低弗汝德数闸后淹没水跃的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,对弗汝德数为3.19的淹没水跃进行了数值模拟。应用标准k-ε模型和RNG k-ε模型结合VOF(volume of fluid)自由表面跟踪技术,得到了淹没水跃自由表面位置、纵向速度、紊动能及速度矢量等变化情况。结合实验数据,详细对比研究了两种模型的模拟结果,分析了Fr=3.19淹没水跃的内部流场特性。研究表明RNG k-ε模型能更好的模拟低弗汝德数下淹没水跃的紊流结构,给出了2X/Y124为水跃发展区,并得出水跃产生的旋滚对紊动的产生和耗散起着重要作用。     

闸堰下游淹没水跃特性研究

本文通过试验分析，对具有驼峰堰的泄水闸下游平底消力池中的淹没水跃特性进行了研究，认为：当淹没水跃的前佛氏数Ｆｒ１＝３．４－７．３，淹没系数Ｓ＜０．７时，消力池及其下游的流态不会因水跃被淹没而恶化，淹没水跃的消能效果优于自由水库。     

淹没水跃的逆向流速

本文描述了对溢流建筑物下游产生的淹没水跃进行的试验研究。当下游明渠的尾水深度超过亚临界水深时，即产生淹没水跃。这种情况很常见，特别是在低溢流结构中。淹没水跃产生的涡流具有巨大的逆向自由表面流速，这种现象经常使粗心游客受伤害，因此又被称为“淹没机器”。通过理论推导和试验论证，我们定量分析了在各种水力上的危险高流速。     

淹没水跃Fr数对消能率影响数值模拟研究

淹没水跃具有一定的淹没度和紊动性,同时还具有变化复杂的自由液面,在水利工程中主要发挥着消能的作用.通过对淹没水跃流态与实际消能率的深入研究发现,低Fr数淹没水跃的实际消能率与名义消能率差距较大,而且经验公式计算的消能率值是偏大的,低Fr数水跃常见于平原地区的水利工程中,因此在对其消能设施设计时应引起足够的重视.     

溢流坝下游平底消力池淹没水跃特性的探讨

本文通过作者自己的试验,并与哥文达和拉贾纳南等人的试验相对照,对采用淹没水跃消能是否会给下游造成更严重的冲刷这一问题进行了探讨。试验证明,设有闸墩的溢流坝下游采用水跃消能,淹没系数S<0.7时,对护坦下游不会由于从自由水跃过渡到淹没水跃而带来不利的后果,相反会对减小水面波动和河床冲刷带来一定的好处,即淹没水跃跃首佛氏数F_1=3.4～7.1、淹没系数S<0.7时,消能效果比自由水跃好。     

小石峡水电站导流兼深孔泄洪洞消能工优化试验

通过新疆库马拉克河小石峡水电站导流兼深孔泄洪洞原设计方案的消能工试验,发现消力池内发生淹没水跃,水跃旋滚区与闸后射流相叠加,使陡坡段水流剧烈脉动。为了防止护坦段在较大的动水荷载下发生振动和破坏,采用在消力池内设置不同于传统布置方式的悬栅式消能工的方式,即从闸后陡坡末端起布置悬栅,悬栅的安装高度随水跃跃高逐渐抬高,呈台阶式布置。试验表明,台阶式布置悬栅起到了破碎水跃上部剧烈回旋运动的表面旋滚的作用,增大了回流的阻力,从而使水跃向下游移动,由淹没式水跃转化成稍有淹没水跃;在悬栅作用下,陡坡段和消力池内水流脉动明显减弱,浪花溅起高度明显小于加悬栅前的高度,这种悬栅布置方式可为其他同类工程提供参考。     

三维紊流数值研究

本文针对复杂三维水流所具有规则边界、自由表面及各向异性，引入通度概念处理不规则计算边界，用ＶＯＦ法追踪自由表面，采用修正的ｋ－ε模型封闭Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程，分别计算了实用重力坝及其下游戽式消力池中水流流场和一个三维水跃流场。计算结果较好地与实验结果符合。     

陡坡后消力池内水跃的数值模拟

利用三维RNG k-ε紊流模型和体积率(VOF)跟踪自由水面的方法,对4种不同工况、相同坡角的陡坡后消力池内的水跃特性进行了数值模拟,并与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果表明,不同工况下消力池内水面线特征、流速和水跃长度与模型试验吻合较好,陡坡后消力池内淹没水跃长度大于自由临界水跃长度.同时,数值计算与试验结果均表明,陡坡后消力池内水跃长度不能按照平底矩形水跃长度计算公式进行计算,必须考虑淹没度的影响,从而有效避免陡坡后消力池设计中的不足.     

淹没水跃激起闸门振动浅析

闸门振动是水利水电工程中较为普遍的现象。文章对闸门下游淹没水跃作用在闸门上的脉动压力试验研究成果作了简要综述，并结合某工程，对淹没水跃引起闸门振动作了浅析     

基于非结构化网格上的三维微幅自由表面流动非静压数值模型

建立了基于非结构化网格求解三维微幅自由表面流动非静压数值模型。一种有限差分法和有限体积法相结合的方法被用来在非结构化网格上离散控制方程。模型中采用分步法,以使压力项分解为静水压力项和动水压力项来单独处理。在每一时间步,得到关于水位和由压力泊松方程得到的动水压力的稀疏的线性方程组。模型是质量守恒的和对于重力波速、风应力、底摩阻、垂向黏性无条件稳定的。通过三个非恒定微幅自由表面流动算例的数值解和解析解的比较,验证了本文所建立的模型能够准确有效的预测三维微幅自由表面流动。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.