Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts

In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of water and ethanol extracts of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed (PAS) were investigated. The antioxidant properties of both extracts of PAS were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. Twenty μg/ml of water and ethanol extracts exhibited 99.1 and 77.5% inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, which was greater than the same concentration of α-tocopherol (36.1%). These various antioxidant activities were compared with synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol. The water extract of PAS exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than that of ethanol. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out using disc diffusion methods with 10 microbial species.     

Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.)

The antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts of clove (Eugenia carophyllata) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) was studied. The antioxidant properties of both extracts of clove and lavender were evaluated using different antioxidant tests; reductive potential, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. The both extracts of clove and lavender exhibited strong total antioxidant activity. At the concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 μg/ml, water extract of clove and lavender showed 93.3%, 95.5%, 97.9%, 86.9%, 92.3%, and 94.8% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. At the same concentrations, ethanol extract of clove and lavender exhibited 94.9%, 95.5%, 98.2%, 92.5%, 93.8%, and 96.5%, respectively. Comparable, 60 μg/ml of standard antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol exhibited 96.5%, 99.2%, and 61.1% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. The both extracts of clove and lavender had effective reductive potential, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, and metal chelating activities at all tested concentrations (20, 40, and 60 μg/ml). Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as BHA, BHT, and α-tocopherol. In addition, total phenolic compounds in the both extracts of clove and lavender were determined as gallic acid equivalent.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India

In this study, the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of five plants from the genus Phyllanthus was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including total antioxidant, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, reducing power and metal ion chelating activities. The various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and ascorbic acid. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity in all the tested methods. Among the five plants Phyllanthus debilis has been found to possess the highest activity in all tested models, the activity decreased in the order Phyllanthus debilis>Phyllanthus urinaria>Phyllanthus virgatus>Phyllanthus maderaspatensis>Phyllanthus amarus. In addition to the antioxidant activity of these plants, the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and flavonols were measured in the extracts. A correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content was observed.     

Antioxidant activity of stem and root extracts of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes): An edible medicinal plant

The antioxidant activity of chloroform and methanol extract of roots and stems of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.), which are used for medicinal purposes and also its fresh stems and petioles are consumed as vegetable, was studied. The antioxidant potential of both extracts of roots and stems were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, namely total antioxidant (lipid peroxidation inhibition activity), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and cupric reducing power (CUPRAC), and metal chelating activities. Total antioxidant activity was also measured according to the β-carotene bleaching method, and all four extracts exhibited stronger activity than known standards, namely butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α-tocopherol. Particularly, higher activity was exhibited by roots with 93.1% and 84.1% inhibitions of chloroform and methanol extracts, while 82.2% and 82.0% inhibitions by stem extracts, respectively. However, both methanol extracts exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than the corresponding chloroform extracts, moreover, methanol extract of the stems showed better activity than BHT. In addition, both root extracts showed more potent superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than BHT, and comparable with well known radical scavenger l-ascorbic acid. Except chloroform extract of the roots, the other three extracts exhibited better metal chelating activity than quercetin. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in both extracts of the roots and stems of R. ribes were determined as pyrocatechol and quercetin equivalents, respectively.     

马兰提取物抗氧化性研究

目的：考查马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物抗氧化活性。方法：分别以水和乙醇为提取液,探讨马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性,包括还原能力以及清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和H2O2的能力。 结果：提取物主要成分为黄酮类化合物。马兰水提取物的抗氧化活性为：超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.2μg/mL)＞H2O2(IC50 2.8μg/mL)＞羟自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL)＞DPPH自由基(IC50 8.5μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 28.0μg/mL)。而马兰乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性为：H2O2(IC50 2.0μg/mL) ＞超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.1μg/mL)>羟自由基(IC50 2.5μg/mL)> DPPH自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 51.2μg/mL)。结论：马兰提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

Antioxidant properties of water and ethanol extracts from hot air-dried and freeze-dried daylily flowers

Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva Linn.) flowers were hot air-dried and freeze-dried after harvest. Water and ethanol extracts were prepared from these dried flowers and their antioxidant properties were evaluated using total antioxidant activity, reducing capacity, metal chelating activity, and DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, comparing with standards. Extracts from daylily flowers exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Ethanol was more efficienct to extract antioxidants than water and that freeze-drying preserved higher activities than air-drying. Ethanol extract from freeze-dried daylily flowers showed the highest antioxidant activity and phenol content.     

