CVI-iC/TaC改性C/C复合材料的力学性能及其断裂行为

以针刺碳纤维整体毡为预制体,采用化学气相渗透工艺对预制体纤维进行PyC/SiC/TaC的多层复合模式的涂层改性, 然后采用化学气相渗透和热固性树脂浸渍-化进行增密,制备出新型C/C复合材料。对复合材料的微观结构和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:包覆在碳纤维表面的PyC/SiC/TaC多层结构均匀致密、无裂纹,在C/C复合材料中形成空间管状网络结构;改性后C/C复合材料的抗弯强度和韧性均大大提高, 平均抗弯强度达到522 MPa,断裂位移达到1.19mm;复合材料弯曲断裂形式表现为脆性断裂,经过2000℃高温热处理以后,复合材料的抗弯强度下降,但最大断裂位移增大,弯曲断裂形式由脆性断裂转变为良好的假塑性断裂。      

Interface engineering of fiber-reinforced all-oxide composites fabricated by the sol–gel method with fugitive pyrolytic carbon coatings

This paper describes the interface engineering of three–dimensional (3D) Nextel™440 fiber-reinforced aluminosilicate composites fabricated by the sol–gel method with fugitive pyrolytic carbon (PyC) coatings. The coating thickness on the fiber strength, interfacial characteristics and there corresponding effects on mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The study shows that the fiber strength was influenced by the coating thickness and optimized with the thickness of 0.15 μm. The composites with uncoated fibers showed brittle fracture behavior without fiber pullout because of strong interactions between the fiber and the matrix. However, higher strengths and pseudo-ductile fracture behaviors were obtained in the composites with PyC interphases, where different deflections and branches of propagating cracks and fiber pullout patterns were observed. Moreover, induced fugitive PyC interface conditions have great effects on the density, microstructure and mechanical properties of the resultant composites.     

Molecular dynamics study of the interfacial strength between carbon fiber and phenolic resin

The interfacial strength between carbon fiber and phenolic resin is studied using molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that carbon fiber-reinforced carbon matrix composites (C/C composites) have improved tensile strength. Simulations are performed using two carbon fiber models, one of which has only carbon atoms and the other has carbon atoms and some fluorinated carbon groups. The carbon fiber models are regarded as two-layer graphite, and the phenolic resin model is treated as cross-linked structures. All force field parameters are based on the Dreiding force field. The tensile stress and interfacial fracture energy are calculated for the estimation of the interfacial strength. The results show that the model including the fluorinated carbon groups has lower interfacial strength than the model having only carbon atoms, up to a certain coating ratio of fluorinated carbon groups. Similarly, within the limits of the coating ratio, the interfacial fracture energy of the fluorinated carbon fiber model is lower than that of carbon fiber model having only carbon atoms.     

Shear strength and fracture toughness of carbon fibre/epoxy interface: effect of surface treatment

Textile-reinforced composites have become increasingly attractive as protection materials for various applications, including sports. In such applications it is crucial to maintain both strong adhesion at fibre–matrix interface and high interfacial fracture toughness, which influence mechanical performance of composites as well as their energy-absorption capacity. Surface treatment of reinforcing fibres has been widely used to achieve satisfactory fibre–matrix adhesion. However, most studies till date focused on the overall composite performance rather than on the interface properties of a single fibre/epoxy system. In this study, carbon fibres were treated by mixed acids for different durations, and resulting adhesion strength at the interface between them and epoxy resin as well as their tensile strength were measured in a microbond and microtensile tests, respectively. The interfacial fracture toughness was also analysed. The results show that after an optimum 15–30 min surface treatment, both interfacial shear strength and fracture toughness of the interface were improved alongside with an increased tensile strength of single fibre. However, a prolonged surface treatment resulted in a reduction of both fibre tensile strength and fracture toughness of the interface due to induced surface damage.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced multilayered (PyC–SiC)n matrix composites

Carbon fiber reinforced multilayered (PyC–SiC)_n matrix (C/(PyC–SiC)_n) composites were prepared by isothermal chemical vapor infiltration. The phase compositions, microstructures and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that the multilayered matrix consists of alternate layers of PyC and β-SiC deposited on carbon fibers. The flexural strength and toughness of C/(PyC–SiC)_n composites with a density of 1.43 g/cm³ are 204.4 MPa and 3028 kJ/m³ respectively, which are 63.4% and 133.3% higher than those of carbon/carbon composites with a density of 1.75 g/cm³. The enhanced mechanical properties of C/(PyC–SiC)_n composites are attributed to the presence of multilayered (PyC–SiC)_n matrix. Cracks deflect and propagate at both fiber/matrix and PyC–SiC interfaces resulting in a step-like fracture mode, which is conducive to fracture energy dissipation. These results demonstrate that the C/(PyC–SiC)_n composite is a promising structural material with low density and high flexural strength and toughness.     

