rate configuration at the phase change stage in the processes of gas hydrate charging and discharging are obtained by taking entropy generation minimization as optimization objective. The optimal control strategies of the cool storage system are determined. The research results indicate that the optimal operating characteristic of the gas-hydrate cool storage system can be achieved by keeping the phase change rates uniform, which are regulated and controlled according to constant heat transfer rates in the charging and discharging processes of gas hydrate. The analysis method and the results presented in this paper can provide important guidelines for optimal design and operation of gas-hydrate cool storage system.     

土壤蓄冷与释冷过程的模拟与试验验证

结合土壤耦合热泵技术与冰蓄冷技术的特点,并在土壤蓄冷与土壤耦合热泵集成系统构想的基础上,建立了考虑土壤周期性冻融相变的土壤蓄冷、释冷过程的数学模型,并采用数值方法进行求解。通过建立模拟土壤蓄冷、释冷过程的砂箱试验台并由试验测试结果表明:所建模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,二者偏差在10%以内。应用本文所建数学模型可对土壤蓄冷系统的蓄冷、释冷运行特性进行计算与分析,并为该集成系统的应用提供理论支持与技术储备。     

Performance review of a novel combined thermoelectric power generation and water desalination system

A novel combined thermoelectric power generation and water desalination system is described with a system schematic. The proposed system utilises low grade thermal energy to heat thermoelectric generators for power generation and water desalination. A theoretical analysis presents the governing equations to estimate the systems performance characteristics combined with experimental validation. Experimental set-up consists of an electric heat source, thermoelectric modules, heat pipes, a heat sink and an evaporator vessel. Four heat pipes are embedded in a heat spreader block to passively cool the bottom side of the thermoelectric cells. The condenser of these four heat pipes is immersed in a pool of saline water stored in an evaporation vessel which is maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The liquid to vapour phase change cooling method achieve low saturation temperature and offers a high heat transfer coefficient for the cooling of the thermoelectric generators. At the same time this method utilises the low temperature heat extracted from the cold side of the thermoelectric generator for water desalination. It was observed that at low saturation temperatures greater heat flux could be supplied to the thermoelectric generators with less heat losses to the atmosphere.     

Energy and economic evaluation and multicriteria optimization of different arrangements of integrated photovoltaic thermal and heat recovery wheel system

The present research deals with the multicriteria optimization of two arrangements of a combined system including a building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) with a heat recovery wheel (HRW) for Kermanshah weather condition in Iran. The considered arrangements have two operational approaches including heat and cool approaches. In the heat approach of the arrangement (I), the fresh ambient air is preheated in two steps by flowing first among the HRW and then through the BIPV/T collector. In the cool approach of the arrangement (I), the outdoor air stream enters the HRW and is precooled there by exchanging heat to the building exhaust air. The exhaust air then enters the BIPV/T collector and cools the PV panels, thereby augmenting their efficiency. The cool approach of the arrangement (II) is like the arrangement (I), while in the heat approach of the arrangement (II), the outdoor air first gets into the BIPV/T collector and then flows among the TW. The uniform end of annual cost (UAC) and yearly available energy are considered as the objective functions. The obtained results revealed that however energetic performance of the arrangement (I) is more suitable than the arrangement (II); its UAC is 4441$ higher than that of the arrangement (II).     

Thermographic analysis of a building integrated photovoltaic system

A residential-scale building integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) cogeneration system has been thermographically investigated. The results are useful in calibrating the numerical models created to predict the system's operational temperatures. The combined heat and power system is based on existing BiPV roofing technology with the addition of a modular heat recovery unit. The convection of the air behind the panels will serve both to cool the photovoltaic panels and provide a heat source for the residence. The analysis allows for the interpretation of the surface emissivities and operating temperatures, as well as qualitative graphic analysis of temperature gradients.     

两个系统参数对地热热泵循环的影响

为了解决地热热泵系统输出能量和用户需求能量之间的动态平衡问题，该文对系统的两个主要参数(冷凝器侧水流量和压缩机输入频率)对地热热泵循环特性的影响进行了相应的实验研究。在小型地热热泵系统上进行了变频及变水流量实验研究，频率变化范围为30Hz～55Hz，冷凝器水流量变化范围为0．054kg／s～0．174kg／s；然后，通过对实验数据的分析，发现了系统各参数，如COP值、制热量、压缩机能耗等随频率及水流量的变化规律。该文的结论可以在制定地热热泵系统能量输出的调节策略中起到一定的指导作用。     

Solar enhanced natural draft dry cooling tower for geothermal power applications

This paper presents a new concept of hybrid cooling, named solar enhanced natural draft dry cooling tower (SENDDCT), in which solar collectors are added to traditional natural draft dry cooling towers to increase their performance. The purpose of using solar energy in this new cooling system is to increase the suction through the tower so that more air flow is achieved through the compact heat exchangers that cool condensers of a geothermal power plant. For the same size of the cooling tower, more air flow across the heat exchangers means more heat can be rejected by the system. The governing equations for the SENDDCT are similar to those of a conventional natural draft dry cooling tower except that solar heating is added after the heat exchanger bundles. Performance comparisons show that SENDDCT has substantial advantages over conventional natural draft dry cooling towers for geothermal power plants as well as standalone solar chimney power plants.