关于软件测试的浅议

本文从介绍软件测试的概念人手，紧接着简单地阐述了软件测试的目的、分类及重要性，然后着重分析了软件测试的过程，最后说明了软件测试的现状。     

Testing for Reliability

This tutorial article describes the role of testing in the creation of reliable products. It is based upon parts of the author's book ‘Test Engineering’.Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The book has a web page (www.pat‐oconnor.co.uk/testengineering.htm), which provides information on and links to test organizations, standards, suppliers of equipment and facilities, etc. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于干涉法的非球面测量技术

随着光学精密加工技术的发展,非球面光学元件在各种光学系统中广泛应用,高精度非球面检测技术对非球面光学元件的发展意义重大。论述了基于干涉法的非球面面形误差检测技术。根据检测原理,分别对零位干涉检验法与非零位干涉检验法进行了详细介绍。概述了近年来主流的非球面检测技术现状,展望了非球面面形检测技术的发展趋势。     

浅析实验室能力建设中的能力验证提供者认可

本文简单介绍了我国能力验证提供者认可工作的发展过程,阐述了能力验证在实验室能力建设中的重要性,着重论述了能力验证计划提供者在关键技术环节上的能力要求和建设思路.     

2-D biaxial testing and failure predictions of IM7/977-2 carbon/epoxy quasi-isotropic laminates

In previous research, a series of a thickness-tapered cruciform specimen configurations have been used to determine the biaxial (two-dimensional, in-plane) and triaxial (three-dimensional) strength of several carbon/epoxy and glass/vinyl-ester laminate configurations. Refinements to the cruciform geometry have been shown capable of producing acceptable results for cross-ply laminate configurations. However, the presence of a biaxial strengthening effect in quasi-isotropic, [(0_N/90_N/ ± 45_N)_M]_S, laminates have brought into question whether the cruciform geometry could be used to successfully generate two-dimensional strength envelopes. In the present study, a two-dimensional failure envelope for a IM7/977-2 carbon/epoxy laminate was developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, using a triaxial test facility. The electromechanical test frame is capable of generating any combination of tensile or compressive stresses in σ₁:σ₂:σ₃ stress space and can evaluate the uniaxial (one-dimensional, in-plane), biaxial or triaxial response of composite materials. Results are promising as they indicated that failure in the majority of the IM7/977-2 specimens occurred in the gage section. This leads the authors to believe that maximum biaxial stress states were correctly generated within the test specimen. In addition to the experimental data presented, multi-continuum theory (MCT) was used to predict and analyze the onset of damage and ultimate failure of a biaxially loaded IM7/977-2 laminate. Multi-continuum theory is a micromechanics based theory and associated numerical algorithm for extracting, virtually without a time penalty, the stress and strain fields for a composites’ constituents during a routine structural finite element analysis. Damage in a composite material typically begins at the constituent level and may, in fact, be limited to only one constituent in some situations. An accurate prediction of constituent failure at sampling points throughout the laminate provides a genesis for progressively analyzing damage propagation in a composite specimen allowing identification of intermediate damage modes. A constituent-based, quadratic, stress-interactive, failure criterion was used to take advantage of the micro-scale information provided by MCT. There was reasonable correlation between analytically and experimentally developed IM7/977-2 2D failure envelope which leads us to believe that the thickness-tapered cruciform specimen can be used to determine the biaxial strength of quasi-isotropic laminates.     

石油钻具损伤检测方法研究与应用

为了有效预防和检测石油钻具存在的各种缺陷,减少其因腐蚀、冲蚀及应力集中而造成重大经济损失,根据石油钻具的材料和钻具在井下受力状况分析,并结合不同钻具加工工艺及现场应用状况,针对性地确定了石油钻具损伤检测部位和检测方法;同时,通过原理、检测设备、检测方法、应用实例比较了各种检测方法的优缺点。现场应用表明:经过磁粉检测、电磁检测、超声波检测和渗透检测的各类钻具可以有效地预防和减少质量事故。     

ASTM力学性能试验总则标准与分项试验方法标准的技术比较

对美标钢制品力学性能试验总则标准（ASTMA370—2010）与分项试验方法标准（ASTMES／E8M-2009,ASTME10—2010,ASTME18—2008b,ASTME23—2007a^ε1和ASTME384—2010^ε2等）分别从标准的适用范围、环境温度的定义、采用的单位制、对试样和试验设备的要求、尺寸测量精确度、拉伸试验的速率、不同硬度标尺间的相互转换以及试验结果的处理与修约等方面进行了系统的对比分析。结果表明：ASTM力学性能试验总则标准和与其相对应的ASTM分项试验方法标准之间存在着一定的技术差异,其中尤以拉伸试验和冲击试验方法标准与总则标准之间的差异居多,实际使用中应注意区分和选择。     

Supply current monitoring in cmos circuits for reliability prediction and test

The monitoring of supply current in CMOS VLSI devices has been suggested as a tool for both detecting reliability hazards and increasing the effectiveness of standard functional testing. This paper reviews these techniques and describes a method used at Lancaster for evaluating the IDDQ test.     

