乙酸预浸对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破预处理的影响

对经乙酸预浸汽爆预处理的玉米秸秆进行了组分含量和抑制物分析,并研究了玉米秸秆预处理后的酶水解性和同步糖化发酵。与未经乙酸预浸相比,乙酸预浸玉米秸秆能在相对低温下进行汽爆预处理,在提高半纤维素水解程度的同时,并不会明显增加糠醛等发酵抑制物。酶水解实验表明,玉米秸秆经乙酸预浸,再以 200 ℃ 进行汽爆后的酶水解效果较好,每克原料可获得 284 mg 葡萄糖,提高了 10.2 %,为理论值的 76.8 %;乙酸预浸玉米秸秆经过 96 h 同步糖化发酵,获得了 22.5 g/L 的乙醇浓度,为理论值的 72 %;相比未经乙酸预浸的玉米秸秆,提高了11.9个百分点。     

赤霉素固态发酵培养基的研究

赤霉素是一种重要的植物生长调节剂,当前市场上的产品主要由微生物发酵而来。在发酵过程中,培养基的组成也是近年来研究的热门话题。本文将汽爆处理后的农作物秸秆作为原料,经纤维素酶水解,然后加入培养基中进行固态发酵。结果表明将1 g汽爆秸秆酶解后,作为培养基组成的一部分进行发酵,发酵周期为168 h时,可得到的赤霉素最大产量为789.14 mg/kg干基。     

响应面法优化水/醇处理后汽爆玉米秸秆酶解

为了提高水/醇处理后汽爆玉米秸秆的酶解还原糖产率,对其酶解条件进行了优化。通过响应面优化法确定了底物质量浓度为53.28 g/L,纤维素酶用量为53.32 FPU/g,酶解时间为60.45 h时,还原糖产率可达672.36mg/g,与秸秆物料及汽爆后物料相比,酶解还原糖产率分别提高了170.46%和28.97%。化学组分及结构形貌分析表明,汽爆水/醇处理后物料纤维素含量显著增加,物料相对结晶度增高,其结构更有利于纤维素酶分子的吸附。     

响应面法优化水/醇处理后汽爆玉米秸秆酶解的研究

为了提高水/醇处理后汽爆玉米秸秆的酶解还原糖产率,对其酶解条件进行了优化。通过响应面优化法确定了底物浓度为53.28g/L,纤维素酶用量为53.32FPU/g,酶解时间为60.45h时,还原糖产率可达672.36mg/g,与秸秆物料及汽爆后物料相比,酶解还原糖产率分别提高了179.21%和37.29%。化学组分及结构形貌分析表明：水/醇处理后物料纤维素含量显著增加,X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明经过水/醇处理后物料相对结晶度增高,但结构更有利于纤维素酶分子的吸附。     

木糖渣的有机溶剂预处理及酶解性能

木糖渣是玉米芯经稀酸处理提取木糖后的残余物,一般作为燃料焚烧以提供部分热能。由于其含有丰富的纤维素组分,故可通过生物转化来生产多种化工产品,但残渣中大量木素的存在严重抑制了纤维素酶的水解效率。采用一些有机溶剂预处理可将部分木素溶出,因而可改善物料的酶解性能。采用乙醇对木糖渣进行预处理,研究了预处理条件（如温度、时间、固液比等）对木糖渣化学组分和纤维素酶解转化率的影响,并与玉米秸秆和玉米芯等进行了对比。结果表明预处理降低了木糖渣的木素含量,在固液（质量/体积）比1︰8、处理液中乙醇浓度50%（体积）、预处理温度210℃、预处理时间60 min时,木素脱除率为53.26%,预处理后木糖渣在酶解72 h时的纤维素转化率达到84.42%,比预处理前提高 14.58%。研究还发现,与木糖渣相比,有机溶剂乙醇更适合用于玉米芯和玉米秸秆酶解前的预处理。     

不同C源对丙酮丁醇梭菌产丁醇的影响

对丙酮丁醇梭菌在以葡萄糖、木糖、蔗糖、混合糖、玉米芯酸解糖液分别作C源的P2培养基中的产丁醇状况进行研究。结果表明:不同C源对丙酮丁醇梭菌发酵产丁醇有显著的影响;葡萄糖为底物时,丁醇产量最高达到13.50 g/L,总溶剂为19.66 g/L;蔗糖为底物时,丁醇所占比例都在70%以上,丁醇产量可达12 g/L;木糖、混合糖为底物时,丁醇产量在10 g/L左右;只有丙酮丁醇梭菌I4-28能利用玉米芯酸解糖液发酵产丁醇,丁醇产量为7 g/L。     

固定化酵母细胞发酵玉米芯酶解液生产木糖醇

用木聚糖酶对玉米芯的自水解液进行酶解以获得可发酵的木糖溶液。该法与直接用酶对玉米芯水解相比,水解速度快,木糖得率较高。所得酶解液发酵木糖醇的性能虽不如纯木糖,但明显优于玉米芯酸水解液。海藻酸钙/壳聚糖(ACA)微胶囊的最佳成膜时间和液化时间分别是18 min和20 min,微胶囊使用的环境pH范围是3～6。用微胶囊固定化细胞发酵玉米芯酶解液,重复培养了8批,平均木糖醇得率为61.4%。     

