Innovative Production of PCMs （Phase Change Materials） Preparation by Vacuum Impregnation： Thermal and Physical Properties

Energy is essential for every human activity for more comfortable life but also consumes more natural resources. In order to control human comfort, temperature usually required when the differences in temperature swing between indoor and outdoor temperatures. PCMs （phase change materials） are the high latent heat materials which can be used in building materials for energy conservation purpose. PCMs can store thermal energy and also can prevent heat to pass through temperature control areas. Paraffin has been used as PCMs are absorbed into the pore of fly ash as paraffin/fly-ash composite and mixed into the buildings materials. Paraffin is an organic material with high melting point （-59℃）, and nonflammable materials therefore paraffin can be used as the building materials for the function of PCMs for energy saving purposes. Composite PCMs can be prepared by vacuum impregnation process. Paraffin in liquid form will be impregnated into the pore of fly ash by vacuum capillary force to form paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. Vacuum impregnation pressures, vacuum times, impregnation times of liquid paraffin in fly ash pores and temperatures for melting the solid paraffin into the liquid form are all affect on the thermal properties of paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. Paraffin or PCMs impregnation are also relate to the physical property including the fractal dimensions of the pores of the fly ash particles and paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. The fractal dimensions of the pore of fly ash and paraffin/fiy ash composites PCMs are between the values of 1.0 and 2.0. Fractal dimensions of paraffin/fly-ash composite PCMs have the same trend as the thermal properties for heat capacity and latent heat of melting. These fractal dimensions technique is a novel method to measure physical property of building material related to latent heat and heat capacity.     

合成环境友好型亚油酸镁清净剂

This paper mainly covers a method for preparing a highly alkaline magnesium linoleate solution with a totalbase number （TBN） value of 328 mg KOH/g using linoleic acid as the biodegradable raw material, which can substitute fortraditional lubricant detergents as an environmentally friendly detergent. Reaction conditions, including the molar ratio ofmagnesium oxide to linoleic acid, the molar ratio of methanol to magnesium oxide, the carbonation temperature, the molarratio of water to magnesium oxide, the flow rate of CO2 gas and the duration for injection of CO2 to magnesium oxide system,were optimized.     

含惰性和活性功能元素CVT传动液的摩擦润滑特性研究

The lubricating characteristics of CVTF （continuously variable transmission fluid） mixed with a multi-functionalcomplex additive were studied. The said complex additive contained an organic borate ester and a new type of friction improvercomprising phosphorus element and poly-methylmethacrylate （PMMA）, and a viscosity index improver. The viscosity-pressure characteristics were evaluated by a high-pressure quartz viscometer, and the anti-wear property was investigatedby a four-ball friction tester. The mechanism of lubrication by the CVTF was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results showed that CVTF T10, which contained a multi-functional complex additive, exhibited excellentproperties, featuring greater solidification pressure and pressure-viscosity coefficient, improved oil film strength, and lowwear value. These attributes meet the special CVTF requirements for “high friction and low wear” that make it possible toprovide both traction and lubrication. The lubricating mechanism was varied using different functional elements, such asinert and active elements. Sulfur and phosphorus are active extreme pressure elements that can react on the metal frictionsurface and produce an extreme pressure lubrication film. Boron is an inert functional element and does not react upon themetal surface; boron is only adsorbed onto the metal surface to act as a lubricant for adsorption film and fillers.     

Preparation and Application of Silica-based Perfusion Packing of Size Exclusion Chromatography for Quantitation of Polyacrylamide in Enhanced Oil Recovery Systems