In vitro determination of antioxidant activity of proteins from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum

In this study, the antioxidant activity of proteins isolated from jellyfish, Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye (R. esculentum), was determined by various antioxidant assays, including superoxide anion radical-scavenging, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, total antioxidant activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol, vitamin C and mannitol were used as standards in those various antioxidant activities. The crude protein (CP) and the protein fractions isolated by Sephadex chromatography, first peak (FP) and second peak (SP), had very low reductive power and metal chelating abilities compared to EDTA, but they showed strong scavenging effects on the superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and varying total antioxidant activity. FP and SP exhibited stronger scavenging effects on the superoxide anion radical than BHA, BHT or α-tocopherol. The EC₅₀ values of FP and SP were 6.12 and 0.88 μg/ml, respectively, while values EC₅₀ of BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol were 31, 61 and 88 μg/ml, respectively. CP, FP and SP showed far higher hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities than did vitamin C or mannitol. The EC₅₀ values of CP, FP and SP were 48.76, 45.42 and 1.52 μg/ml, but EC₅₀ values of vitamin C and mannitol were 1907 and 4536 μg/ml, respectively. In a β-carotene–linoleate system, SP and CP showed antioxidant activity, but lower than BHA. Of the three samples, SP had the strongest antioxidant activity. So, SP may have a use as a possible supplement in the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from natural and cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis, one of the best known traditional Chinese medicines and health foods, has been highly valued for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and reported to have antioxidant properties. In the present study, the antioxidant activities of hot-water extracts from natural and cultured mycelia of C. sinensis were investigated and evaluated using six in vitro assays, including inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation; scavenging abilities on DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals; the reducing power and the chelating ability on ferrous ions. Among these assays, the extracts showed the best effect on the inhibition of linoleic peroxidation with the lowest IC50 values and with an inhibition rate over 90% at concentration of 0.8-1.6 mg/ml, more stable than that of α-tocopherol, a recognised natural antioxidant. The scavenging activities on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals of the two extracts were slightly lower than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. DPPH scavenging activities of both extracts reached over 80% inhibition at 4-8 mg/ml. Both extracts showed moderate reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity. The IC50 value of the extract from cultured mycelia in all the tests, except for linoleic acid peroxidation, was significantly lower than that of natural mycelia. There was no evident correlation between the antioxidant activity and the content of protein, polysaccharides and mannitol of extracts from C. sinensis; the antioxidant activity may be due to a combined effect of these or some other compounds. These results suggested that both the extracts from cultured and natural mycelia have direct and potent antioxidant activities and that the cultured mycelia of the fungus could be used for the antioxidant activity to reduce the human demands on the natural resources of the fungus, an endangered species.     

Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts from wild ginseng leaves

Water, methanol and ethanol extracts of freeze-dried leaves of wild ginseng were examined for their antioxidant properties. All leaf extracts were capable of free radicals scavenging activity. Among solvent extracts of wild ginseng leaves, ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activity. Otherwise, the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity was found in water extract followed by ethanol and methanol extracts of wild ginseng leaves. Ethanol extracts contained more phenolics (2333.2 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (1199.1 mg/100 g) than other extracts. These differences in concentrations of key antioxidants among various solvent extracts seemed to be responsible for their differences in antioxidant activities. When various solvent extracts were hydrolysed by acid, two aglycons of flavonoid, quercetin and kaempferol, were detected. According to the results obtained from this study, wild ginseng leaves showed marked antioxidant activities due to their abundant antioxidants.     

Determination of antioxidant activities of various extracts and essential oil compositions of Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii

The aim of this work is to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of separated essential oils and different solvent extracts of Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii (TPS). The ethanol, acetone, methanol, hexane, aqueous extracts and separated essential oils of TPS were assessed for their antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V), reducing power, superoxide scavenging activity, free radical-scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, linoleic acid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and peroxide scavenging activity. Essential oils were characterized in total to be 41 components, whereas 9 components were isolated by column chromatography for antioxidant activity. TPS essential oil was found to contain thymol (40.31%) and o-cymene (13.66%) as the major components. The ethanol, methanol and water extracts exerted significant free radical-scavenging activity. The methanol and water extracts displayed highest superoxide scavenging activity. The water extract has the highest total phenolics (6.211 mg gallic acid (GAE)/g DW) and flavonoids (0.809 mg quercetin/g DW).     

Antioxidant,Antimicrobial, Antifungal,and Antiradical Activities of Cyclotrichium Niveum (BOISS.) Manden and Scheng

In Turkish kitchen, Cyclotrichium niveum, which is consumed as a dietary supplement, have been extensively used in soup and food for their odor and flavor. The present study examines the possible antioxidant, antimicrobial and radical scavenging capacity of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden and Scheng. In order to evaluate antioxidant and radical scavenging activity different in vitro methodologies such as 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH·) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferrous ions chelating activities were used. In addition, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the both extracts tested against twenty five microorganisms. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids contents in water extract of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng (WECN) and ethanol extract of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng (EECN) were determined.     

Antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) pericarp and seed extracts

In this study, we examined the antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.) pericarp and red pepper seed extracts. The extracts were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, [2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid)] (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferrous chelating activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. The red pepper pericarp extract exhibited strong ferrous chelating activity and high scavenging activity against free radicals, including both the hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but it exhibited weaker scavenging activity for the superoxide anion radical and for SOD. In contrast, the red pepper seed extract exhibited strong SOD activity and high scavenging activity against the superoxide anion radical, but showed weaker ferrous chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and DPPH radical scavenging. We observed that the reducing power level and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the red pepper seed were higher than those of the red pepper pericarp at the highest tested concentration. Most of the test results for the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp extracts increased markedly with increasing concentration; however, the metal chelating, SOD and ABTS radical scavenging activities did not increase with the concentration. Highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained from the red pepper pericarp extracts. Overall, the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp extracts were highly effective for the antioxidant properties assayed, with the exceptions of ferrous chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging and SOD activity.     

樱桃叶黄酮的微波提取及抗氧化性质的研究

考察了影响微波辅助提取樱桃叶黄酮的主要因素,测定了樱桃叶黄酮的总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基能力、清除羟自由基(.OH)能力、清除DPPH自由基能力和对卵黄脂蛋白过氧化的抑制能力。通过与常见的抗氧化剂维生素C进行比较,对樱桃叶黄酮抗氧化和清除游离基活性进行了评价。结果表明,微波辅助提取樱桃叶总黄酮的最佳工艺为:微波时间5min、功率300W、75%乙醇、料液比1∶25(g/mL)和提取温度80℃。樱桃叶黄酮具有良好的抗氧化效果,在一定浓度范围内,樱桃叶黄酮在清除.OH和对卵黄脂蛋白脂质抗氧化的能力优于维生素C,但清除超氧阴离子自由基、清除DPPH自由基和总体抗氧化能力略逊于维生素C。     

Antioxidant activity of lignans from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.)

Fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.), a shrub of the eastern part of America, used as a raw material by pharmaceutical industries for cholagoque, diuretic, tonic and the preparation of homeopathic tinctures. The identification of lignans as major antioxidant components and determination of their antioxidant activities are of considerable interest, because of the role they play in pharmacological actions. The potential antioxidant activity of the lignans such as phillyrin, pinoresinol-β-d-glucoside (PDG) and pinoresinol di-β-d-glucoside (PDDG) from root bark of fringe tree (C. virginicus L.) were examined by different antioxidant tests including; 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH^•) scavenging, superoxide anion radical (O₂ ^•-) scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate method, reducing activity by Fe³⁺–Fe²⁺ transformation, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging and ferrous metal (Fe⁺²) chelating activities. Phillyrin, PDG and PDDG, as antioxidants, neutralized the activities of radicals and inhibited the peroxidation reactions of linoleic acid emulsion. The total antioxidant activity was determined according to the ferric thiocyanate method. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and trolox, which is a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol, were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. Phillyrin, PDG and PDDG showed 67.6, 77.3 and 64.2% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively, at the concentration of 20 μg/mL. On the other hand, BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox exhibited 74.4, 71.2, 54.7 and 20.6% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively, at the above mentioned concentration. In addition, phillyrin, PDG and PDDG were effective on DPPH^•, ABTS^•+ and O₂ ^•- scavenging, H₂O₂ scavenging, total reducing power and metal chelating effect on ferrous ions activities. Also, BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox were used as references antioxidants for these various antioxidant activities.     

Antioxidant properties of dried `kayamo-nori', a brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonales,Phaeophyceae)

Dried Scytosiphon lomentaria, a brown alga, is a traditional food in the Noto area in Japan. To determine the antioxidant properties of the dried S. lomentaria, assays for antioxidant activities, including suppression of hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid peroxidation, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and scavenging of a superoxide anion radical-generated non-enzymatic system were tested in this study. A water extract contained total phenols at about 5.5 mg catechin equivalents (CatE)/g dry sample (DS) and showed strong antioxidant activities in all five assays, especially in the linoleic acid peroxidation assay (about 22 mg CatE/g DS). On the other hand, the antioxidant activities of an ethanol extract were not detected or were very low compared with the water extract. The dietary fibres (crude fucoidan and alginate) showed antioxidant activity, not only in the ferrous chelating (binding) assay, but also in the superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. These results suggest that S. lomentaria is useful seafood and a healthy food having antioxidant activity.     

Antioxidant activity of the differentially processed seeds of Jack bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Canavalia ensiformis</Emphasis> L. DC)

Antioxidant activity of 70% acetone extracts of raw and processed seeds of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC) was evaluated by various in vitro antioxidant assays, including total antioxidant, free radical scavenging, reducing power, metal ion chelating, β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, and antihemolytic activities. The total phenolics and tannin contents were higher in the extract of seeds processed by autoclaving with 1% ash solution (3.2 and 1.6 g/100 g extract, respectively). In general, all the extracts of processed seeds exhibited higher activity in various antioxidant systems, when compared to raw seeds but significant differences were noticed between processing methods. The extract of seeds autoclaved with 1% sugar solution showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 10.6 mg/mL). Interestingly, the extract of dry heated seeds registered higher inhibition of hemolysis (76.1%) compared to standards butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (66.2%) and α-tocopherol (59.3%) at the concentration of 500 μg/mL.     

