基于聚偏氟乙烯的扫描探针显微镜系统

采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)压电薄膜和压电陶瓷(PZT),并结合由电化学研磨得到的钨探针,研制了一种具有对称结构的新型轻敲模式扫描测头。在该测头中,PVDF压电薄膜作为振动梁,其下方中间位置固定有钨探针,在PZT的驱动下,PVDF和探针处于谐振振动状态,同时,PVDF作为微力传感器检测探针顶端原子与试样表面原子间的作用力。所构建测头结合三维纳米定位台、控制程序等构成了新型扫描探针显微镜系统。介绍了测头的构成、工作原理、特性以及SPM系统的整体结构、测量原理、三维工作台的定位控制、信号处理过程和整系统特性测试,并以一维标准光栅为试样进行三维图像扫描,证明了该新型扫描探针显微镜系统的可行性和有效性。     

基于DDS技术的便携式波形信号发生器

根据直接数字频率合成(DDS)技术,以可编程DDS集成芯片AD9833为核心,设计了一种便携式信号发生器,可产生正弦波和方波信号.该信号发生器由供电系统、单片机系统、DDS波形发生模块、幅度调节模块、方波发生模块、继电器输出模块等构成,介绍了相应的硬件和软件.实验表明:该信号发生器具有信号频率误差小、分辨率高、体积小、质量轻等优点.     

数字信号发生器实现快速扫频

以VC串口控制为基础,以原子力显微镜的微悬臂为对象,分别对不同型号的信号发生器进行了程控扫频测试、对同一型号信号发生器的不同控制指令实现扫频进行了测试。实验证明,对于不同型号的信号发生器,频率变化速率不同,扫频速度也不同。而对于同一型号信号发生器,采用不同的控制指令也会影响扫频测试结果。为了更好地提高扫描速度,合理选用信号发生器型号及采用合适的指令进行扫频至关重要。     

呼吸信号检测用PVDF压电薄膜传感器设计

针对呼吸信号对人体的重要性,研究设计了一种基于PVDF压电薄膜的呼吸传感器,阐述了该呼吸传感器的设计与制作过程。根据呼吸信号特点,设计了相应的信号调理电路,通过检测人体呼吸过程中口鼻之间的气流对PVDF压电薄膜的弯曲变形,获得了稳定的呼吸信号。采用小波软阈值对原始信号去噪,通过设置波峰电压阈值与相邻两波峰间的时间间隔来准确确定波峰,统计了受试者的呼吸次数。实验结果表明基于该PVDF压电薄膜传感器组成的检测系统能够测得稳定的呼吸信号。     

基于DDS的多波形信号发生器设计

介绍DDS基本原理,提出以DDS芯片为核心,利用单片机控制的多波形信号发生器设计方法。给出系统主要硬件电路及主控软件。实验结果表明,硬件电路结构简单,软件控制灵活,输出信号频率稳定,分辨率高。     

脉冲压力条件下PVDF压电薄膜的动态响应特性

通过脉冲压力发生装置产生脉冲压力,研究PVDF压电薄膜的动态特性.使用PVDF压电薄膜制作一种测试脉冲压力的传感器,借助标准压阻传感器,测得PVDF压力传感器的灵敏度,计算出灵敏度的不确定度,并将PVDF压力传感器的线性度与压电传感器和压阻传感器作出对比,发现PVDF压力传感器输出稳定.通过比较PVDF压力传感器和标准的压阻传感器输出信号在时域和频域上的相关参数,证实PVDF压电薄膜具备测试动态压力的能力.     

航空相机扫描镜系统的线性近似模型辨识

为深入认识摩擦对航空相机扫描镜系统频率响应特性的影响,获得更准确描述该系统真实动态的模型,使用随机相位多正弦信号测量了扫描镜系统的频率响应特性并进行了线性近似参数模型辨识.首先,介绍扫描镜系统辨识的实验平台与激励信号选择.然后,使用奇-奇频率随机相位多正弦信号分别测量扫描镜系统在非激励频率处和激励频率处的输出对输入信号幅值的依赖,从而定量评估摩擦非线性的影响.最后,基于信号采样均值及噪声采样方差、协方差估计辨识了扫描镜系统线性近似参数模型.实验结果表明,扫描镜系统的摩擦非线性主要出现在奇频率处,高于噪声10dB;系统的频率响应特性依输入信号幅值不同而各异,在低于20 rad/s频率区该差别尤为显著.由于摩擦非线性影响,扫描镜系统需要使用3阶模型描述;与正弦扫描方法相比,基于多正弦信号激励获得的参数模型可更好地描述扫描镜系统真实动态特性.得到的结果为控制器的设计奠定了基础.     

