稠油开采污水蒸发结垢过程传热传质计算方法

蒸发器是一种根据热法脱盐原理,利用稠油热采地面系统废热驱动,实现污水脱盐软化,进而回用锅炉实现水资源循环利用的装置。但是,由于油田污水水质的特殊性,使得其极易在蒸发器表面发生结垢行为。通过对污水水质分析,得出其结垢类型主要为碳酸钙垢。建立了碳酸钙垢在强制对流传热和过冷流动沸腾情况下于换热表面结垢的传热传质模型,计算了污水在蒸发过程中析晶污垢形成的数量,得出了与实验数据符合较好的计算模型。对稠油污水在蒸发器中的结垢情况可以进行较好的预测,并对安全生产和设备高效利用有一定参考价值。     

气体冲击射流干燥薄膜物料的温度及湿度计算模型

气体冲击射流干燥过程中薄膜物料的温度及湿度的变化是干燥过程中的重要技术指标,关于其计算模型还没有相关文献报道.本文介绍了物料干燥规律,并建立了薄膜干燥过程传热传质的物理及数学模型,利用有限差分法求解,代入已知实验数据,绘制并分析了薄膜干燥过程中物料湿含量以及表面温度随时间的变化曲线,与干燥规律对比后验证了本文给出模型及计算方法的正确性.     

降膜分子蒸馏过程模型研究

通过对降膜分子蒸馏器蒸发表面上液膜流动和传质传热的分析,建立了液膜的传质和传热方程;并在单组分非线性BGK方程的基础上,建立了描述多组分稀薄气体流动的非线性BGK模型方程。通过适当的边界条件将液膜方程和气体方程耦合在一起,得到了降膜分子蒸馏过程的传质与传热数学模型。该模型揭示了液膜温度和浓度在径向和轴向上的变化规律以及气相空间气体的密度、温度和速度的变化规律,适用于恒壁温和绝热壁等不同操作情况。     

盐水液滴降压蒸发析盐过程传热传质特性

针对单个盐水(NaCl溶液)液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型考虑了多孔盐壳在液滴表面的形成过程,降压过程引起的气流运动,液核通过多孔介质的传质扩散,以及液滴表面的蒸发换热和对流换热。将实验数据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴表面温度及液滴质量随时间的变化。结果表明盐水液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐过程的温度变化分为4个阶段:温度骤降阶段、温度回升阶段、平衡温度阶段和温度上升阶段。平衡温度阶段,盐壳界面运动较慢,随蒸发进行,液核尺寸逐渐减小,盐壳界面运动速度加快。理论分析了环境压力对盐水液滴蒸发析盐过程的影响,环境压力越低,平衡温度越低,盐分完全析出时间越短。     

乙醇溶液液滴降压蒸发过程传热传质特性

针对单个乙醇溶液液滴在降压环境下蒸发的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型基于液相的能量守恒和 传质扩散理论,利用经典拓展模型计算液滴的质量蒸发率,并引入活度系数考虑液滴表面的蒸气分压。采用液 滴悬挂法进行实验,分别记录了乙醇溶液液滴和乙酸溶液液滴在降压蒸发过程中的液滴内温度变化。将实验数 据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴内部温度分布以及浓度分布随时间的变化。 结果表明:快速降压阶段空气流动较快,加之乙醇工质易挥发,液滴表面温度下降迅速,液滴内部温差和乙醇 浓度梯度较大;压力稳定后,空气流速为零,液滴内部温差和乙醇浓度梯度逐渐减小。由于液滴内部的热扩散 速率大于传质扩散系数,内部温度随时间的变化比浓度随时间的变化更快。     

平板上凝华过程传热传质分析研究

本文报导了苯酐(邻苯二甲酸酐)混合气在平板表面的传热传质过程。并对平板表面的传热传质机理进行了研究,根据凝华特性研究了平板表面凝华固体苯酐层厚度,密度以及导热系数随着凝华时间而变化的关系,对不同的苯酐混合气进气浓度和流速进行了平板凝华实验,实验还观察了结酐厚度和密度随时间的变化情况,以探讨强化凝华传热传质的途径。     