Antioxidant activity of extracts from Gevuina avellana and Rosa rubiginosa defatted seeds

Chilean hazelnuts (Gevuina avellana Mol) and mosqueta rose (Rosa aff. Rubiginosa L.) meals were extracted with methanol, ethanol, acidified water, acetone, butanol, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Ethanol and methanol extracted the highest amount of soluble substances from both seed meals. The highest concentration of total polyphenols was found in the ethanolic extracts, although that of acetone from R. rubiginosa presented similar values. The antioxidant activity of the extracts evaluated by the β-carotene assay and with as hydrogen radical scavenging ability showed that the activity of the butanol and methanol extracts from G. avellana was comparable to those of synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the G. avellana methanol, ethanol and water extracts was 2–3 times lower than those of BHT and BHA, respectively. The activity of R. rubiginosa extracts ranged from that of BHT for the water extracts to 80% inhibition in respect to control achieved with the ethanol extracts.     

Radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of diverse types of extra virgin olive oils

The present study evaluated the radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity of hexane/80% ethanol extracts from several types of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) derived from varieties arbequina, hojiblanca, picual, their blends, and pure olive oil (POO). The antioxidant potential of the olive oil extracts was assessed by radical scavenging assays using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and hydroxyl radical, as well as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion inhibitory activities. Electron donating ability (EDA) using DPPH assay of 80% ethanol extracts from EVOOs, except arbequina oil, was significantly higher than POO. EDA was markedly higher in blended and picual EVOOs than the extracts from arbequina and hojiblanca EVOOs (P < 0.05). Similarly, ABTS radical scavenging activity of the extracts from the EVOOs was in order of picual EVOO > blended EVOO > hojiblanca EVOO >or= POO >or= arbequina EVOO. Further, the superoxide anion scavenging activity of blended, picual, and arbequina EVOOs was significantly higher than that of hojiblanca EVOO and POO, which were barely detectable. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of arbequina and hojiblanca was higher than that of blended, picual EVOOs, and POO. In addition, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the extracts from blended, arbequina, hojiblanca, picual EVOOs, and POO was 63.1 +/- 3.1%, 44.4 +/- 10.2%, 52.0 +/- 2.7%, 71.8 +/- 2.5%, and 35.7 +/- 10.0%, respectively. Our results indicate that ethanol extracts of several EVOOs contained higher radical scavenging and antioxidant activity than the POO. This antioxidant potential is partly due to the phenolic compounds present in different olive oil grade and is influenced by cultivar type.     

Antioxidant activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng

Traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and Panax notoginseng (PN) have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases in the clinics. To better understand their mechanisms of pharmacological actions, the in vitro antioxidant activities of extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (ESM) and extract of Panax notoginseng (EPN) were evaluated with different antioxidant testing systems. Their activities of scavenging superoxide anion radicals, DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, chelating Ferrous ion, and ferric ion reducing power were assessed. The results showed that the mechanisms of their antioxidant effects were distinct and diverse. ESM possessed strong reducing power and high scavenging activities against free radicals including superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but a weaker scavenging activity for hydrogen peroxide. ferrous ion chelating activity of ESM was undetectable at the tested concentrations. In contrary, EPN exhibited strong ferrous ion chelating activity and high scavenging activities against hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and a weak activity against superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals. EPN did not show any ferric ion reducing power. Since their antioxidant mechanisms are complementary, the combined use of ESM and EPN might be even more beneficial. These antioxidant properties of SM and PN are likely part of the reasons that they are effective in the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases.     

Evaluation of reducing power and radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts from sumac (Rhus coriaria L.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the reducing power, metal chelating, and radical scavenging capabilities of water and ethanol extracts of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), comparatively. The water and ethanol extracts of sumac were evaluated for their radical scavenging activities by means of the DPPH and DMPD assays. Water extract of sumac (R. coriaria L.) scavenged radicals effectively with EC₅₀ values of 36.4 ??g/ml for DPPH free radical and 44.7 ??g/ml for DMPD cation radical. Similarly, the total reducing power of water extract was found higher than ethanol extract in both potassium ferricyanide reduction (FRAP) and cupric ions reduction capacity methods (CUPRAC). 2,2′-Bipyridine was used to determine the metal chelating activity and the result of water extract was found higher than ethanol extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of both extracts were studied as well. The values of water extract were found to be higher than that of ethanol extract. The present study found that water extracts of sumac (R. coriaria L.) have effective antioxidant and radical scavenging activities as compared to ethanol extracts.