脉冲管制冷机交变流动动态特性数值研究：第二部分：数值模拟结果

第一部分给出了脉冲管制冷机数值模拟的基本方程和改进的数值计算方法。这一部分采用第一部分的方法对脉冲管制冷机的内部交变流动，换热以及制冷过程进行了详尽的数值模拟研究，得到了脉冲管制冷要内部各参数的动态变化，分析了各动态参数变化对制冷机整机性能的影响，并与实验结果进行了比较，数值模拟分析与实验结果符合良好，     

液氦温区VM-PT制冷机气量分配特性研究

VM气耦合脉冲管制冷机(VM-PT)是一种新型的液氦温区制冷机,为探索两级气耦合复杂的机理,本文采用Sage软件构建了低温调相VM-PT制冷机的整机模拟程序,研究了运行频率、平均压力、毛细管长度以及Er3Ni填充长度等参数对两级气量分配的影响。数值结果表明运行频率、平均圧力、毛细管长度以及Er3Ni填充长度均会影响两级质量流的分配,进而影响制冷机的最低温度,权衡工质的做工能力以及蓄冷器损失两方面因素,该四个参数均存在一个最佳值。搭建了实验平台并对数值模拟进行了验证。在实验中通过优化毛细管和蓄冷器,在运行频率1.6 Hz、平均压力1.4 MPa、压比1.6的情况下得到了3.86 K的无负荷制冷温度,在4.2 K可提供约10 mW的制冷量。     

惯性管内部交变流动的数值计算与分析

介绍了针对脉冲管制冷机中惯性管内部交变流动的数值计算方法。借助这个方法,计算得到了惯性管内动态压力波、质量流量、质量流量与压力波的相位差等流动参数,分析了这些参数受惯性管入口动态压力波幅值和频率的影响。计算结果验证了在惯性管中存在动态压力波幅值最小的点,进一步发现了该点的位置受入口动态压力波幅值影响较小,受频率影响较大。并且在该点前后,惯性管中质量流量与压力波的相位差沿着惯性管轴向的变化呈现出不同的趋势。     

脉冲管制冷机的整机二维数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对脉冲管制冷机进行了二维轴对称数值模拟。和文献中实验的对比结果表明,模拟计算使用的数理模型是合理的,能够准确预报脉冲管制冷机的最低制冷温度。进而,对中科院自主开发的脉冲管制冷系统进行了数值研究,探讨了频率、充气压力以及振幅对脉冲管制冷机性能的影响。结果显示,对于一定尺寸的脉冲管制冷机有一个最佳运行频率,大振幅和相对较小的充气压力可以取得较好的制冷效果。     

基于Fluent软件的脉冲管制冷机惯性管调相能力研究

基于Fluent软件开展脉冲管制冷机惯性管调相能力数值模拟研究,模拟过程考虑边界层效应及湍流影响,网格划分兼顾计算时间及准确度。为验证上述模拟方法的准确性,将模拟值与实验值进行了系统比较,结果表明:在不同的结构尺寸及运行参数下,惯性管入口速度波幅值模拟值均与实验值吻合较好,偏差多集中在6%以内;惯性管入口速度波落后于压力波角度模拟值大于实验值,偏差多集中在7—10°,并给出了Fluent软件惯性管调相能力模拟值用于工程设计时的修正方法。     

脉冲管制冷机惯性管调相能力的实验研究

为了验证脉冲管制冷机惯性管理论模型的准确性,通过修正压缩机活塞表面质量流的方法间接测量了惯性管入口质量流幅值及质量流与压力波之间的夹角.对目前脉冲管制冷机中应用较为广泛的单段惯性管加气库及双段惯性管加气库的调相能力进行了测量,并将测量值与简化湍流热声模型计算结果进行了比较.所测单段和双段惯性管阻抗幅值及相位角随内径及长...     

