SWMM中典型水质参数值确定方法的研究

以上海某屋面为例,通过比较试验方法和SWMM模拟方法两种方式所得降雨量与单场降雨径流SS负荷的关系,得到SWMM模型模拟中典型水质参数值(污染物最大累积量C1、累积速率常数C2、冲刷系数S1及冲刷指数S2)。通过该方法可确定针对于其他城市的SWMM模拟所需水质参数,从而为SWMM水质模拟过程提供依据。     

广州市典型社区单元面源污染初期冲刷效应

为了向初期雨水截留控制提供基础数据,研究广州市社区单元面源污染初始冲刷效应,采集并分析研究区域中3场降雨道路、屋顶和绿地径流的污染物情况,利用无量纲累积曲线、初期冲刷系数及质量初期冲刷强度指数MFF对径流污染物BOD_5、COD_(Cr)、TSS、NH_3-N、TP、TN的初期冲刷效应进行定性分析和定量分析。结果表明,绿地和屋顶比道路更易发生初期冲刷效应,且冲刷强度一般比道路强,而绿地在连续降雨后初期冲刷效应更加明显;各种初期冲刷污染物中,TN初期冲刷效应更为显著,TP和NH_3-N次之;采用MFF指数法可以得到较为可靠的定量化结果,建议采用该方法作为初始冲刷效应分析方法。     

基于Morris的SWMM水质参数灵敏度分析与应用

基于SWMM水文与水质模型框架,对4种土地利用以及每种土地利用所包括的2个地表污染物累积参数和2个地表污染物冲刷参数等共17个参数进行敏感性分析,采用Morris分类筛选法对敏感性参数进行识别与筛选,并进行模拟结果与实测结果的相关性分析,得出研究区域的不敏感系数与高灵敏度系数,以便提高模拟精度。     

苏州古城各功能区路面降雨径流分析

通过对苏州市古城区内商业区、现代住宅区、老旧住宅区、交通区、园林旅游区这5种具有代表性的功能区路面降雨径流中SS、COD、TN、NH_3~+-N、TP水质指标的分析,探讨了不同功能区降雨径流中污染物浓度差别,不同污染物之间的相关性关系和初期冲刷效应。结果表明,路面降雨径流中污染物浓度存在空间分布差异,商业区和交通区路面径流污染最为严重,其中交通区SS的E_(EMC)值超出污水综合排放二级标准16.79倍,COD的E_(EMC)值超出地表水环境质量V类标准6. 88倍;降雨径流中SS与TP、TN、COD之间存在良好的相关性,交通区路面降雨径流中各污染物之间呈现极显著性相关;不同功能区路面降雨径流中污染物大多存在初期冲刷现象,交通区与园林旅游区出现初期冲刷频率高,商业区和老旧住宅区初期冲刷强度大,相比其他污染物,SS最易出现初期冲刷现象,降雨特征参数对初期冲刷效应有一定影响。     

天津典型居民区不同下垫面雨水径流污染特征

在对天津典型居民区域的不同下垫面雨水径流水质进行监测的基础上,以典型降雨为例,探讨了雨水径流污染物的特征和事件平均浓度(event mean concentrations,EMC)。结果表明,天津典型居民区主干道和菜市场雨水径流中的污染物质量浓度随着降雨历时的延续呈降低趋势,冲刷效应明显;屋顶雨水径流中污染物的质量浓度随降雨历时的延续变化较小,冲刷效应较弱。3种下垫面雨水径流中污染物质量浓度大小差异明显,菜市场和主干道雨水径流中SS质量浓度相差不大,且都远远超过屋顶雨水径流;雨水径流中COD和TP质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、主干道、屋顶;雨水径流中TN质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、屋顶、主干道。以EMC中值计,菜市场雨水径流中污染物平均浓度要高于主干道和屋顶,菜市场雨水径流中TP的质量浓度是主干道的3倍、屋顶的24倍。天津典型居民区雨水径流污染比较严重,如不经截留或处理直接排入城市河道等接纳水体,会严重影响河道的水质和城市的环境。     

漓江流域上游非点源污染负荷估算

采用径流分割法(丰枯径流差值法)、降雨量差值法和径流量差值法,基于2005—2014年各月水文和水质数据,进行漓江流域上游非点源污染负荷量的估算。结果表明,径流分割法的非点源污染负荷计算精度最高,丰枯水期污染物负荷差值和流量差值的拟合方程决定系数在0.88以上;基于径流分割法的污染物总负荷计算值和实测值的决定系数在0.91以上,计算值与实测值的结果接近。与氨氮和高锰酸盐指数相比,不同方法计算的总磷非点源污染比例呈现较强的稳定性。径流分割法的计算结果显示,2005—2014年高锰酸盐指数的非点源比例平均值为0.70,氨氮的非点源比例平均值为0.73,总磷的非点源比例平均值为0.74,说明非点源污染对漓江流域上游水质的贡献率较高。     