玉米秸秆氨化汽爆处理及其固态发酵

在加氨条件下对玉米秸秆进行了汽爆处理(简称氨化汽爆)和固态发酵. 结果表明: 氨化汽爆同样可使秸秆中的半纤维素降解,并使玉米秸秆的酶解率提高到42.97%, 同时可使秸秆的有机氮含量提高1.27倍. 利用氨化汽爆秸秆进行固态发酵,可提高蛋白含量到23.45%,比不加氨汽爆的玉米秸秆提高了1倍. 而加过氧化氢的氨化汽爆不利于微生物发酵.     

汽爆玉米秸秆发酵丁醇的酶解工艺优化

为了提高秸秆酶解后的还原糖浓度和酶解液发酵后的丁醇产量,研究了不同因素对汽爆玉米秸秆酶解的影响,优化汽爆玉米秸秆秸秆发酵丁醇的酶解工艺。结果表明汽爆玉米秸秆的最佳酶解工艺为:反应温度50℃、原始底物浓度15%(wt)、酶用量60 IU·(g底物)-1、酶解时间48 h、搅拌器转速100 r·min-1。通过考察分步加料方式,三次加料方式最高表观黏度和反应后期表观黏度都低于两次加料的方式,而其糖浓度则略高于两次加料方式。当底物从原始浓度15%(wt)分三次加入到25%(wt)时,还原糖浓度、丁醇产量分别为89.23、9.82 mg·mL-1,分别增加了58.63%、44.20%。     

汽爆法生产糠醛新工艺

研究了用汽爆法取代糠醛生产工艺中的酸解步骤,得出了新工艺的最佳工艺参数。取玉米秸秆20 g在1.4 MPa压力、维压时间4 min下汽爆,所得物料用60 mL热水（80 ℃）水提2 h,水提液中木糖含量可达9.96 g/L,木糖浸出率为2.79%。取350 mL水提液,加入甲苯30 mL、5%稀硫酸10 mL,于165 ℃反应精馏3 h,糠醛得率可达84%,糠醛总的质量收率为2.2%。结果表明,本工艺产生的三废量大幅减少。     

玉米秸秆蒸爆渣的氨基酸辅助纤维素酶水解

以商品纤维素酶C2730酶解玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破渣,研究了不同氨基酸、氨基酸浓度、温度对水洗蒸汽爆破渣纤维素酶水解的影响,优化纤维素酶水解条件,提高纤维素酶水解得率。实验结果表明,纤维素酶水解蒸汽爆破渣的优化氨基酸为苯丙氨酸,优化水解条件为每克纤维素酶用量15FPIU,苯丙氨酸质量浓度为1.5 g/L,温度为50℃,水解时间为48 h,还原糖和葡萄糖得率分别为51.38%和36.78%。     

Pilot‐plant production of xylo‐oligosaccharides from corncob by steaming,enzymatic hydrolysis and nanofiltration

This paper reports a pilot‐plant production process for xylo‐oligosaccharides (mainly xylobiose and xylotriose) from corncob meal by steaming treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and nanofiltration. The effects of corncob meal pretreatment, steaming temperature and time were investigated in order to obtain maximum extraction of xylan and to minimize the autohydrolysis of xylan into xylose. The enzymatic reaction was carried out using Aspergillus niger AN‐1.15 endo‐xylanase at 55 °C and the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis time was 5 h. The conventional downstream processing for purification of xylo‐oligosaccharides was incorporated with nanofiltration technology, giving benefits of energy saving and removal of monosaccharides. The final product from 40 kg of corncob meal was 10 dm³ of xylo‐oligosaccharide syrup (800 g dm^?3 total sugar), containing 74.5% xylobiose and xylotriose. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation

Alcohol fermentation of an enzymatic hydrolyzate of exploded rice straw was studied experimentally. Rice straw was treated under variable conditions, such as steam pressure and steaming time. The exploded rice straw was separated into water‐soluble material, methanol‐soluble lignin, Klason lignin, and a mixture of cellulose and a low molecular weight substance. The effects of steam explosion on the characteristics of the exploded rice straw were clarified from the point of view of the amounts of extractive components. Steam explosion was found to be effective for the delignification of rice straw and for increasing its susceptibility to enzyme hydrolysis and alcohol fermentation. The polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) in the rice straw treated at a steam pressure of 3.5 MPa with a steaming time of 2 min were hydrolyzed almost completely into monosaccharides, (ie glucose and xylose) by a mixture of Trichoderma viride cellulase (Meicelase) and Aspergillus aculeatus cellulase (Acucelase). The enzymatic hydrolyzate of exploded rice straw was converted into ethanol efficiently by Pichia stipitis and the ethanol yield from sugar was about 86%(w/w) of the theoretical value. The ethanol concentration in a membrane bioreactor coupled with a pervaporation system reached 50 gdm^?3 and was about five times higher than that in the culture broth. The energy efficiency (ratio of combustion energy of ethanol produced to energy for steam explosion) reached a maximum value at a pressure of 3.5 MPa for 2 min. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of LHW,HCl, and NaOH pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: sugar recovery and fractal-like kinetics