螺旋内槽管内的层流流动与传热的数值模拟

应用数值方法对一种螺旋内槽管管内的流体层流流动和传热进行了数值分析。采用数学变量置换把控制方程由原坐标系中的三维动量、能量及连续性方程转化为二维螺旋坐标系下的数值计算模型，并利用现有的二维数值模拟软件进行模拟计算。计算考察了恒壁温、轴向恒热流螺旋内层流充分发展流体的流动与传热随雷诺数的变化，并研究了螺距的影响。     

B30铜镍合金动态条件下在海水中腐蚀与结垢性能研究

对B30铜镍合金在动态条件下的腐蚀与结垢性能进行了实验研究,研究了海水流速、温度以及热流密度变化对于铜镍合金腐蚀与结垢性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着海水流速、温度以及热流密度的增大,B30铜镍合金的腐蚀速率均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,而污垢热阻值则表现出先减小后增大的趋势。海水温度以及换热管热流密度的增大会减小垢层形成的诱导期,但是流速的增大会延长垢层形成的诱导期。在不同海水流速、温度以及热流密度条件下形成的完整的垢层对于B30铜镍合金的垢下腐蚀均有一定的防护作用,但是上述因素的变化主要影响B30铜镍合金的局部点蚀速率,只是在个别时间段对铜镍合金的腐蚀速率产生影响,而且当热流密度达到1000W·m-2时,初期松散的钙质沉积层会促进铜镍合金的局部点蚀速率。     

孔隙分布对分形泡沫金属基相变材料传热特性的影响

基于分形理论,采用Sierpinski分形结构来模拟分形泡沫金属的孔隙结构。以泡沫金属为基体,孔隙中填充相变材料,通过数值计算比较了相同孔隙率和分形维数但不同孔隙结构分布规律的泡沫金属基相变材料在恒热流边界条件下的传热特性差异,得到了在传热过程中相变材料的相变率随时间变化及其相场分布情况云图。结果表明：当泡沫金属存在开口孔且所在位置处于热流边界时,孔隙中相变材料的传热速率明显大于不存在任何孔隙处于热流边界的情况;当泡沫金属不存在孔隙处于热流边界时,随着泡沫金属比表面积的增大,孔隙中相变材料传热速率增大;且分形体的分形级数越高,孔隙分布规律对其传热性能的影响程度越大。     

膨胀阻燃聚丙烯材料燃烧的模拟研究

通过对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯材料在锥形量热仪实验条件下燃烧的分析和研究,建立了能够描述膨胀阻燃材料升温、燃烧过程的物理模型.同时考虑传质传热过程并结合膨胀速度的经验公式,建立了膨胀阻燃聚合物燃烧的数学模型.实验中测量了样品在膨胀燃烧过程中的样品厚度随时间变化规律.通过比较发现,模拟的样品厚度随时间变化曲线与实验结果吻合较好,模型比较可靠.模型还可模拟样品在火灾燃烧过程中的温度分布.     

基于离散相模型的相变微胶囊流体传热特性数值模拟

相变材料微胶囊悬浮液是将相变微胶囊颗粒添加至单相流体中形成的一种新型传热介质，由于传热系数高、传热储能一体化等优势，具备很大的发展潜力。采用离散相两相流模型，对恒热流水平圆管中相变微胶囊流体的传热特性进行了模拟计算，通过对比实验数据验证了模型的可靠性，进而定量分析了颗粒尺寸、质量分数、相变潜热，特别是颗粒分布对传热的影响。结果表明随着微胶囊颗粒质量分数增加，颗粒粒径减小，相变潜热增大，壁面传热效果越好，且相变潜热大小对壁温控制和壁面传热的影响大于颗粒质量分数和颗粒尺寸的影响。比较了离散相模型与常用的单相流模型的计算结果，发现质量分数越高，颗粒集聚程度越高，单相流模型计算的偏差越大。     