用免疫量子克隆算法估计声源频率和DOA的SPM方法

提出了一种可用于同时估计声源频率和波达方向(DOA)的信号相位匹配(SPM)方法.通过SPM原理方位估计的最小二乘解,构造了以信号方位和频率作为双自变量的适应度函数,采用免疫量子克隆算法(IQCA)对其进行非线性全局寻优.该方法在保留SPM方位估计算法低信噪比下具有高分辨率优势的基础上,改善了传统SPM方位搜索计算量大,需设置固定搜索步长和频带范围的问题,使信号相位匹配原理不仅扩展到了二维参数的联合估计,而且加速了搜索最优参数的收敛过程.-10 dB信噪比时,宽频带和角度搜索范围内的100次独立Monte-Carlo实验表明,方位和频率估计值的标准差可分别达到1.444°和0.361 1 Hz,同时运算耗时较传统SPM方法缩短94%,适于工程应用.     

多通道相位差可调正弦波信号发生器的设计

在实验基础上提出了一种多通道正弦波信号发生器的设计模型，此信号发生器产生的信号频率和各通道相位差可根据实际需要进行调整，在信号测试等方面具有广泛用途，另外结合实例给出了系统各部分的硬件原理图、波形误差分析以及实验结果。     

基于ISP技术的频率扫描信号发生器

介绍了利用Lattice公司的ispLSI1032芯片以及DDS频率合成器AD7008构成的数字频率扫描信号发生系统,可以任意设置信号的起始频率、终止频率、信号幅值以及信号在每个频率保持的时间,系统自动以一定的频率步进量完成频率扫描,频率改变不会影响波形的连续性,也不会造成的相位的突变,真正实现频率的线性连续变化.     

基于AD9956的射频频率合成器的设计

AD9956是一款高速、高分辨率、高扫描率、可编程、可配置多种电路结构的最新的AgileRFTM合成器芯片。文章简要概述了直接数字频率合成(DDS)技术的一般原理,DDS+PLL混合频率合成技术,小数分频技术以及AD9956的结构、性能及工作模式,并介绍基于芯片的小数分频器电路的基本结构,在此基础上实现了高精度射频频率合成器的设计。     

游梁式抽油机冲次软测量方法研究

游梁式抽油机冲次是影响抽油机系统运行工况的重要参数,实时精确地测量抽油机冲次是调控及优化抽油机系统效率的基础。针对现有公式法和传感器法测量冲次,存在准确性易受实际运行条件和野外环境影响、需额外增设测量器件、故障率较高等缺陷,提出一种基于自相关理论的抽油机冲次软测量方法。即建立冲次与悬点载荷函数、驱动电机输入电功率函数的周期关联关系模型,通过采集驱动电动机输入电流、电压计算实时输入电功率,利用周期信号自相关函数与原函数同周期、噪声信号自相关函数在原点集中的特性,对输入电功率函数进行自相关运算,经去除干扰后获得电功率函数周期,依据输入电功率函数周期与抽油机冲程周期、抽油机冲次的关联关系计算得到抽油机冲次,从而在不增加外设条件下实现对抽油机冲次的软测量。仿真以及某大型油田采油六大队现场试验表明,该方法实用有效、抗扰性高、测量误差不超过1%。     

基于变频器的计算机控制系统设计与实现

提出了一种计算机与变频器通信系统的设计及实现方法。以ABB变频器ACS800为例,介绍了通信接口电路的设计、变频器通信参数设置及通信协议的格式,并在VC＋＋下通过使用CSerial串口类编程实现了计算机控制变频器的启动、停机及相关参数读取等功能,从而达到了由计算机来控制传动单元的目的。     

数控转塔冲床运动控制系统研究

根据数控转塔冲床上料机构工作特点和要求,采用＂PC＋运动控制卡＂模式构建了开放式数控系统平台,研究其在伺服控制系统中的应用。利用VS2008提供的MFC作为工具进行二次开发,开发底层控制程序。通过调用运动控制卡提供的运动函数库设计伺服控制系统软件。     

Cutoff probe using Fourier analysis for electron density measurement

This paper proposes a new method for cutoff probe using a nanosecond impulse generator and an oscilloscope, instead of a network analyzer. The nanosecond impulse generator supplies a radiating signal of broadband frequency spectrum simultaneously without frequency sweeping, while frequency sweeping method is used by a network analyzer in a previous method. The transmission spectrum (S21) was obtained through a Fourier analysis of the transmitted impulse signal detected by the oscilloscope and was used to measure the electron density. The results showed that the transmission frequency spectrum and the electron density obtained with a new method are very close to those obtained with a previous method using a network analyzer. And also, only 15 ns long signal was necessary for spectrum reconstruction. These results were also compared to the Langmuir probe's measurements with satisfactory results. This method is expected to provide not only fast measurement of absolute electron density, but also function in other diagnostic situations where a network analyzer would be used (a hairpin probe and an impedance probe) by replacing the network analyzer with a nanosecond impulse generator and an oscilloscope.     