10W/80K高频同轴脉冲管制冷机的实验性能

介绍了一款大冷量高频单级同轴脉冲管制冷机的基本结构、数值模拟和实验性能。其线性压缩机采用Redlich动磁式直线电机驱动,压缩活塞对置布置,使用板弹簧支撑和间隙密封技术,80 K温区工作时的电机效率在83%以上。膨胀机的蓄冷器和脉冲管为同轴型布置,这种结构使冷头与器件之间的耦合非常方便。使用数值软件对制冷机整机和调相部件进行数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行实验验证。对制冷机的运行频率和制冷性能进行实验研究,制冷机在210.3 W输入电功时能获得10 W/80 K的制冷性能,比卡诺效率为12.66%,运行频率为62 Hz,整机重量小于5.5 kg。     

关于脉冲管制冷机中间补气法的讨论

用实验方法验证了小孔脉冲管制冷机“气体排出器”的存在,分析了“气体排出器”对制冷性能的影响,指出了改进小孔脉冲管制冷性能的途径.     

斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管的优化设计

介绍了斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管调相的原理和惯性管的传输线理论模型,给出了惯性管尺寸的优化计算方法.采用该方法对现有的脉管制冷机中惯性管的调相能力进行了模拟计算,研究了PV功、压比和气库容积等参数对最佳惯性管尺寸的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比,计算结果与实验结果符合较好.     

脉冲管制冷机内部交变流动过程实验研究第二部分 实验结果分析与讨论

对一台小孔型脉冲管制冷机内部动态流动过程进行了系统的实验研究.在准确测量脉冲管制冷机蓄冷器热端和脉冲管热端的压力波和速度波曲线的基础上,对其进行傅里叶分析,得到波动曲线的基本参数,包括幅值和相位等.系统研究了各种条件和工况(包括运行频率、充气压力、小孔开度、压缩机出口压比等)对脉冲管制冷机内部压力波和速度波的幅值与相位的影响规律.实验结果对于脉冲管制冷机的机理理解、设计和调试有着重要的意义.     

An innovative configuration for thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube coolers

Obtainable lowest temperature of a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler is generally limited by the pressure ratio provided by the thermoacoustic engine with helium as working gas. It is also known that a thermoacoustic engine filled with nitrogen can generally provide much larger pressure ratio and lower frequency than the same engine filled with helium. Here we introduce an innovative system configuration which uses an elastic membrane as the interface between the thermoacoustic engine subsystem and the pulse tube cooler subsystem. The membrane can transport acoustic work from the engine to the cooler, and meanwhile separate the working gases used in respective subsystems. Through this way, it is possible for the engine to operate with nitrogen to provide larger pressure ratio and more suitable frequency for the pulse tube cooler which can still use helium as the working gas. To test this idea, a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler was built. With the innovative configuration, the pulse tube cooler reached a lowest temperature of 139 K. On the other hand, without the membrane, the PTC only achieved a lowest temperature of 186 K when using nitrogen and 145 K with helium for both the PTC and the engine.     

Investigation on a thermoacoustically driven pulse tube cooler working at 80 K

The pulse tube cooler (PTC) driven by a thermoacoustic engine can completely eliminate mechanical moving parts, and then achieves a simpler and more reliable device. A Stirling thermoacoustic heat engine has been constructed and tested. The heat engine can generate a maximal pressure ratio of 1.19, which makes it possible to drive a PTC and get good performance. Frequency is one of the key operating parameters, not only for the heat engine but also for the PTC. In order to adapt to the relatively low design frequency of the PTC, the operating frequency of the thermoacoustic heat engine was regulated by varying the length of the resonance tube. Driven by the thermoacoustic engine, a single stage double-inlet PTC obtained the lowest refrigeration temperature of 80.9 K with an operating frequency of 45 Hz, which is regarded as a new record for the reported thermoacoustically driven refrigerators.     

Characterization of a 300 Hz thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler

This article introduces our recent experimental advances on a 300 Hz pulse tube cooler driven by a thermoacoustic standing-wave engine. After some modifications on the engine, the integral system performance is improved, which leads to a better cooling performance of the high frequency pulse tube cooler compared with that in former reports. Cooling powers of the pulse tube cooler with different operating conditions have been measured in detail for the first time. So far, a lowest no-load temperature of 68 K and a maximum cooling power of 1.16 W at 80 K have been obtained with the mean pressure and the heating power being 4.1 MPa and 1 kW, respectively.     