不透水表面坡度对溶解态污染物传输过程的影响研究

溶解态污染物是城市降雨径流污染的一个重要组成部分,揭示其在降雨径流阶段的传输过程对于城市污水治理具有重要意义。采用人工模拟降雨实验研究了不透水表面不同坡度(0.5°、1°、2°、3°、4°、5°)情况下降雨径流及溶解态污染物传输过程。结果表明:坡度越大,坡面产汇流时间越短,径流量越快达到稳定;污染物浓度随降雨径流深度增加呈逐渐减小趋势,坡度越大,初始浓度越高,衰减越快;污染物传输速率呈先增大后减小的变化规律,坡度越大,污染物传输速率峰值越大,峰值出现在径流深度为0.3~0.5mm之间;溶解态污染物传输过程符合指数冲刷模型,随着坡度的增大,冲刷系数k先线性增加,坡度大于3°基本保持稳定。相对于颗粒态污染物,溶解态污染物冲刷系数大,易被冲刷,冲刷集中发生在径流初期。     

漓江上游灵渠丰枯水期水量水质综合变化分析

为了研究漓江上游灵渠丰枯水期水量和水质的变化,选取灵渠水文站1960～2019年径流和2004～2019年高锰酸盐指数、氨氮与总磷水质数据,使用统计分析法、Mann-Kendall法、Spearman秩相关系数和综合污染指数对水量水质进行综合分析。结果表明：(1)在丰、枯水期的年际变化方面,灵渠高锰酸盐指数浓度都呈现不显著的上升趋势,氨氮浓度都呈现显著的下降趋势,总磷浓度呈不显著的下降趋势;年际间高锰酸盐指数浓度的变化比氨氮、总磷剧烈。(2)枯水期径流与高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷浓度和污染物通量的相关性,大于丰水期径流与污染物浓度和污染物通量的相关性。(3)径流量增大对高锰酸盐指数的稀释作用起主导作用,然而,径流量增大引起的氨氮和总磷污染物入河的增加量,大于径流量对河流氮磷污染物的稀释量(能力)。(4)丰、枯水期的高锰酸盐指数浓度随着径流的增加而减小,高锰酸盐指数污染以点源为主;丰、枯水期氨氮、总磷浓度随着径流的增加而增加,氮磷污染以面源为主。     

广州天河智慧城SWMM参数敏感性分析

为研究城市雨水模拟中参数对SWMM模拟结果的影响,构建了广州天河智慧城SWMM水文模型,开展降雨径流水量水质同步监测,对模型参数进行率定与验证,并使用Morris方法分析水文水力参数和水质参数的敏感性。结果表明:水文水力参数中最大下渗速率对总径流量敏感性最高,地表曼宁系数对峰值流量敏感性最高,下渗参数为影响水文水力模拟结果的主要参数;水质参数中冲刷指数对污染物模拟结果敏感性最高,前期干旱天数对污染物模拟结果敏感性比总径流量模拟的敏感性高。     

低影响开发措施对雨水径流的控制效应

为了解LID措施在实际应用中对雨水径流的控制效应,选取广州市天河智慧城透水铺装和绿地开展现场监测,在透水铺装和绿地上分别选取20场次和11场次降雨径流资料分析径流削减情况,在透水铺装和绿地上均选取2场次降雨水质资料分析污染物去除情况。结果表明:透水铺装和绿地的径流量削减率均随着雨前干旱期增加而上升,随着降雨历时、降水量和最大雨强的增加而下降;在降水量较小时,绿地的径流量削减率比透水铺装的大,在降水量较大时反之。雨前干旱期越久,地表累积的污染物越多,冲刷到雨水径流中的污染物越多,雨前干旱期越长的场次降雨的透水铺装和绿地雨水径流污染物质量浓度亦越高。     

Correlation analysis among highway stormwater pollutants and characteristics.

