Monitoring the macroscopic effect of DDoS flooding attacks

Creating defenses against flooding-based, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks requires real-time monitoring of network-wide traffic to obtain timely and significant information. Unfortunately, continuously monitoring network-wide traffic for suspicious activities presents difficult challenges because attacks may arise anywhere at any time and because attackers constantly modify attack dynamics to evade detection. In this paper, we propose a method for early attack detection. Using only a few observation points, our proposed method can monitor the macroscopic effect of DDoS flooding attacks. We show that such macroscopic-level monitoring might be used to capture shifts in spatial-temporal traffic patterns caused by various DDoS attacks and then to inform more detailed detection systems about where and when a DDoS attack possibly arises in transit or source networks. We also show that such monitoring enables DDoS attack detection without any traffic observation in the victim network.     

基于全局网络PCA的DDoS攻击检测方法

随着网络规模的不断扩充,对于DDoS攻击的集中式检测方法已经无法满足实时性和准确性等要求。针对大规模网络中的DDoS攻击行为,提出了一种基于全局PCA的分布式拒绝服务攻击检测方法(WPCAD)。该方法由传统的OD矩阵得出各节点的ODin矩阵,各分布式处理单元通过PCA分析到达该节点的多路OD流之间的相关性,利用DDoS攻击流引起流量之间相关性突变的特性来完成检测。该方法采用分布式处理的方式,降低了检测数据所消耗的带宽,并满足了检测的实时性。实验结果表明该方法具有更好的检测效果。     

基于混合深度学习的多类型低速率DDoS攻击检测方法

低速率分布式拒绝服务攻击针对网络协议自适应机制中的漏洞实施攻击,对网络服务质量造成了巨大威胁,具有隐蔽性强、攻击速率低和周期性的特点.现有检测方法存在检测类型单一和识别精度低的问题,因此提出了一种基于混合深度学习的多类型低速率DDoS攻击检测方法.模拟不同类型的低速率DDoS攻击和5G环境下不同场景的正常流量,在网络入...     

网络DDoS攻击流的小波分析与检测

将小波分析中的小波变换模极大方法用于检测分布式拒绝服务攻击引起的突发流量。在探讨如何运用小波模极大对突发流量进行判定的基础上,设计了一个检测突发攻击流量的方法,并对实际采集到的网络流量和仿真攻击流量的混合流作了计算机模拟验证。结果表明,当攻击流的突变幅度为正常流量的2倍￣3倍时,检测漏判率不超过5%;当攻击流的突变幅度提升为正常流量均值的3倍￣5倍时,检测漏判率不超过1%。攻击越强,检测漏判率越小。     

Compiling network traffic into rules using soft computing methods for the detection of flooding attacks

The ability to dynamically collect and analyze network traffic and to accurately report the current network status is critical in the face of large-scale intrusions, and enables networks to continually function despite of traffic fluctuations. The paper presents a network traffic model that represents a specific network pattern and a methodology that compiles the network traffic into a set of rules using soft computing methods. This methodology based upon the network traffic model can be used to detect large-scale flooding attacks, for example, a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. We report experimental results that demonstrate the distinctive and predictive patterns of flooding attacks in simulated network settings, and show the potential of soft computing methods for the successful detection of large-scale flooding attacks.     

一种基于小波分析的DDoS攻击检测方法

通过对网络流量的分形特性和分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）的特点进行研究,提出了一种基于小波分析的DDoS攻击检测方法,并设计了该方法检测攻击的模型。对网络流量的分形特性进行判断,然后对具有自相似特性和多重分形特性的网络流量,分别采用基于小波分析的Hurst指数方差法和基于多窗口小波分析的Holder指数法检测DDoS攻击。通过对DARPA 2000年数据的实验表明,该方法能够有效地检测到攻击,对大流量背景攻击、低速率攻击、反射式攻击也都达到了较高的检测率,比传统方法有效。     