Process and mechanical properties of carbon/carbon–silicon carbide composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes grown in situ

A hierarchical C_f/C–SiC composite was fabricated via in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on fiber cloths following polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process. The effects of CNTs grown in situ on mechanical properties of the composite, such as flexural strength, fracture toughness, crack propagation behavior and interfacial bonding strength, were evaluated. Fiber push-out test showed that the interfacial bonding strength between fiber and matrix was enhanced by CNTs grown in situ. The propagation of cracks into and in fiber bundles was impeded, which results in decreased crack density and a “pull-out of fiber bundle” failure mode. The flexural strength was increased while the fracture toughness was not improved significantly due to the decreased crack density and few interfacial debonding between fiber and matrix, although the local toughness can be improved by the pull-out of CNTs.     

Mechanical behavior of SiCf/SiC composites with alternating PyC/SiC multilayer interphases

In order to tailor the fiber–matrix interface of continuous silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC_f/SiC) composites for improved fracture toughness, alternating pyrolytic carbon/silicon carbide (PyC/SiC) multilayer coatings were applied to the KD-I SiC fibers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Three dimensional (3D) KD-I SiC_f/SiC composites reinforced by these coated fibers were fabricated using a precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. The interfacial characteristics were determined by the fiber push-out test and microstructural examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of interface coatings on composite mechanical properties was evaluated by single-edge notched beam (SENB) test and three-point bending test. The results indicate that the PyC/SiC multilayer coatings led to an optimum interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix and greatly improved the fracture toughness of the composites.     

温度脉冲方法制备碳/碳化硅复合材料界面的微观结构与性能研究

采用温度脉冲化学气相渗透沉积的方法制备了碳/碳化硅复合材料界面. 以六甲基二硅胺烷(Hexamethyldisilazane , HMDS) 为前驱体, 以3k, 三维四向的石墨化碳纤维编织体为预制体, 通过强制流动热力学梯度化学气相渗透沉积的方法(FCVI)制备出密度为1.98g·cm^-3的C _f/SiC复合材料. 运用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对复合材料的界面微观结构进行了分析. 复合材料的平均弯曲强度为458MPa, 平均断裂韧性为19.8MPa·m^1/2. 应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的断裂形貌进行了分析研究.     

不同界面SiC/SiC复合材料的断裂行为研究

碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅复合材料(SiC/SiC)是极具前景的高温结构材料。通过先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺分别制备了PyC界面和CNTs界面SiC/SiC复合材料, 对两种SiC/SiC复合材料的整体力学性能以及界面剪切强度等进行了测试表征, 并对材料中裂纹的产生与扩展进行了原位观测。结果表明, 两种界面SiC/SiC复合材料弯曲强度相近, 但PyC界面SiC/SiC复合材料的断裂韧性约为CNTs界面SiC/SiC复合材料的两倍。在PyC界面SiC/SiC复合材料中, 裂纹沿纤维-基体界面扩展, PyC涂层能够偏转或阻止裂纹, 材料呈现伪塑性断裂特征; 而在CNTs界面SiC/SiC复合材料中, 裂纹在扩展路径上遇到界面并不偏转, 初始裂纹最终发展为主裂纹, 材料呈现脆性断裂模式。     

热处理对碳纤维/聚酰胺6复合材料界面结晶及力学性能的影响

探究了热处理对聚酰胺6（PA6）在碳纤维（CF）表面的结晶行为及其界面力学性能的影响。利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、偏光显微镜（POM）观察法等分析手段考察了热处理对PA6在CF表面结晶行为的影响,揭示了在热处理过程中,PA6进行链段重排,形成小且不完善的新结晶,导致结晶度的上升以及界面横晶形貌的完善;进一步通过单丝微球脱粘实验和单向CF/PA6复合材料横向拉伸实验考察了热处理对PA6与CF的界面结合性能的影响,揭示了经退火热处理的试样由于弱界面和应力集中的减少使界面剪切强度增加且单位体积断裂能下降。     

Tensile properties of polyacrylonitrile- and pitch-based hybrid carbon fiber/polyimide composites with some nanoparticles in the matrix

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and pitch-based hybrid carbon fiber/polyimide composites with several types of nanoparticles (25 nm C, 20–30 nm β-SiC, 130 nm β-SiC, 80 nm SiO₂, and 300 nm SiO₂) added to the matrix were investigated. The tensile stress–strain curves of PAN- and pitch-based hybrid carbon fiber/polyimide composites with 25 nm C, 20–30 nm β-SiC, and 80 nm SiO₂ nanoparticles have complex shapes (jagged trace), whereas the tensile response of hybrid carbon fiber/polyimide composites with 130 nm β-SiC and 300 nm SiO₂ nanoparticles indicates an instantaneous failure. The stress after the initial failure in hybrid carbon fiber/polyimide composites improves by adding 25 nm C, 20–30 nm β-SiC, and 80 nm SiO₂ nanoparticles to the matrix and correlates with the fracture toughness of the polyimide matrix.     

