Analysis of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer: Pressure Buildup in an Unsaturated Porous Slab Exposed to Hot Gas

This study develops a mathematical model for coupled heat and mass transfer in an unsaturated porous slab exposed to a flowing hot gas. Effects of the initial saturation conditions on associated variables, i.e., total pressure, temperature, moisture content, and multiphase flow, are studied. The Newton-Raphson method based on a finite volume technique is applied. This study emphasizes the influence of initial saturation level and gravitational effect in heat and multiphase flow phenomena associated with this system. Gravity enhances the downward flow of liquid within the porous slab. Pressure buildup occurs near the interface between the wet and the dry zone. However, it appears that the order of magnitude to the total pressure is small. This study explains the fundamental mechanism of multiphase flow that involves heat and mass transfer in a heated unsaturated porous slab.     

Numerical Analysis of Heat–Mass Transport and Pressure Build-Up in 1D Unsaturated Porous Medium Subjected to a Combined Microwave and Vacuum System

This article presents one-dimensional numerical analysis of heat-mass transport and pressure build-up inside an unsaturated porous media under microwave energy at a vacuum pressure condition. The unsaturated porous media is composed of glass beads, water, and air. The absorbed microwave power term is computed based on Lambert's law. The finite difference method together with Newton-Raphson technique is employed to predict the heat, multiphase flow, and pressure build-up. Based on the numerical analysis of the effects of vacuum pressure and types of dielectric materials, it was found that the vacuum pressure had a strong effect on temperature, absorbed microwave power, saturation and pressure build-up distribution, and movement of fluid inside the unsaturated porous media during the microwave drying process.     

具有预制孔隙多孔介质冷冻干燥的多相传递模型

基于局部质量非平衡假设,建立了多相多孔介质热、质耦合传递数学模型,理论验证具有预制孔隙的初始非饱和多孔物料对冷冻干燥过程的强化作用。模型考虑了多孔介质的吸湿效应,构建了3种吸附-解吸平衡关系。模型使用基于有限元法的COMSOL Multiphysics软件平台数值求解,并与实验数据进行了比较。结果表明,初始非饱和冷冻物料能够有效地强化冷冻干燥过程。采用不同函数形式的吸附-解吸平衡关系模拟的干燥曲线均与实验数据非常吻合。通过分析物料内部的饱和度、温度和质量源分布,探讨了初始非饱和物料冷冻干燥过程的传热传质机理。初始非饱和物料的干燥速率控制因素主要是传热。模拟考察环境辐射温度对冷冻干燥过程影响的结果表明,所建模型具有良好的预测能力。     

初始饱和度对微波冷冻干燥过程传热传质的影响

以非饱和含湿牛肉为例,进行了微波冷冻干燥实验研究。获得了干燥时间与物料初始饱和度近似成正比的结论。与升华面模型的计算结果比较表明,升华冷凝模型更符合实验规律,证实了非饱和含湿多孔介质微波冷冻干燥时升华冷凝区的存在。     

The Role of Nonuniformity in Convective Heat and Mass Transfer through Porous Media,Part 1

Through-air drying is commonly used in the drying of high-quality tissue and towel products. A representative elementary volume method was used to model the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer during through drying in heterogeneous porous biobased materials such as tissue and towel products. Results of flow both upstream and downstream of a modeled porous sheet allowed visualization of the effects of mixing at the top and bottom of the porous medium. The effect of initial nonuniformity on fluid flow and convective heat and mass transfer in heterogeneous porous media was studied. The effect of material nonhomogeneity and associated transport properties on moisture content of the porous material as a function of drying time was studied. Modeling results indicate that for the first time it is possible to simulate the effect of nonuniformity on fluid flow and convective heat and mass transfer in porous media during through-air drying of paper. Moisture and structural nonuniformity contributing to nonuniformity in air flow might contribute significantly to drying nonuniformity. Depending on the moisture regimes and degree of saturation of the convective medium, heat and mass transfer coefficients may have varying effects on the overall drying.     

LPG埋地储罐泄漏渗流扩散多相混合数值模型及模拟（Ⅰ）模型建立

在混合模型理论基础上,建立LPG（liquefied petroleum gas）在非饱和砂土中渗流扩散的传热、传质模型,研究LPG埋地储罐在砂土介质中发生泄漏时LPG渗流扩散的物理过程。该模型综合考虑了LPG泄漏相态、重力、黏滞力、毛细压力、扩散、非达西效应、气液相之间相互作用等影响因素的作用;在Forchheimer方程基础上,推导出多相混合流的非达西流动方程,并根据LPG实际渗流过程中流动状态的变化,将多相流非达西系数根据Reynolds数变化进行相应的改变,实现对多相流体从非达西流动向达西流动的转变现象的描述,能够模拟多种流动状态变化,扩展了模型的适用范围;根据LPG不溶于水的特性,简化了组分方程,推导出LPG体积浓度计算式。该模型能描述LPG埋地储罐泄漏后在砂土中流动趋势和对周围造成的影响,为埋地储罐场地选取、周边区域规划和事故预防、预测、应急提供依据。     