基于SDN的DDoS攻击防御系统

软件定义网络（SDN）是一种新兴网络架构,通过将转发层和控制层分离,实现网络的集中管控。控制器作为SDN网络的核心,容易成为被攻击的目标,分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击是SDN网络面临的最具威胁的攻击之一。针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于机器学习的DDoS攻击检测模型。首先基于信息熵监控交换机端口流量来判断是否存在异常流量,检测到异常后提取流量特征,使用SVM+K-Means的复合算法检测DDoS攻击,最后控制器下发丢弃流表处理攻击流量。实验结果表明,本文算法在误报率、检测率和准确率指标上均优于SVM算法和K-Means算法。     

基于用户浏览行为的HTTP Flood检测方法

与传统的基于低层协议的DDoS攻击相比,应用层DDoS具有更加显著的攻击效果,而且更加难以检测。现有的解决方法包括：特征检测、流量限制、隐半马尔可夫模型等。这些方法在检测应用层DDoS攻击（如,HTTP Get Flood）攻击时检测率不高或者检测速度较慢。提出的基于用户浏览行为的检测方法对HTTPFlood攻击检测效果明显得到改善。     

基于可编程协议无关报文处理的分布式拒绝服务攻击检测

传统软件定义网络（SDN）中的分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击检测方法需要控制平面与数据平面进行频繁通信,这会导致显著的开销和延迟,而目前可编程数据平面由于语法无法实现复杂检测算法,难以保证较高检测效率。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于可编程协议无关报文处理（P4）可编程数据平面的DDoS攻击检测方法。首先,利用基于P4改进的信息熵进行初检,判断是否有可疑流量发生;然后再利用P4提取特征只需微秒级时长的优势,提取可疑流量的六元组特征导入数据标准化—深度神经网络（data standardization-deep neural network,DS-DNN）复检模块,判断其是否为DDoS攻击流量;最后,模拟真实环境对该方法的各项评估指标进行测试。实验结果表明,该方法能够较好地检测SDN环境下的DDoS攻击,在保证较高检测率与准确率的同时,有效降低了误报率,并将检测时长缩短至毫秒级别。     

基于协议分析技术的网络入侵检测系统中DDoS攻击的方法研究

随着网络技术的发展,网络环境变得越来越复杂,对网络安全来说,单纯的防火墙技术暴露出明显的不足和弱点,包括无法解决安全后门问题,不能阻止网络内部攻击等问题。在众多的网络安全威胁中,DDoS攻击以其实施容易,破坏力度大,检测困难等特点而成为网络攻击检测与防御的重中之重。近年来,针对网络流量相关性的DDoS攻击检测方法层出不穷,文章在分析DDoS攻击检测方法的基础上,利用基于协议分析技术的网络入侵检测系统对DDoS进行研究。     

Collaborative detection and filtering of shrew DDoS attacks using spectral analysis

This paper presents a new spectral template-matching approach to countering shrew distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. These attacks are stealthy, periodic, pulsing, and low-rate in attack volume, very different from the flooding type of attacks. They are launched with high narrow spikes in very low frequency, periodically. Thus, shrew attacks may endanger the victim systems for a long time without being detected. In other words, such attacks may reduce the quality of services unnoticeably. Our defense method calls for collaborative detection and filtering (CDF) of shrew DDoS attacks. We detect shrew attack flows hidden in legitimate TCP/UDP streams by spectral analysis against pre-stored template of average attack spectral characteristics. This novel scheme is suitable for either software or hardware implementation.The CDF scheme is implemented with the NS-2 network simulator using real-life Internet background traffic mixed with attack datasets used by established research groups. Our simulated results show high detection accuracy by merging alerts from cooperative routers. Both theoretical modeling and simulation experimental results are reported here. The experiments achieved up to 95% successful detection of network anomalies along with a low 10% false positive alarms. The scheme cuts off malicious flows containing shrew attacks using a newly developed packet-filtering scheme. Our filtering scheme retained 99% of legitimate TCP flows, compared with only 20% TCP flows retained by using the Drop Tail algorithm. The paper also considers DSP, FPGA, and network processor implementation issues and discusses limitations and further research challenges.     

