Solid waste issue: Sources,composition, disposal,recycling, and valorization

Disposal of solid wastes is a stinging and widespread problem in both urban and rural areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and disposal is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today. MSW management solutions must be financially sustainable, technically feasible, socially, legally acceptable and environmentally friendly. Solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both small and large cities’.Valorization of food organic waste is one of the important current research areas. The conventional landfill, incineration, composting, and ways of handeling solid wastes are common as mature technologies for waste disposal. Traditionally, the most commonly used technologies for the treatment and valorization of the organic fraction of MSW are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD). The generation of organic solid waste (OSW); worldwide; is dramatically increasing each year. Most of the OSW’s are composed of agricultural waste, household food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. They are normally handled as animal feed, incinerated or disposed to landfill sites. OAW’s are comprised of materials rich in proteins, minerals, and sugars that could be used in other processes as substrates or raw materials.     

Deoxynivalenol: Occurrence,toxicity, and degradation

Mycotoxins have attracted global attention because of their worldwide distribution and toxic risk. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a kind of type-B trichothecenes produced by Fusarium fungi and causes great concerns in different fields. The toxic effects of DON and its two acetylated forms of 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) have been studied primarily including hepatotoxicity, intestinal toxicity, nephrotoxicity and reproduction toxicity. Adsorption is one of the widely applied physical methods for DON removal. Different adsorbents including active carbon, montmorillonite and yeast cells have been employed as the materials. Chemical methods involving oxidation and reduction of DON are always conducted by a combination of the ozonation and hydrothermal treatment. Recently, the biological degradation of DON has been intensively studied and found somewhat superior to physical and chemical solutions due to the environmentally friendly property and high specificity. Reported bacteria and the related enzymes that are able to metabolize DON is also comprehensively reviewed, such as the approved Coriobacteriaceae DMS 11798, the well-known Devosia mutans, the PQQ-depend dehydrogenase and the aldo-keto reductase family.     

THE MONTH IN BRIEF: Dollar up,oil down,and markets worry about Brexit,Turkey, Libya,and Nigeria

This section summarizes downstream developments of the previous month. Exploration & Production are covered in “Upstream Review”.     

New Modifications Bart,Bdchamp, Mayer,Rosenmund, Scheller,Sherlyn-Braz Reactions with Halides of Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

It was discovered a new approach modification Bart, Beschamp, Mayer, Rosenmund, Scheller, Sherlyn-Braz reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. The authors have proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

A New Modification Michaelis-Arbuzov,Allen, Milobendzky-Shulgin,Michaelis-Becker and Raymond Reactions with Organic Compounds Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

In this work study, we investigated possibility of modifying the new Michaelis Allen, Milobendzky-Shulgin, Michaelis-Becker, Raymond reactions with organic compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth is discovered. A new mechanism for possible reactions has been proposed.     

在河成油藏试井解释中综合应用地质、地震数据和数值模拟

在河成油藏压力测试分析中可以综合应用地质和地震数据。应用从地震和测井数据得出的 310 5 85 1格“孔隙管”生成一个 712 8格的三维模型 ,可以估算储层特性 ,它包括渗透率、表皮因子、渗透率孔隙度关系、储层连续性和断层因素。同比放大孔隙管得出数值试井模拟模型后 ,使用自动历史拟合法来拟合试井。本文记录了从孔隙管生成三维试井模型的研发过程以及如何得到满意的试井历史拟合的步骤。早期曾用常规试井模型拟合试井数据 ,并对振幅图产生的特征施加变量 ,效果不令人满意。该常规方法意味着 :生产井穿过一个双层而不连通储层 ,高渗透层全方位封闭 ,低渗透层波及范围很广。同比放大的技术很多 ,分析井动态时的工作重点是从垂直方向放大。介绍的同比放大方法是概念性的 ,并且全部采用有效数据     

Preparation,Characterization, Evaluation,and Regeneration of a Novel Hydro-upgrading Catalyst

A non–noble metal hydro-upgrading catalyst was prepared using modified zeolites as acidic component, and catalytic performance evaluation was also carried out between the hydro-upgrading catalyst and the reference catalyst, which is a commercial catalyst. The evaluation results revealed that under the pressure of 8.0 MPa, the diesel product yield of the hydro-upgrading catalyst was 98.8 m%, cetane index increment was 7.3 units, diesel yield of the reference catalyst was 98.3 m%, and the cetane index increment was 7.2 units; under the pressure of 6.0 MPa, the diesel product yield of the hydro-upgrading catalyst was 99.1 m%, cetane index increment was 6.1 units, diesel yield of the reference catalyst was 98.7m%, and the cetane index increment was 5.3 units. In addition, preparation repeatability, activity stability, and regeneration performance tests of the hydro-upgrading catalyst were carried out.     

Search for New Three-, Four-Component Petasis,Passerini, Hantzsch,Kabachnic-Fields,Ugi Reactions with Organic Compounds of Phosphorus,Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth

It is discovered a new three-, four-component Petasis, Passerini, Hantzsch, Kabachnic-Fields, Ugi reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. Modifications were replaced to a nitrogen atom of classical reactions of atoms of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It has been proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

Chlorination,Nitration, and Amination Reactions of Asphaltene

Asphaltenes are well known for their problematic characterstics during petroleum refining as well as dubiously complex structure. In this work, chlorination of various types of asphaltenes have been achieved by sulfuryl chloride with and without AIBN initiator, while nitraion and reactions with amines (aniline, triethylamine, t-butyl amine, and piperidine) were accomplished through nitrous acid and diazotization process, respectively. The charaterization of the products obtained were performed by FTIR spectroscopy. The data regarding the composition of the asphaltenes generated in this work will surely enhance our understanding toward the asphaltenes. It is envisaged that such reactions will provide an opportunity to investigate further the reacting behavior of asphaltenes for better industrial use.     

Search for New Opportunities Modification Raschig,Schiff, Andrusov,Hofmann, Colbe and Delepine Reactions

We explored new approaches to replace the nitrogen atoms of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and discovered a new paths to modify Raschig, Schiff, Andrusov, Hofmann, Colbe, Delepine reactions with arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. We have proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.