The synthesis and characterization of a novel macroporous silica derived size exclusion chromatography (SEC) packing for quantitative analysis of high molecular weight (MW) polyacrylamide (PAM) are presented. Using this packing, a fast, sensitive and reproducible approach for quantitation of super high-MW PAM in demanding enhanced oil recovery (EOR) waters was developed and the effect of synthesis parameters on the properties of resultant materials was investigated. These parameters include salt addition, reaction temperature and duration, activation condition of functional groups on the silica surface, as well as the reaction cycles required for optimal silica modification. Moreover, SEC analysis conditions, such as mobile phase composition, flow rate, detection and sample preparation, were also explored and an optimal analysis protocol was developed. Under this optimized SEC analysis conditions, the synthesized macroporous materials proved satisfactory for quantification of PAM with average MW up to 22 million Daltons. An SEC analysis required less than few minutes with a detection limit of 1 ng, a linear response range of 0.1 to 75 mg/L with squared R value of 0.99 and reproducibility better than 9.2% RSD (relative standard deviation). The analysis of PAM in highly saline oilfield production water containing interfering high MW polymeric surfactants indicated the recovery ranges from 92.5% to 110.1% for 1.0 mg/L PAM and 94.2% to 103.8% for 50 mg/L PAM solution. This study presented for the first time that the reliable quantization of high MW PAM in highly demanding EOR waters can be achieved by SEC.     

Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous FAU/γ-Al_2O_3 Composites with Different Morphologies via Directing Agent Induced Method

Zeolite FAU composites with a macro/meso-microporous hierarchical structure were hydrothermally synthesized using macro-mesoporous γ-Al_2O_3 monolith as the substrate by means of the liquid crystallization directing agent(LCDA) induced method. No template was needed throughout the synthesis processes. The structure and porosity of zeolite composites were analyzed by means of X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and N_2adsorption-desorption isotherms. The results showed that the supported zeolite composites with varied zeolitic crystalline phases and different morphologies can be obtained by adjusting the crystallization parameters, such as the crystallization temperature, the composition and the alkalinity of the precursor solution. The presence of LCDA was defined as a determinant for synthesizing the zeolite composites. The mechanisms for formation of the hierarchically porous FAU zeolite composites in the LCDA induced synthesis process were discussed. The resulting monolithic zeolite with a trimodal-porous hierarchical structure shows potential applicability where facile diffusion is required.     

Technology for Coking of Heavy Crude Oil with High Acid Number

Sudan Khartoum Refinery Co. has selected a unique route featuring delayed coking of crude in connection with the highly sour and high-calcium heavy crude extracted from Sudanese oil block No. 6.The crude oil after pretreatment for calcium removal is subjected to coking for removal of acids and metals with the coker products being further processed. The crude oil extracted from Sudanese oil block No. 6 contains as high as 13 mg KOI-Jdg of crude in addition to a calcium content of 1600 ppm. This article makes an analysis on problems related with the operation of commercial delayed coking unit for processing of highly sour crude and bring forth measures to solve these problems. The liquid yield resulted from coking of crude oil can reach 82 m%, and the petroleum coke can meet the quality requirement for class 3B petroleum coke.     

水杨醛席夫碱金属配合物对模型硫化物的催化氧化性能研究

Seven kinds of Schiff base metal complexes(C1-C7)were synthesized by the reaction of substituted salicylaldehyde Schiff base with cobalt nitrate,nickel nitrate,and copper nitrate,respectively.The oxygen carrying performance,and the catalytic property of complexes for the oxidation of model sulfides 1-hexanethiol,dibutyl sulfide,and 2-methylthiophene along with their influencing factors were explored,while the oxidized products of the model sulfides were also analyzed and characterized.The results show that the catalytic oxidation property of the complexes is determined by their oxygen carrying performance and solubility in n-octane.The oxygen carrying performance of the complexes is mainly affected by the central ion species,the electronic effects,and the spatial effects of the substituents as well as the degree of conjugation.More specifically,the oxygen carrying performance can be improved by enhancing the oxygenation capacity of the central metal ions,increasing the electron donating ability of the ligand substituent,and diminishing the steric hindrance as well as extending the conjugated chain.Complexes C7 were found to be with high oxygen carrying capacity and high solubility in n-octane,which shows the best catalytic oxidation property,and the oxidation conversion rates for 1-hexylthiol,dibutyl sulfide,and 2-methylthiophene are 74.2%,65.1%,and 22.7%,respectively.Upon using the oxidation catalyst of Schiff base metal complexes,three sulfides can be oxidized by oxygen to form sulfones and sulfoxides.1-Hexanethiol and dibutyl sulfide will continue to be oxidized to form sulfates and sulfites.     