An autonomous defense against SYN flooding attacks: Detect and throttle attacks at the victim side independently

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks seriously threaten Internet services yet there is currently no defence against such attacks that provides both early detection, allowing time for counteraction, and an accurate response. Traditional detection methods rely on passively sniffing an attacking signature and are inaccurate in the early stages of an attack. Current counteractions such as traffic filter or rate-limit methods do not accurately distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate traffic and are difficult to deploy. This work seeks to provide a method that detects SYN flooding attacks in a timely fashion and that responds accurately and independently on the victim side. We use the knowledge of network traffic delay distribution and apply an active probing technique (DARB) to identify half-open connections that, suspiciously, may not arise from normal network congestion. This method is suitable for large network areas and is capable of handling bursts of traffic flowing into a victim server. Accurate filtering is ensured by a counteraction method using IP address and time-to-live(TTL) fields. Simulation results show that our active detection method can detect SYN flooding attacks accurately and promptly and that the proposed rate-limit counteraction scheme can efficiently minimize the damage caused by DDoS attacks and guarantee constant services to legitimate users.     

应用层DDOS攻击检测技术研究

随着检测底层DDoS攻击的技术不断成熟和完善,应用层DDoS攻击越来越多。由于应用层协议的复杂性,应用层DDoS攻击更具隐蔽性和破坏性,检测难度更大。通过研究正常用户访问的网络流量特征和应用层DDoS攻击的流量特征,采用固定时间窗口内的请求时间间隔以及页面作为特征。通过正常用户和僵尸程序访问表现出不同的特点,对会话进行聚类分析,从而检测出攻击,经过实验,表明本检测算法具有较好的检测性能。     

SDN中基于C4.5决策树的DDoS攻击检测

SDN（Software Defined Network,软件定义网络）是一种新兴的网络架构,它的控制与转发分离架构为网络管理带来了极大的便利性和灵活性,但同时也带来新的安全威胁和挑战。攻击者通过对SDN的集中式控制器进行DDoS（Distributed Denial of Service,分布式拒绝服务）攻击,会使信息不可达,造成网络瘫痪。为了检测DDoS攻击,提出了一种基于C4.5决策树的检测方法：通过提取交换机流表项信息,使用C4.5决策树算法训练数据集生成决策树对流量进行分类,实现DDoS攻击的检测,最后通过实验证明了该方法有更高的检测成功率,更低的误警率与较少的检测时间。     

基于信息熵与LSTM的ICMPv6 DDoS攻击检测方法

ICMPv6（Internet Control Management Protocol version 6）协议作为IPv6网络运行的基础支撑协议,是IPv6 DDoS（Distribute Denial of Service）攻击防御的一个重要环节。在分析国内外ICMPv6 DDos攻击检测现状的基础上,提出了一种基于信息熵与长短期记忆网络（Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM）相结合的双重检测方法。该方法通过基于信息熵的初步检测能有效识别出异常流量,再进一步基于改进的LSTM网络的深度检测对异常流量进行确认。仿真实验表明,该方法对ICMPv6 DDoS攻击的识别准确率能达到95%以上,与常用的检测方法相比,该方法的准确率更高。同时,与只基于LSTM的检测方法相比,该方法缩短了50%以上的检测时间,具有更好的性能。     

DDoS攻击的全局异常相关检测方法

骨干网中存在的DDoS攻击,由于背景流量巨大,且分布式指向受害者的多个攻击流尚未汇聚,因此难以进行有效的检测。为了解决该问题,提出一种基于全局流量异常相关分析的检测方法。根据攻击流引起流量之间相关性的变化,采用主成分分析提取多条流量中潜在异常部分之间的相关性,并将相关性变化程度作为攻击检测测度。实验结果证明了该测度的可用性,能够克服骨干网中DDoS攻击流幅值相对低且不易检测的困难,同现有的全局流量检测方法相比,所提出的方法能够取得更高的检测率。     