Two layer heat transfer model for supercritical fluid flow in a vertical tube

Experimental heat transfer data in a supercritical vertical upward CO₂ flow were analyzed, based on the relationship between the wall heat flux and mass flux, buoyancy and flow acceleration effects, and specific heat variation across the turbulent boundary layer. These analyses indicated that the flow acceleration and significant specific heat variation in the boundary layer greatly influenced the heat transfer phenomena under the tested experimental conditions. A two layer heat-transfer model that sufficiently reflects both the effects of flow acceleration and specific heat variation was proposed to quantify the heat-transfer characteristics of supercritical fluids. This model was based on the thermal resistance behavior in the viscous sub-layer and the buffer layer. In our assessment of this model, the Nusselt number calculated from various experiments agreed with our data within a margin of error of ±30%. Also, the location of the peak inner wall temperature from experimental data almost coincided with the peak maximum thermal resistance in the viscous sub-layer, calculated using the proposed model.     

Dynamic Heat Transfer Characteristics Modeling of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurries

Convective heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material slurries (MPCSs) flowing in a circular tube under constant heat flux are studied and a feasible heat transfer model is presented. The heat transfer coefficient of MPCS and the wall temperature of the circular tube are simulated. The simulation results agree qualitatively with the experimental results. The effects of Stefan (Ste) number, mass concentration, phase change temperature range, and Reynolds (Re) number on heat transfer characteristics are discussed. The results indicate that the Ste‐number and mass fraction are the most important parameters influencing heat transfer properties compared to the phase change temperature range and Re‐number which less affect these characteristics.     

Modeling of radiative heat transfer between high-temperature fluidized beds and immersed walls

This paper presents a theoretical model for predicting the radiative heat transfer rate between high-temperature fluidized bed and immersed walls, which can be used upon the base of emulsion packet model of heat transfer in bubbling fluidized bed. The model adopted radiative flux computation method to calculate radiative heat transfer between fluidized disperse phase contacting to the wall and immersed walls, in which the absorption and back-scattering coefficients was obtained from the reflectivity and the absorptivity of a layer of disperse media of a single particle thickness. In such a model, many factors, such as particle size, particle emissivity, bed void fraction, fluidized bed and wall temperatures, and so on, are included theoretically to calculate radiative heat transfer between immersed walls and fluidized beds. As a result, the model results provide a reasonable explanation of the experimental observation of that radiative heat transfer rate in fluidized beds increases with the increases of the superficial fluidizing velocity. In addition, the modeling prediction for the trend of radiative heat transfer rate between the fluidized bed and its immersed surface on the variation of wall temperature conforms to the classical experimental trend.     

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS IMPINGEMENT ON SMALL HEATED DEVICE IN LIQUID COOLANT BATH

Heat transfer characteristics of a small heated device have been investigated in a liquid bath with gas jetimpingement as function of gas flow rate,coolant temperature,liquid phsicochemical properties,heat flux,heat source size,ambient pressure and the distance between jet and heated wall.The experimental results show that the agitation of liquid caused by gas jet bubbles increases greatly therate of heat transfer,and the evaporation of coolant near the wall,which was due to the concentration differencebetween gas-liquid interface and bulk gas phase,gives additional enhancement of heat transfer.The rate ofevaporation related to the bubble growth was mathematically formulated.By using the simultaneous heat and mass transfer model,the convective heat transfer coefficient and masstransfer coefficient can be deduced from the experimental results.In addition,the local heat transfer coefficient and the distribution of evaporation heat flux on the smallheated surface are investigated mathematically and experimentally.     

MODEL SELECTI0N IN AIR DRYING OF FOODS

The purpose of this investigation is to compare various drying models with respect to (a) the accuracy in calculating the material moisture content and temperature versus time and (b) the computation time required.

Mechanistic as well as phenomenological heat and mass transfer models are considered. The mechanistic models are formulated by considering different combinations of mechanisms between (1) moisture diffusion in the solid towards its external surface (2) vaporization and convective transfer of the vapor into the air stream (3) convective heat transfer from the air to the solid's surface (4) conductive heat transfer within the solid mass. The phenomenological model incorporates the drying constant while the mechanistic models incorporate the mass diffusivity, the mass transfer coefficient in the air boundary layer, the thermal conductivity, and the heat transfer coefficient in the air boundary layer.