Innovative Production of PCMs （Phase Change Materials） Preparation by Vacuum Impregnation： Thermal Insulation Efficiency

Energy is essential for every human activity for more comfortable life, but it also consumes more natural resources. Fossil fuel is the major energy source for energy consumption, and it also emits a lot of air pollution during usage to atmosphere and not reproductively. Electrical energy is the secondary energy sources from fossil fuel which is used to operate air conditioning system. In order to control human comfort temperature, it is usually required when the temperature differences swing between indoor and outdoor temperatures. PCMs （phase change materials） are the high latent heat materials which can be used in building materials for energy conservation purpose. PCMs can store thermal energy and prevent heat to pass through temperature control areas. Paraffin has been used as PCMs which is absorbed into the pore of fly ash as paraffin/fly-ash composite and mixed into the buildings materials. Paraffin is an organic material with high melting point （-59 ~C） and nonflammable material, therefore, it can be used as the building materials for the function of PCMs for energy saving purposes. Composite PCMs can be prepared by vacuum impregnation process. Paraffin in liquid form will be impregnated into the pore of fly ash by vacuum capillary force to form paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. Vacuum impregnation pressures, vacuum times, impregnation times of liquid paraffin in fly ash pores and temperatures for melting the solid paraffin into the liquid form are all affect on the thermal properties of paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. Composite PCMs will be selected by the optimum thermal properties with optimum of the production conditions for replace the cement powder in the mortar plate compositions. Cement mortar plate with and without composite PCMs will be tested for the thermal insulation properties by comparison as the real day and night time for 8 h period from spot light turn on and off. Temperature detection on the surface and inside the model building under mortar plate with and without composite PCMs is detected every 1 min. Temperature differences between surface of mortar plate over the model building and inside temperature of model building under mortar plates increase with more composite PCMs contents in mortar plates. Thermal insulation efficiency in the building can be enhanced by the composite PCMs utilization as the composition of the building materials.     

Preparations of Complex Bimetallic Oxides from Bimetallic Assemblies Containing Different Copper（Ⅱ） Precursors and Comparison of Some Related Systems

This is a mini-review-like article including our recent results and methods for （new） metal oxides and （previously reported） composite materials composed of metal complexes and metal oxides for comparison to enhance anisotropic structural changes intentionally. Some complex inorganic oxides are known that they may be promising color materials （absorbing visible light of certain wavelengths region） having potential application for environmentally benign catalysts, for example, photocatalysts. Chiral copper（Ⅱ） complexes having bidentate amine ligands （[CuL2]2＋） can be acted as cationic building blocks of bimetallic metal complexes. We have prepared some chiral bimetallic complexes with various anionic metal complexes such as [PtCl4]2-, [M02O7]2 and Mn12 clusters （typical single-molecule magnets） which characterized by means of solid-state electronic and CD （circular dichroism） spectra, IR （infrared） spectra, synchrotron XRD （X-ray diffraction） and XAS （soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy）. By sintering these precursor chiral bimetallic complexes, we have prepared complex inorganic oxides from them. The IR spectra indicated substituting metal-ligand bonds and losing organic moieties. The XRD pattern indicated complete changes of crystal structures. The XAS revealed replacing coordination atoms as well as oxidation of valences of metal ions. Furthermore, we will also investigate possibility of patterning by homogeneous precipitation method as bimetallic complexes to prepare desirable complex inorganic oxides.     

Study on Property of Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base Metal Complexes for Catalytic Oxidation of Model Sulfides