Effect of matrix sub-layer interfacial fracture on residual strength improvement of the fatigued carbon/carbon composites

In the present study, flexural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced pyrolytic carbon matrix composites (C/C composites) before and after fatigue tests had been studied. The results showed that the residual flexural strengths of the samples had been improved after fatigue tests, and the fracture mechanisms of the original and post-fatigue specimens had some differences. Fracture mechanism of the original specimens could be described as fiber/matrix interfacial de-bonding, and the dominant damage of the post-fatigue specimens could be regarded as pyrolytic carbon sub-layers’ step-delamination. The degradation of matrix sub-layer interfacial bonding strength was beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of C/C composites.     

Application of continuously-monitored single fiber fragmentation tests to carbon nanotube/carbon microfiber hybrid composites

To assess the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) grafting on interfacial stress transfer in fiber composites, CNTs were grown upon individual carbon T-300 fibers by chemical vapor deposition. Continuously-monitored single fiber composite (SFC) fragmentation tests were performed on both pristine and CNT-decorated fibers embedded in epoxy. The critical fragment length, fiber tensile strength at critical length, and interfacial shear strength were evaluated. Despite the fiber strength degradation resulting from the harsh CNT growth conditions, the CNT-modified fibers lead to a twofold increase in interfacial shear strength which correlates with the nearly threefold increase in apparent fiber diameter resulting from CNT grafting. These observations corroborate recently published studies with other CNT-grafted fibers. An analysis of the relative contributions to the interfacial strength of the fiber diameter and strength due to surface treatment is presented. It is concluded that the common view whereby an experimentally observed shorter average fragment length leads to a stronger interfacial adhesion is not necessarily correct, if the treatment has changed the fiber tensile strength or its diameter.     

混杂比对碳/芳纶纤维混杂纬编双轴向多层衬纱织物增强复合材料力学性能的影响

利用层内混杂的方式制备碳/芳纶纤维混杂纬编双轴向多层衬纱织物,通过对材料进行拉伸、三点弯曲等实验研究该织物增强复合材料的力学性能及混杂比对其力学性能的影响。结果表明,按照一定的混杂比加入芳纶纤维后复合材料的拉伸性能提高,表现出积极的混杂效应。由于延伸性好的芳纶纤维的加入,使复合材料的拉伸断裂伸长率明显提高,材料破坏模式出现了完全脆性断裂模式(C12材料破坏形式)和“扫帚”形纤维断裂模式(C8A4,C6A6材料破坏形式)。此外,按照一定的混杂比加入芳纶纤维也有效改善了碳纤维增强复合材料的破坏韧性,碳/芳纶纤维混杂MBWK织物增强复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量随混杂比的提高而呈下降趋势,当复合材料中芳纶含量从42%(体积分数,下同)(C6A6)到59.2%(C4A8)的变化过程中,弯曲强度和弯曲模量的降低率较高。0°试样在混杂比为59.2%(C4A8)时,弯曲挠度最大,达到7.49 mm,远高于纯芳纶纤维或纯碳纤维增强的复合材料。所有90°混杂复合材料试样的弯曲挠度均高于纯芳纶纤维或纯碳纤维增强的复合材料,表现出积极的混杂效应。     

Strengths of C/C composites under tensile, shear, and compressive loading: Role of interfacial shear strength

Various strengths of carbon–carbon composites (C/Cs) are comprehensively reviewed. The topics reviewed include tensile, shear, compressive, and fatigue strength as well as fiber/matrix interfacial strength of C/Cs. When data are available, high temperature properties, including creep behavior, are presented. Since C/Cs have extremely low fiber/matrix interfacial strength τ_d, the interfacial fracture plays important roles in all of the fracture processes dealt in this review. The low τ_d was found to divide tensile fracture units into small bundles, to seriously degrade both shear and compressive strength, and to improve fatigue performance. In spite of the importance of the interfacial strength of C/Cs, techniques for its evaluation and analysis are still in a primitive stage.     