Stormwater runoff from highway land use is a common non-point source of pollutants. A large quantity of highway stormwater runoff characteristics were collected in California during the past three years. Correlations among various water quality parameters and constituents were performed using data sets collected over the 2000-2001, 2001-2002, and 2002-2003 wet seasons for 18, 21 and 23 storm events at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. In addition, statistical and graphical correlation analysis of the mass first flush ratio (MFF) with storm characteristics was made to determine if the first flush is related to site or storm characteristics. The results and analyses performed indicate that (1) TSS correlates well with most particulate-bound metals. However, TSS was poorly correlated with most other pollutants. (2) Strong correlations were also observed among dissolved and total metals; DOC, COD, TKN and oil and grease; conductivity and Cl. (3) Total metals, COD and DOC were generally well correlated with mass first flush, suggesting that BMPs that treat the early portion of runoff have an opportunity to remove high concentrations of these pollutants.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN TOTAL SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN AN OXBOW LAKE AFTER IMPLEMENTING AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

The Wolf–Broad oxbow lake (417 ha) was evaluated by the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality and included on the Mississippi 303(d) list of impaired waterbodies for total suspended solids (TSS). A study was undertaken for 2 years to evaluate and document changes to TSS (mg L^?1) and overall lake turbidity (NTU) through best management practice implementation. These two objectives were analysed with routine monthly surface sampling events of turbidity (Eureka Manta 2, automated data sonde) as well as 20 random samples per sampling trip for TSS from June 2008 to June 2010. Results from a non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis analysis indicated a significant month‐by‐year effect on turbidity and TSS (chi‐squared = 76.08, p = 0.001), but reach (chi‐squared = 2.45, p = 0.784) and depth by reach (chi‐squared = 2.44, p = 0.784) did not show significant effects on turbidity. There were no significant correlations between TSS concentrations and turbidity and 2 days and 7 days summed or mean rainfall for the duration of the evaluation. Spearman correlation analysis for TSS indicated significant correlations between TSS and mean two‐day (r² = 0.62, p = 0.002) and seven‐day (r² = 0.51, p = 0.014) wind speeds. All other variables used in the analysis did not show significant correlation with TSS ( p > 0.05). This suggests that wind conditions, rather than rainfall, predict the greatest variability in TSS and turbidity in Wolf Lake. These documented correlations between lake water column TSS, turbidity and wind highlight the difficulties of demonstrating success of management practices in the short temporal period between project initiation and completion. Unmanageable environmental conditions (wind speed and direction) and limited temporal monitoring scales (1 1/2 years post‐BMP implementation) limit the possibility of demonstrating successful water‐quality improvement within a 303(d) listed waterbody such as Wolf Lake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality criteria for total suspended solids (TSS) in urban wet-weather discharges.

Total suspended solids (TSS) from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and stormwater discharges represent a crucial parameter for evaluating wet-weather pollution in urban areas. In fact, the increase of TSS in water during rain events can have ecotoxic effects on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, major potentially harmful substances such as heavy metals, PAHs and organic matter are adsorbed onto TSS and later settle on sediment. Water quality criteria for TSS consequently enable the risk of wet-weather pollution to be assessed, for instance to avoid detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. The criteria proposed in this study cover the short-term impact of TSS on fish (acute quality criteria AQC), taking into account the duration of their exposure in the receiving water. The concentration-exposure duration-effect curve proposed here thus predicts "ill effects" on fish for different exposure times and TSS concentrations. The ecotoxic effects of adsorbed pollutants are also taken into account with an additional safety factor. We implement this TSS criteria in a software that allows us to estimate the number of rain events that exceed a given morbidity threshold for fishes per year.     

Appropriate maximum holding times for analysis of total suspended solids concentration in water samples taken from open-channel waterways

Many scientific laboratories follow, as standard practice, a relatively short maximum holding time (within 7 days) for the analysis of total suspended solids (TSS) in environmental water samples. In this study we have subsampled from bulk water samples stored at ～4 °C in the dark, then analysed for TSS at time intervals up to 105 days after collection. The nonsignificant differences in TSS results observed over time demonstrates that storage at ～4 °C in the dark is an effective method of preserving samples for TSS analysis, far past the 7-day standard practice. Extending the maximum holding time will ease the pressure on sample collectors and laboratory staff who until now have had to determine TSS within an impractically short period.     

Relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids concentration within a combined sewer system

This article confirms the existence of a strong linear relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration. However, the slope of this relation varies between dry and wet weather conditions, as well as between sites. The effect of this variability on estimating the instantaneous wet weather TSS concentration is assessed on the basis of the size of the calibration dataset used to establish the turbidity - TSS relationship. Results obtained indicate limited variability both between sites and during dry weather, along with a significant inter-event variability. Moreover, turbidity allows an evaluation of TSS concentrations with an acceptable level of accuracy for a reasonable rainfall event sampling campaign effort.     