Seven kinds of Schiff base metal complexes(C1—C7) were synthesized by the reaction of substituted salicylaldehyde Schiff base with cobalt nitrate, nickel nitrate, and copper nitrate, respectively. The oxygen carrying performance, and the catalytic property of complexes for the oxidation of model sulfides 1-hexanethiol, dibutyl sulfide, and 2-methylthiophene along with their influencing factors were explored, while the oxidized products of the model sulfides were also analyzed and characterized. The results show that the catalytic oxidation property of the complexes is determined by their oxygen carrying performance and solubility in n-octane. The oxygen carrying performance of the complexes is mainly affected by the central ion species, the electronic effects, and the spatial effects of the substituents as well as the degree of conjugation. More specifically, the oxygen carrying performance can be improved by enhancing the oxygenation capacity of the central metal ions, increasing the electron donating ability of the ligand substituent, and diminishing the steric hindrance as well as extending the conjugated chain. Complexes C7 were found to be with high oxygen carrying capacity and high solubility in n-octane, which shows the best catalytic oxidation property, and the oxidation conversion rates for 1-hexylthiol, dibutyl sulfide, and 2-methylthiophene are 74.2%, 65.1%, and 22.7%, respectively. Upon using the oxidation catalyst of Schiff base metal complexes, three sulfides can be oxidized by oxygen to form sulfones and sulfoxides. 1-Hexanethiol and dibutyl sulfide will continue to be oxidized to form sulfates and sulfites.     

酸碱催化法合成油酸甲酯研究进展

油酸甲酯的合成方法主要有酸催化法和碱催化法。介绍了制备油酸甲酯3种类型的催化剂：固体酸催化剂、液体酸催化剂和固体碱催化剂;其中包括阳离子交换树脂、负载型固体酸、炭基固体酸、镁铝水滑石、碱土金属氧化物、负载型固体碱等催化剂。     

金属清净剂的性能研究

为了改进金属清净剂的抗氧性和极压抗磨性能，用一种含硫磷的羧酸衍生物部分中和清净剂中过碱性组分，得到两种改进的金属清净剂，并用四球机和热重分析仪评价其极压抗磨和抗氧化性能。结果表明功能化处理提高了金属清净剂抗氧化和极压性能，但未对分散和抗磨性能产生显著影响。     

X-ray光电子能谱研究烷基水杨酸盐金属清净剂中金属化合物的存在形式

为了探清烷基水杨酸盐金属清净剂（包括烷基水杨酸钙金属清净剂与烷基水杨酸镁金属清净剂）中金属化合物的具体存在形式，本文采用膜渗析技术将烷基水杨酸盐金属清净剂分成膜外基础油组分与膜内金属化合物组分（钙化物与镁化物）两部分。膜内金属化合物在去除溶剂石油醚后，转化为固态的金属化合物。原子吸收法证实烷基水杨酸盐金属清净剂的金属化合物组分基本上全部保留在膜内。X-ray光电子能谱测定了固态金属化合物的电子结合能，直观的证实了烷基水杨酸钙金属清净剂中钙化物以碳酸钙、氢氧化钙、烷基水杨酸钙三种形式存在，烷基水杨酸镁金属清净剂中镁化物以碳酸镁、MgOx、烷基水杨酸镁三种形式存在。     

不同空速下渣油加氢反应前后样品中含铁和含钙化合物含量和赋存形态研究

以不同空速的加氢原料和加氢产物为研究对象,研究了铁、钙化合物的分布和形态。采用火焰原子吸收光谱法对加氢原料、组分和萃取样品中的钙、铁等金属元素进行了分析。结果表明,近60-80%的铁或钙化合物主要集中在胶质和沥青质中。铁、钙化合物主要以油溶性金属的形式存在于加氢原料和加氢产物中。在一定的反应温度、压力和氢油体积比条件下,当反应空速为0.6 h-1时,约30%的铁或钙化合物加氢后由油溶性金属转化为水溶性金属。当反应空速由1.70 h-1降低到0.60 h-1时,油溶性铁转化为水溶性铁的比例由8.4%提高到28%。油溶性钙转化为水溶性钙的比例由10%提高到37%。结果表明,随着反应空速的减小,油溶性金属与水溶性金属之比增大。为渣油加氢反应操作条件的优化提供了重要的指导意义。     

微波控制油酸钠脱羧历程及制备可再生烃类燃料

油酸钠较油酸的羧基端极性更强,在微波场中更容易偶极极化和离子传导。本研究以油酸钠为模型化合物,采用微波裂解技术对油酸脱羧成烃历程进行研究,对裂解气体、液体和固体的进行精确分析,推断其脱羧反应的机理。微波能选择性的加热油酸钠羧基端,长链中的双键在脱羧反应的过程中与碳负离子中间体形成P-?共轭体系,更加稳定,使裂解反应（脱羧、端烯化、异构化和芳构化等）顺利的进行。裂解液体与柴油的物理性质基本相似,从而证明微波控制油酸钠脱羧制备可再生烃类燃料的可行性。     