Dynamic fracture of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites under high strain-rate loading

We investigate dynamic fracture of three types of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/epoxy composites and neat epoxy under high strain-rate loading (${10}^5''–''{10}^6$ s⁻¹). The composites include randomly dispersed, 1 wt%, functionalized and pristine CNT/epoxy composites, as well as laminated, ∼50 wt% CNT buckypaper/epoxy composites. The pristine and functionalized CNT composites demonstrate spall strength and fracture toughness slightly higher and lower than that of neat epoxy, respectively, and the spall strength of laminated CNT buckypaper/epoxy composites is considerably lower; both types of CNTs reduce the extent of damage. Pullout, sliding and immediate fracture modes are observed; the fracture mechanisms depend on the CNT–epoxy interface strength and fiber strength, and other microstructures such as the interface between CNT laminates. Compared to the functionalized CNT composites, weaker CNT–epoxy interface strength and higher fiber strength lead to a higher probability of sliding fracture and higher tensile strength in the pristine CNT composites at high strain rates. On the contrary, sliding fracture is more pronounced in the functionalized CNT composites under quasistatic loading, a manifestation of a loading-rate effect on fracture modes. Despite their helpful sliding fracture mode and large CNT content, the weak laminate–laminate interfaces play a detrimental role in fracture of the laminated CNT buckypaper/epoxy composites. Regardless of materials, increasing strain rates leads to pronounced rise in tensile strength and fracture toughness.     

Toughening of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy polymer composites utilizing fiber surface treatment and sizing

Toughening of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites while maintaining other mechanical properties represents a significant challenge. This paper presents an approach of enhancing the toughness of a DGEBA/mPDA-based carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite, without significantly reducing the static-mechanical properties such as flexural properties and glass transition temperature. The impact of combining an UV-ozone fiber surface treatment with an aromatic and aliphatic epoxy fiber sizing on composite toughness is investigated. Carbon fiber-epoxy adhesion was increased as measured by the single fiber interfacial shear test. The Mode I composite fracture toughness was enhanced by 23% for the UV-ozone fiber surface treatment alone. With the addition of an aromatic and aliphatic fiber sizing, the composite fracture toughness was further increased to 50% and 84% respectively over the as-received, unsized fiber. The increased fiber/matrix adhesion also improved the transverse flexural strength.     

碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面剪切强度及微观结构

研究了碳纳米管纤维的微观结构和拉伸性能,并进一步分析了其与环氧树脂形成界面剪切强度及微观结构。采用单丝断裂试验测试了碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料体系的界面剪切强度,结合单丝断裂过程中的偏光显微镜照片、复合材料的拉曼谱图和断口扫描电镜照片,研究了碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料界面的微观结构。结果表明: 碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面剪切强度约为14 MPa;在碳纳米管纤维和环氧树脂形成界面的过程中,环氧树脂可以浸渍纤维,形成具有一定厚度的复合相,这种浸渍过程和界面相的形成都有利于碳纳米管纤维与基体之间的连接。     

炭纤维特性与炭纤维/环氧树脂界面断裂能关联分析

采用基于WND(Wagner-Nairn-Detassis)能量模型的单丝断裂法,测试了5种国产炭纤维、2种国外炭纤维与航空结构用环氧树脂复合体系的界面断裂能,通过SEM,AFM,IR以及XPS等手段分析了7种炭纤维的表面物理化学特性,并研究了炭纤维特性与界面断裂能的关联。结果表明:对于所研究的炭纤维/环氧树脂体系,去除炭纤维表面上浆剂后界面断裂能下降,说明上浆剂可以在一定程度上提高界面的韧性。此外,实验范围内,纤维拉伸强度较高时,测得的界面断裂能较高,炭纤维表面粗糙度较高时,测得界面断裂能较高,说明纤维拉伸性能和表面粗糙度对界面韧性有重要影响,而与这两种因素相比,上浆剂的种类影响相对较小。研究结果为高性能国产炭纤维的研发和炭纤维/树脂匹配性的评价提供了重要的实验数据。     

Influences of thermal cycling and low-energy impact on the fatigue behavior of carbon/PEEK laminates

Effects of low-energy impact and cyclic thermal loading on fatigue behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (carbon/PEEK) laminates have been examined. The fatigue behavior of the virginal composites, low-energy impacted composites, and low-energy-impacted and thermally exposed composites were investigated. Cyclic thermal loading was performed in the temperature range between 60 and −60°C. Residual tensile strength was measured to aid in understanding the influence of low-energy impact on the retention of tensile strength. Fatigue testing involved a stress ratio of 0.1, with a frequency of 3 Hz. The Weibull distribution function was used to evaluate the ultimate tensile strength and fatigue life. S–N curves were plotted and the influence of thermal cycling and the low-energy impact on the fatigue sensitivity of the carbon/PEEK laminates was investigated. Stiffness variation during fatigue testing was monitored and differences in stiffness reduction for three test conditions were compared. C-scan was used to investigate the damage zone under different low-energy impacts and to understand damage propagation during fatigue testing. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the fracture morphologies of carbon/PEEK composites in both tensile failure and fatigue failure conditions.