An approach that can quickly assess product reliability

One of the ways to determine the inherent reliability of a design is to test it under controlled environments based on the product usage that is understood by the development requirements. This can be accomplished by performing a reliability growth test on the product. A testing approach can be developed that enhances the product reliability and reduces the production testing cycle. Research performed to date points to the fact that this proposed methodology may not exist, and is the focus of continued research to refine the development of an approach to fill this gap. The combining of multiple testing approaches in order to ensure that the reliability requirement is met or exceeded while at the same time having the capability to reduce the testing cycle time when required due to schedule and cost constraints has not been addressed in the open literature till date. The methodology is to utilize a combination of multiple testing approaches to accomplish this task by exploring complementary testing ideas from various technologies that have been utilized previously with documented success. This approach demonstrated that component‐level testing reduced the product‐level failures by greater than 80% while at the same time reducing the schedule to complete all testing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

回转部件传递运动精度测试

本文主要论述了对机械回转部件传递运动精度的测试，重点概括了采用静态与动态两种方法的测试原理与方法，并进行理论分析与实验比较，从而得到验证。     

薄板拉伸能力验证计划与技术分析

介绍了由宝钢股份公司组织的"BSTC T002金属材料拉伸试验"能力验证计划,以及围绕金属薄板所开展的"两步法"性能均匀性检验.基于稳健统计技术与Z比分数,对15家实验室获得的数据进行了技术分析,讨论了影响试验结果可靠性的测量因素.稳健化置信椭圆揭示出造成PT计划离群结果的主要因素应为系统误差(实验室间变异).     

面向对象的软件测试

面向对象软件测试是提高面向对象软件质量和可靠性的关键,然而,面向对象软件的理论研究和工程实践在我国还几乎是一个空白。面向对象所具有的类,封装,继承,动态连接等特性。使得面向对象测试步骤的划分以及测试策略的选择有别于传统的测试思想,也增加了测试用例的设计难度。     

Acquisition and Testing,DT/OT Testing: The Need for Two‐Parameter Requirements

An important initiative within the Department of Defense is the increased emphasis on using experimental design methods for test and evaluation. In this work, we discuss the underlying assumptions associated with hypothesis testing using an analogy to the legal system, tie this analogy to test and make the case for the use of two parameters in system specification, an objective and a threshold level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无损检测在木材应用中的现状及发展趋势

无损检测技术在木材检测中的地位日益重要,本文主要从应力波检测、超声波检测、X射线检测和机械应力检测四个方面介绍了无损检测在木材中的应用,阐述了其基本原理和特点,概述了发展历史和研究现状,并展望了未来研究方向及工作重点。     

Cryocooler reliability issues for space applications

Analyzing cryocooler reliability has been problematic from the beginning. Classic reliability analyses rely on statistical sampling and comparing failure modes to other similar systems where statistical results are available. These approaches do not apply to cryocoolers, particularly cryocoolers for aerospace applications. The industry has not built enough total cryocoolers, let alone a single type of cooler, to provide any meaningful statistical sample. This forces us to rely on comparing failure modes of similar systems to that of the cryocooler, which leads to the next problem; today's aerospace cryocooler is designed to have no failure modes. What can it be compared to? Any classic reliability study performed on a cryocooler makes several critical assumptions that completely dominate the results. Change the assumptions and you get a different answer; the results are dictated by the assumptions not the hardware. There are no easy answers to these problems. This paper attempts to show why classic reliability studies do not apply to cryocoolers and that as an industry we must work together to show that all cryocoolers have high levels of reliability.     

Big Data Testing Techniques: Taxonomy,Challenges and Future Trends

Big Data is reforming many industrial domains by providing decision support through analyzing large data volumes. Big Data testing aims to ensure that Big Data systems run smoothly and error-free while maintaining the performance and quality of data. However, because of the diversity and complexity of data, testing Big Data is challenging. Though numerous research efforts deal with Big Data testing, a comprehensive review to address testing techniques and challenges of Big Data is not available as yet. Therefore, we have systematically reviewed the Big Data testing techniques’ evidence occurring in the period 2010–2021. This paper discusses testing data processing by highlighting the techniques used in every processing phase. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future directions. Our findings show that diverse functional, non-functional and combined (functional and non-functional) testing techniques have been used to solve specific problems related to Big Data. At the same time, most of the testing challenges have been faced during the MapReduce validation phase. In addition, the combinatorial testing technique is one of the most applied techniques in combination with other techniques (i.e., random testing, mutation testing, input space partitioning and equivalence testing) to find various functional faults through Big Data testing.     

钢坯表面裂纹的检测技术

表面裂纹的检测是生产高质量钢材的重要保证。目前,冶金企业已经开始应用一些检测技术对钢坯表面裂纹进行在线检测或离线检测。介绍了目前常用的几种钢坯表面裂纹检测技术的原理、特点、应用实例及其检测效果,这些技术包括涡流检测法、漏磁检测法、红外检测法和机器视觉检测法。在此基础上,总结了钢坯表面裂纹缺陷检测技术的发展方向。     

A general Bayes weibull inference model for accelerated life testing

This article presents the development of a general Bayes inference model for accelerated life testing. The failure times at a constant stress level are assumed to belong to a Weibull distribution, but the specification of strict adherence to a parametric time-transformation function is not required. Rather, prior information is used to indirectly define a multivariate prior distribution for the scale parameters at the various stress levels and the common shape parameter. Using the approach, Bayes point estimates as well as probability statements for use-stress (and accelerated) life parameters may be inferred from a host of testing scenarios. The inference procedure accommodates both the interval data sampling strategy and type I censored sampling strategy for the collection of ALT test data. The inference procedure uses the well-known MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) methods to derive posterior approximations. The approach is illustrated with an example.     

Simulation of Ultrasonic Propagation Based on Raying Model in Typical Structure

The convenient and useful raying mode was selected to develop the analysis module of ultrasonic parameters, and the simulation of ultrasonic propagation in typical plane structure was carried out. Using this model, the ultrasonic propagation in the wa