3D spectral analysis for vibration signals by wavelet-based demodulation

In this paper, a wavelet-based demodulating function is proposed to apply in 3D spectral analysis for vibration signals. In the function, there are three parameters required to assign for adjustment and designation of the filtering passband, which are the low cut-off frequency, the high cut-off frequency and the dilation. Accordingly, it would be convenient to apply in the high-frequency resonance technique. In addition, by sweeping the filtering passband from a low-frequency band to a high-frequency band, a 3D spectrum could be constructed to describe how energy distribution between the instantaneous frequency and the filtering passband for a vibration signal. The 3D spectrum would be helpful to give a clear view of both characteristic frequencies and system resonances, and possesses the advantage of minimising the interventions by the end-user.     

Iterative image-based modeling and control for higher scanning probe microscope performance

In this article, we develop an image-based approach to model and control the dynamics of scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) during high-speed operations. SPMs are key enabling tools in the experimental investigation and manipulation of nano- and subnanoscale phenomena; however, the speed at which the SPM probe can be positioned over the sample surface is limited due to adverse dynamic effects. It is noted that SPM speed can be increased using model-based control techniques. Modeling the SPM dynamics is, however, challenging because currently available sensing methods do not measure the SPM tip directly. Additionally, the resolution of currently available sensing methods is limited by noise at higher bandwidth. Our main contribution is an iterative image-based modeling method which overcomes these modeling difficulties (caused by sensing limitations). The method is applied to model an experimental scanning tunneling microscope (STM) system and to achieve high-speed imaging. Specifically, we model the STM up to a frequency of 2000 Hz (corresponds to approximately 23 of the resonance frequency of our system) and achieve approximately 1.2% error in 1 nm square images at that same frequency.     

Modeling scanning probe microscope lateral dynamics using the probe-surface interaction signal

In this paper, a novel scanning probe microscope (SPM) modeling technique is presented. The novelty of this technique is that it exploits the SPM's probe-surface interaction measurement capabilities [e.g., the topography signal in atomic force microscopy (AFM)] to determine the SPM's lateral positioning dynamics. SPM operation speed is limited due to mechanical vibrations induced by movement of the SPM nanopositioner. In order to facilitate high-speed SPM operation, the dynamics of the SPM can be modeled and used to design feedforward and feedback controllers that reduce nanopositioner vibrations. The proposed technique seeks to develop a transfer function model of the SPM dynamics using only the SPM probe-surface interaction signal obtained while scanning a calibration sample. The technique is presented in the context of an AFM example, errors associated with the method are analyzed, and the method is experimentally verified using a commercial AFM. Experimental modeling results show that the method is capable of modeling the dynamics of SPM systems.     

纯扫式街道垃圾清扫小车的设计

为了改进纯扫式垃圾清扫车的工作性能,在分析传统纯扫式清扫车清扫部件结构和原理的基础上,设计了一种新型纯扫式街道垃圾清扫小车.小车改进了传统纯扫式清扫车撮土板的设计.试验表明清扫小车克服了传统纯扫式清扫车的不足,提高了工作性能,清扫效果好.     

Oscosurvismeter,A New Instrument for Osmotic Pressure,Conductance, Viscosity,and Surface Tension Measurements of Liquid Solutions of Chemical Substances

Abstract

The Oscosurvismeter is made of borosil glass material for measuring osmotic pressure (π), specific conductance (κ), viscosity (η), and surface tension (γ) of solutions. Solutions of different strengths are taken in two cells/compartments, partitioned by a semi‐permeable membrane (SPM). A concentration gradient makes the solvent move towards the concentrated solution to establish an equilibrium; this measures osmotic pressure (π). The Oscosurvismeter saves time and materials, and enhances accuracy and precision in measurements; the instrument consists of six parts: (1) survismeter; (2) osmometer; (3) electrode; (4) metallic clamp; (5) semipermeable membrane (SPM); and (6) high potential metallic springs. High accuracy data are noted with the instrument.