Conversion of lignocellulose to sugars involves two main processes, namely pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignocellulose pretreatment leads to the degradation of enzymatic recalcitrance of substrate for achieving efficient saccharification. In this study, liquid hot water (LHW), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were as reagents used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SB). Results showed that LHW, HCl, and NaOH pretreatment could solubilize 95.3%, 94.7% xylan and 88.7% lignin, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SB showed that the maximum glucose (26.0?g/L) and xylose (12.7?g/L) concentration were produced by NaOH pretreatment, and slightly more glucose and less xylose were produced after HCl pretreatment compared to LHW pretreatment. Addition of Tween 80 or xylanase could significantly improve both glucose and xylose production. At 48?h, the glucose increase for LHW, HC1 and NaOH pretreatment was 38.3%, 26.4% and 8.0%, respectively, and the xylose increase for them was 35.0%, 24.9% and 1.7%, respectively. Fractal-like kinetics showed that the value of rate constant increased after the addition of Tween 80 or xylanase, and the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis mainly depended on rate constant other than fractal dimension of substrate. Totally, substrate accessibility was dominated for efficient of lignocellulose to sugar compared to enzyme loading. The application of fractal-like theory on the heterogeneous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose was quite successful.     

Optimization of hydrothermal pretreatment for co-utilization of xylose and glucose of cassava anaerobic residue for producing ethanol

The development of a process that could recover biofuel from industrial cellulose waste can not only reduce the negative environmental impacts by using fossil fuels, but also bring a green idea for the waste's disposing. In this study, hydrothermal pretreatment was optimized for cassava anaerobic residue, a cellulosic waste from cassava ethanol industry, to co-utilize xylose and glucose for producing bioethanol. The effect of the main pretreatment conditions, namely, temperature, solid content and time, was explored for the highest recovery of xylose in prehydrolysate and glucose in enzymatic hydrolysate. The single factor experiment results showed that the conditions for maximum xylose recovery in prehydrolysate and glucose recovery in enzymatic hydrolysate were 60 °C, 75 min, 10% solids and 160 °C, 75 min, 10% solids, respectively. Whereafter, response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to further optimize the pretreatment conditions for the maximum theoretical ethanol production through utilizing both xylose and glucose. A treatment at 163 °C, for 59 min and with 9.5%solids was found optimal, with the highest ethanol production of 20.2 mg·g~(-1) raw material. Furthermore, in order to assess the impacts of the pretreatment on cassava anaerobic residue, the changes in crystallinity and morphology for untreated and pretreated solids were investigated.     

Investigation of cellulose convertibility and ethanolic fermentation of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by wet oxidation and steam explosion

Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by wet oxidation (WO) at 195 °C for 15 min under either alkaline, neutral or acidic conditions, and by steam explosion (STEX) at 205 °C for 10 min. Alkaline WO was more favourable than neutral and acidic WO for the following enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, giving 792 g kg^?1 glucose yield after 48 h. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the fibres in the whole slurry was inhibited by inhibitory compounds contained in the prehydrolysate in comparison with the hydrolysis of the washed solid fibres in buffer. The inhibition increased proportionally with formic acid concentration in the pretreated liquid fraction. Cellulose conversion was higher for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) than for separate hydrolysis. The highest SSF conversion (829 g kg^?1) was obtained for the material treated by alkaline WO. The fermentability of the prehydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated. Stronger inhibition of ethanolic fermentation was observed in the prehydrolysate obtained by steam explosion. The inhibition was more noticeable for the volumetric productivity than for the ethanol yield. The volumetric productivity was reduced by 94.5 and 91.2% for STEX and WO, respectively, whereas the ethanol yield was reduced only by 45.2 and 31.0%, correspondingly, for STEX and WO. Furan aldehydes seemed to be mainly responsible for the inhibition of the fermentation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Process development for producing a food-grade glucose solution from rice straws

In this paper, processes for producing a food-grade glucose solution through enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloserich solids obtained from rice straws are presented. The rice straws were pretreated by acid-catalyzed steam explosion, and the reaction efficiency, toxicity control, and process economic feasibility were studied. Mass transfer resistance to the hydrolysis reaction was reduced by grinding with glass beads. A higher glucose concentration could be obtained by feeding more cellulose in the hydrolysis reaction; however, this also resulted in the production of undesired byproducts. Thus, a soaking process for the cellulose solids in water was developed to effectively reduce the generation of byproducts in the hydrolysis reaction. The resulting food-grade glucose solution can provide 414 kilocalories per liter, and could be used during a food-shortage crisis in the future.The current production cost is estimated to be 0.82 USD·L~(-1).