The proposed methodology is applied to experimental data of four vegetables, namely, potato, onion, carrot, and green pepper. The experiments involve three thickness levels, five temperatures, three water activities, and three air velocities. The results obtained concern (a) the standard deviations between experimental and calculated values of material moisture content andtemperature, which, in combination with the computation time, are the necessary information for model selection for a special application, and (b) the model parameter estimates which are necessary to use the selected model.     

夹套式上升管内荒煤气对流辐射传热的计算

通过理论推导和数值计算,分析了荒煤气在上升管内流动的对流传热和辐射传热问题。基于热平衡方程推导得到上升管内荒煤气流动传热微分方程,考察荒煤气进口温度、内壁面发射率、对流传热系数和斯坦顿数对上升管内壁面温度变化和荒煤气出口温度的影响。采用Matlab软件编制四阶Runge-Kutta计算程序求解,得出上升管内壁温度沿轴线方向的变化曲线和荒煤气的平均传热系数,荒煤气在夹套式上升管中的平均传热系数为30 W/(m^2·K)~36 W/(m^2·K),将此计算结果与他人的成果进行对比,吻合较好,误差为10%左右。结果表明:辐射传热过程主要受内壁面发射率和荒煤气进口温度的影响,内壁面发射率越大,辐射传热量越大;流体速度对对流传热的影响很大,随着流速的增加,对流传热量增大;焦炉在一个炼焦周期内,应该合理控制荒煤气的流量,可避免上升管内壁焦油的凝结;在设计上升管时,增大内壁面的发射率,可以提高上升管的传热效率。     

Experimental study of the evaporation of a falling film in a closed cavity

This article concerns the experimental study of heat and mass transfer in a distillation cell. This latter is a parallelepiped, of large form factor, whose active walls are vertical. The cell is fed with salt water, and pure water is evaporated from a thin film that falls along a heated wall while the opposite wall is maintained at a lower temperature and is used as a condensation surface. The experimental results show that the heat transfer in the distillation cell is dominated by the latent heat transfer associated with evaporation. A parametric study of the behavior of the distillation cell has been performed. A convenient choice of the operating parameters is suggested to optimize the distillation yield.     

石油焦煅烧回转窑综合传热过程数值模拟

研究了石油焦煅烧回转窑内的物理和化学反应过程对回转窑内传热过程的影响,并在对回转窑内的物料输送过程、传质过程和传热过程具体分析的基础上,建立了石油焦煅烧回转窑的综合传热数学模型. 应用数值计算方法对传热数学模型进行计算求解,预测了窑内气体、物料和窑壁内外表面的轴向温度分布. 结果表明,窑内的高温区域主要集中在挥发分大量燃烧的区段上,三次风的注入会引起窑内气相温度的明显下降,但不会造成料床温度的明显变化;在物料与气体、窑内壁之间热交换过程中,物料与被覆盖的窑内壁表面之间的对流换热和气体与料床表面间的辐射换热为主要的传热机制. 计算预测的结果与测量数据在规律上和数值上都能较好地符合,从而为石油焦煅烧回转窑的优化设计和经济运行提供了指导和依据.     

MODEL SELECTI0N IN AIR DRYING OF FOODS

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this investigation is to compare various drying models with respect to (a) the accuracy in calculating the material moisture content and temperature versus time and (b) the computation time required.

Mechanistic as well as phenomenological heat and mass transfer models are considered. The mechanistic models are formulated by considering different combinations of mechanisms between (1) moisture diffusion in the solid towards its external surface (2) vaporization and convective transfer of the vapor into the air stream (3) convective heat transfer from the air to the solid's surface (4) conductive heat transfer within the solid mass. The phenomenological model incorporates the drying constant while the mechanistic models incorporate the mass diffusivity, the mass transfer coefficient in the air boundary layer, the thermal conductivity, and the heat transfer coefficient in the air boundary layer.

The proposed methodology is applied to experimental data of four vegetables, namely, potato, onion, carrot, and green pepper. The experiments involve three thickness levels, five temperatures, three water activities, and three air velocities. The results obtained concern (a) the standard deviations between experimental and calculated values of material moisture content andtemperature, which, in combination with the computation time, are the necessary information for model selection for a special application, and (b) the model parameter estimates which are necessary to use the selected model.