Influence of resonance tube length on performance of thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator

A resonance tube is an important component of a thermoacoustic engine, which has great influence on the performance of the thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator. A standing wave thermoacoustic engine is simulated with linear thermoacoustics. Computed results show that an appropriate accretion of the resonance tube length may lead to a decrease of the working frequency and an increase of the pressure amplitude, which will improve the match between the thermoacoustic engine and the pulse tube refrigerator. The theoretical prediction is verified by experiments. A refrigeration temperature as low as 88.6 K has been achieved with an optimized length of the resonance tube, helium as working gas, and 2200 W of heating power.     

行波热声发动机驱动的脉管制冷机研究

通过改变热声发动机谐振直路长度,研究系统在不同工作频率下的性能.研究发现,在一定条件下降低频率可以显著改善脉管制冷机的性能.在工作压力为2.7 MPa,加热功率为2 350W,工作频率为45 Hz时,双向进气型单级脉管制冷机获得了80.9 K的最低制冷温度,这是目前用热声制冷方法获得的最低制冷温度.     

热声驱动脉管制冷机的压力特性

自行研制了热声驱动脉管制冷机实验台,着重研究了热声驱动脉管制冷机的压力特性,明确了充气压力对超振温度、加热温度、制冷温度、压比及夺力振幅等的影响,实验表明,自行研制的热声压缩机在驱动脉管制冷机的情况下,仍可获１．０７以上的压比,基本可以满足驱动无阀型脉管制冷机的需要,在最近进行的实验中,以氮和氦作工质,分别获得了１９６Ｋ和１３８Ｋ的无负荷制冷温度,此外,本文还提出了进一步的改进方向。     

Advances in a 300 Hz thermoacoustic cooler system working within liquid nitrogen temperature range

With the combined advantages of high reliability, compact size and low electromagnetic interference, a high frequency operating thermoacoustic cooler system, i.e. a pulse tube cooler driven by a thermoacoustic heat engine, is quite promising for space applications. This article introduced a high frequency standing-wave thermoacoustic heat engine-driven pulse tube cooler system working around 300 Hz with axial length being 1.2 m. To improve the thermal efficiency of such system, an optimization has been carried out, both analytically and experimentally, by observing the influence of the dimensions of the stack, the hot buffer length and the acoustic pressure amplifier tube length. So far, a no-load temperature of 68.3 K has been obtained with 4.0 MPa helium and 750 W heating power. With 500 W heating power, a no-load temperature of 76.9 K and 0.2 W cooling power at 80 K have been achieved. Compared with former reports, the performance has been improved.     

行波热声发动机加热器改进及其驱动脉管制冷机系统实验研究

对自行研制的行波型热声发动机中的核心部件加热器进行了改进.采用改进的热声发动机驱动单级小孔型脉管制冷机,以氦气为工质,在充气压力为2.2 MPa的条件下,获得了110 K的最低制冷温度.通过对实验结果的分析,着重阐明了热声发动机和脉管制冷机之间的频率匹配问题及其改进途径,为进一步深入研究指明了方向.     

行波型热声发动机与脉冲管配合的实验研究

采用热声发动机驱动脉冲管制冷机，使彻底消除低温制冷机中的运动部件成为可能。作者研制了行波型热声发动机驱动脉中管制冷机实验台。进行三个脉冲管与行波型热声发动机的配合实验，着重研究了热端气体温度、冷端温降和压力振幅的变化规律。     

热声热机的研究进展

对热声热机和热声脉管制冷机的发展历史和现状进行了较为全面的概述,重点阐述了热声热机和热声制冷机的理论、实验和数值仿真研究方法、研究成果,尤其对热声脉管制冷机的数值研究方法从一维数值到二维轴对称及三维数值研究模型进行较为系统的介绍。同时对热声热机的研究热点、研究方法、研究方向进行了预测,并对热声热机的三个发展方向:太阳能利用和余热利用、热声制冷系统微型化、热声驱动脉管制冷作了简要的介绍。