Common effluent treatment plant (CETP): Reliability analysis and performance evaluation

Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) have been installed and are in operation at numerous industrial clusters throughout India. They serve to reduce effluent treatment cost, provide better collective treatment, and reduce land cost for small-scale industrial facilities that cannot afford individual treatment plants. Optimum working conditions for treatment of effluent to be at par with discharge standards is a major mandate for any CETP. In this study, the reliability and removal efficiencies (REs) of a CETP in the industrial area of Maharashtra State in India were examined. An established methodology was adopted to determine the effectiveness of the CETP in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and oil and grease (O&G) concentrations. The CETP's compliance with respect to design standards and its operation were studied in detail. This paper highlights the results of RE and the coefficient of determination (R²) values obtained from the CETP data, estimates the pollutants removed at the highest and lowest rates over a period of time, and highlights the reasons for problem areas along with remedial measures. It was observed that, except O&G, all the parameters (BOD, COD, and TSS) showed fluctuations in removal efficiencies and their reliabilities. This situation can be improved by releasing effluent containing hydraulic and organic loading to the CETP as per standards and optimizing treatment processes, especially primary clari-flocculators and aeration tanks, both of which are important units of any CETP.     

Analysis of build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics on urban roads in gold coast, Australia

Urban water quality can be significantly impaired by the build-up of pollutants such as heavy metals and volatile organics on urban road surfaces due to vehicular traffic. Any control strategy for the mitigation of traffic related build-up of heavy metals and volatile organic pollutants should be based on the knowledge of their build-up processes. In the study discussed in this paper, the outcomes of a detailed experimental investigation into build-up processes of heavy metals and volatile organics are presented. It was found that traffic parameters such as average daily traffic, volume over capacity ratio and surface texture depth had similar strong correlations with the build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics. Multicriteria decision analyses revealed that that the 1-74 microm particulate fraction of total suspended solids (TSS) could be regarded as a surrogate indicator for particulate heavy metals in build-up and this same fraction of total organic carbon could be regarded as a surrogate indicator for particulate volatile organics build-up. In terms of pollutants affinity, TSS was found to be the predominant parameter for particulate heavy metals build-up and total dissolved solids was found to be the predominant parameter for the potential dissolved particulate fraction in heavy metals buildup. It was also found that land use did not play a significant role in the build-up of traffic generated heavy metals and volatile organics.     

Effect of inoculum and sludge concentration on viscosity evolution of anaerobic granular sludges.

The rheological behaviour of granular sludges (diameter 20-315 microm) originating from different anaerobic reactors was carried out using rotation tests. The sieved granular sludges suspensions display a non-Newtonian rheological behaviour and the limit viscosity was therefore used as a rheological parameter. The values obtained, which depend on the shear rate used, were strongly influenced by the total suspended solids (TSS) content of granular sludge and an exponential relation was found between the TSS and the rheological parameter limit viscosity. The increase of viscosity as a function of TSS content of the granular sludge as well as the increase of granule size underlines the importance of the interaction between granules in the evolution of this rheological parameter. Significant differences in granular sludge limit viscosity were found for granular sludge of different origins. All measurements performed with 10 g.l(-1) TSS granular sludge indicate the ability of the chosen rheological parameter to describe different granular sludge quality.     

Evaluation of recirculating sand filter in a cold climate.

Approximately 30% of Minnesota's residents rely on onsite technologies for their wastewater treatment. There is a growing need for 'alternative' technologies to aid in treatment for difficult sites and sensitive environmental areas. Recirculating sand filters (RSFs) have been used since the 1970s for small communities with flows > 20,000 L per day, but use for small flow application (< 5,000 L/d) has been growing due to its small land use requirement. A research site was developed in southern Minnesota in 1995 to test alternative technologies, including two RSFs. In addition, in 1998, two RSFs were added to existing residential soil treatment systems that were having problems because of inadequate separation and fill soil conditions. All RSFs in this study used 0.6 metres of coarse sand for treatment, were loaded at approximately 204 L per day per square metre (5 gallons per square foot per day) and a recirculation rate of 5:1. All RSFs have effectively reduced Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Fecal Coliform (FC) and Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These systems are able to achieve secondary effluent treatment levels for BOD5 and TSS. The median FC reduction was 90% with a value of 5.7 E4 cfu/100 mL, indicating additional treatment is necessary to protect health and the environment. The RSFs consistently removed 25% or more total phosphorus (TP) and 40% or more total nitrogen (TN). The RSFs did not show significantly decreased performance during the winter months. Two of the RSFs receiving rather high strength domestic waste were able to reduce a greater percentage of total nitrogen, indicated that the addition of carbon from the high strength waste is a benefit resulting in greater TN removal.