Robust and efficient detection of DDoS attacks for large-scale internet

In recent years, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have become a major security threat to Internet services. How to detect and defend against DDoS attacks is currently a hot topic in both industry and academia. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to robustly and efficiently detect DDoS attacks and identify attack packets. The key idea of our framework is to exploit spatial and temporal correlation of DDoS attack traffic. In this framework, we design a perimeter-based anti-DDoS system, in which traffic is analyzed only at the edge routers of an internet service provider (ISP) network. Our framework is able to detect any source-address-spoofed DDoS attack, no matter whether it is a low-volume attack or a high-volume attack. The novelties of our framework are (1) temporal-correlation based feature extraction and (2) spatial-correlation based detection. With these techniques, our scheme can accurately detect DDoS attacks and identify attack packets without modifying existing IP forwarding mechanisms at routers. Our simulation results show that the proposed framework can detect DDoS attacks even if the volume of attack traffic on each link is extremely small. Especially, for the same false alarm probability, our scheme has a detection probability of 0.97, while the existing scheme has a detection probability of 0.17, which demonstrates the superior performance of our scheme.     

基于智能蜂群算法的DDoS攻击检测系统

随着大数据应用的普及,DDoS攻击日益严重并已成为主要的网络安全问题。针对大数据环境下的DDoS攻击检测问题,设计了一种融合聚类和智能蜂群算法(DFSABC_elite)的DDoS攻击检测系统。该系统将聚类算法与智能蜂群算法相结合来进行数据流分类,用流量特征分布熵与广义似然比较判别因子来检测DDoS攻击数据流的特征,从而实现了DDoS攻击数据流的高效检测。实验结果显示,该系统在类内紧密度、类间分离度、聚类准确率、算法耗时和DDoS检测准确率方面明显优于基于并行化K-means的普通蜂群算法和基于并行化K-means算法的DDoS检测方法。     

基于软件定义物联网的分布式拒绝服务攻击检测方法

由于物联网（IoT）设备众多、分布广泛且所处环境复杂,相较于传统网络更容易遭受分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击,针对这一问题提出了一种在软件定义物联网（SD-IoT）架构下基于均分取值区间长度-K均值（ELVR-Kmeans）算法的DDoS攻击检测方法。首先,利用SD-IoT控制器的集中控制特性通过获取OpenFlow交换机的流表,分析SD-IoT环境下DDoS攻击流量的特性,提取出与DDoS攻击相关的七元组特征;然后,使用ELVR-Kmeans算法对所获取的流表进行分类,以检测是否有DDoS攻击发生;最后,搭建仿真实验环境,对该方法的检测率、准确率和错误率进行测试。实验结果表明,该方法能够较好地检测SD-IoT环境中的DDoS攻击,检测率和准确率分别达到96.43%和98.71%,错误率为1.29%。     

Detection of DDoS attacks using optimized traffic matrix

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have been increasing with the growth of computer and network infrastructures in Ubiquitous computing. DDoS attacks generating mass traffic deplete network bandwidth and/or system resources. It is therefore significant to detect DDoS attacks in their early stage. Our previous approach used a traffic matrix to detect DDoS attacks quickly and accurately. However, it could not find out to tune up parameters of the traffic matrix including (i) size of traffic matrix, (ii) time based window size, and (iii) a threshold value of variance from packets information with respect to various monitored environments and DDoS attacks. Moreover, the time based window size led to computational overheads when DDoS attacks did not occur. To cope with it, we propose an enhanced DDoS attacks detection approach by optimizing the parameters of the traffic matrix using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize the detection rates. Furthermore, we improve the traffic matrix building operation by (i) reforming the hash function to decrease hash collisions and (ii) replacing the time based window size with a packet based window size to reduce the computational overheads. We perform experiments with DARPA 2000 LLDOS 1.0, LBL-PKT-4 of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and generated attack datasets. The experimental results show the feasibility of our approach in terms of detection accuracy and speed.