油酸甲酯型含氮硼酸酯的合成及其抗磨减摩特性

通过环氧化处理、环氧基非对称亲核开环反应和酯化反应在油酸分子双键位置引入含氮硼酸基团,制备了一种油酸甲酯型含氮硼酸酯类化合物(BN),并采用傅里叶红外光谱仪表征了合成产物的化学结构。将BN添加于液体石蜡和菜籽油2种不同基础油中,采用四球摩擦试验机测定了其抗磨减摩特性。结果表明,油酸甲酯经硼氮化改性后,极压抗磨性能明显提高。与添加油酸甲酯的液体石蜡相比,添加BN的液体石蜡的PB值从470 N增加到696 N,提高4840%;PD值从1148 N增加到1569 N,提高3667%;磨斑直径从055 mm减小到044 mm,减少20%。与添加油酸甲酯的菜籽油相比,添加BN的菜籽油的PB值从539 N增加到921 N,提高7087%;PD值从1236 N增加到2452 N,提高9838%;磨斑直径从056 mm减小到044 mm,减少2143%。合成的硼氮化改性油酸甲酯可以作为菜籽油和液体石蜡等基础油优良的极压抗磨添加剂,且菜籽油对其感受性要好于液体石蜡。     

S-（2-巯基苯并噻唑）O，O/-二烷基二硫代磷酸酯的合成及性能研究

介绍了一种新型润滑油添加剂S-（2-巯基苯并噻唑）O,O/-二烷基二硫代磷酸酯的制备过程及其性能。采用旋转氧弹法、PDSC法和四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了其在矿物基础油中的抗氧化性能和抗磨性能以及与几种抗氧化和抗磨添加剂间的协同性能。结果表明,这种新型润滑油添加剂具有较好的抗氧化性能和抗磨损性能,并与添加剂lube-515复配时具有较好的协同性能。     

pH值对油酸盐发泡性能影响及泡沫循环利用机理研究

油酸盐中含有酸碱敏感性羧酸官能团,因而可实现泡沫的酸碱循环利用。通过Waring-Blender法、酸碱滴定测试、表面与界面张力测试、微观分析等研究手段,分析了pH值变化对油酸盐水溶液性质、油酸盐羧酸官能团电离度以及油酸盐发泡性能的影响。同时,开展了6次泡沫循环实验,并从微观现象解释以及"铺展与架桥"理论对其消泡机理进行了深入分析。研究结果表明,油酸盐中的羧酸官能团通过失去或得到质子来实现活性与非活性之间的可逆转换,从而实现泡沫的循环利用。此外,通过消泡机理分析可以看出,氢离子的侵入可以促进油酸盐泡沫结构中非水溶性油酸的形成,并进入泡沫液膜结构,通过铺展或架桥作用使得液膜破裂,从而达到消泡的作用。     

屏蔽酚型抗氧剂的结构与抗氧化性能关系的计算机模拟

探讨了将计算机分子模拟技术应用于润滑油抗氧剂设计领域的方法和途径；利用计算机分子模拟技术考察了酚型抗氧剂的抗氧性能与分子的结构和性质之间的关系，建立了物理和化学意义和明确，预测能力较强的模型。表明，影响酚的抗氧性能的最主要因素是其最高被占分子轨道能力，分子构象能等性质。     

清净剂磺酸钙结构对其分水性能影响研究

由于不同厂家不同牌号的磺酸钙清净剂其合成原料、加工工艺不同,会导致其使用性能存在较大的差异。实验将5种不同牌号磺酸钙清净剂分别溶于同一种基础油,并按SH／T0619中方法对其分水性能分别进行了考察,发现不同牌号的磺酸钙盐分水结果存在较大差异。为此,从磺酸钙的硫含量、烷基碳链结构方面分析了造成磺酸钙分水性能差异的原因。结果表明,清净剂磺酸钙烷基碳链的支化度是影响其分水性能差异的主要原因,而清净剂中的硫含量对其分水性能影响较小。