具有初始孔隙的多孔物料冷冻干燥

实验研究了具有一定孔隙的非饱和多孔物料对液体物料冷冻干燥过程的影响。以甘露醇为主要溶质的待干料液采用“液氮制冰激凌法”制备非饱和物料进行冷冻干燥,并与常规饱和的冷冻物料相比较。结果表明,非饱和冷冻物料确实能够显著地强化液体物料的冷冻干燥过程。干燥产品SEM形貌分析显示,初始非饱和冷冻物料具有连续均匀的固体骨架和孔隙,固体基质更加纤细,孔隙空间更大,可以大大减小传质阻力。考察物料内部各点的温度变化发现,初始非饱和物料内部冰晶确实发生整体升华,但仍然存在主要升华区域;非饱和多孔物料的冷冻干燥过程主要是传热控制,而常规饱和物料冷冻干燥主要是传质控制。操作压力对过程的影响可以忽略。采用辐射/导热组合加热方式可改善初始非饱和多孔物料冷冻干燥过程的传热,进一步缩短干燥时间。     

多孔表面管内高沸点工质的强化流动沸腾换热与阻力特性

建立了带有气液分离器的高沸点有机工质流动沸腾换热实验台,对垂直上升多孔表面管内高沸点有机工质异丙苯的强化流动沸腾换热与阻力特性进行了实验研究,获得了传热系数与压降随干度的变化情况,并与光管内的实验结果进行了比较.另外,还通过实验得到了三个质量流速下的流动沸腾曲线.实验过程中质量流速范围为391～790kg•m^-2•s^-1,实验工况干度范围为0.09～0.58,压力范围为0.16～0.31MPa.通过对实验数据的回归分析,获得了传热系数与摩擦压降的计算关联式.实验结果表明,多孔表面管在强化换热的同时,并没有使阻力增加很多,具有良好的应用前景.     

Numerical investigation on freeze-drying of aqueous material frozen with pre-built pores

Freeze-drying of the initially porous frozen material with pre-built pores from liquid material was found experimentally to save drying time by over 30% with an initial saturation being 0.28 compared with the conventional operation with the initial saturation being 1, using mannitol as the solid material. In order to understand the mass and heat transfer phenomena of this novel process, a two-dimensional mathematical model of coupled mass and heat transfer was derived with reference to the cylindrical coordinate system. Three adsorption–desorption equilibrium relationships between the vapour pressure and saturation value namely, power-law, Redhead's style and Kelvin's style equation, were tested. Kelvin's style in exponential form of adsorption equilibrium relation gave an excellent agreement between the model prediction and experimental measurement when the equation parameter, γ, of 5000 was applied. Analyses of temperature and ice saturation profiles show that additional heat needs to be supplied to increase the sample temperature in order to promote the desorption process. Simulation also shows that there is a threshold initial porosity after which the drying time decreased with the increase in the initial porosity. Enhanced freeze-drying is expected to be achieved by simultaneously enhancing mass and heat transfer of the process.     

ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DURING DRYING OF PAPER/BOARD

A mathematical model has been successfully developed to study the heat and mass transfer process during paper drying. This model takes into account the consective transfer of vapor and liquid apart from the known transport mechanisms of capillary flow of liquid, diffusion, vaporization-condensation, and heat conduction. The partial differential equations describing temperature, saturation and pressure change within the web during drying with associated boimdary conditions and initial conditions were solved using finite difference method. The model predictions show that during the drying process the web can be conveniently divided into three different zones, namely dry zone, wet zone and an intermediate zone. The movement of liquid and vapor in opposite directions in the intermediate zone is similar to the action of a heat pipe. Also, as drying proceeds the location of the intermediate zone and hence the heat pipe advances progressively through the thickness of the web.     

ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DURING DRYING OF PAPER/BOARD

ABSTRACT

A mathematical model has been successfully developed to study the heat and mass transfer process during paper drying. This model takes into account the consective transfer of vapor and liquid apart from the known transport mechanisms of capillary flow of liquid, diffusion, vaporization-condensation, and heat conduction. The partial differential equations describing temperature, saturation and pressure change within the web during drying with associated boimdary conditions and initial conditions were solved using finite difference method. The model predictions show that during the drying process the web can be conveniently divided into three different zones, namely dry zone, wet zone and an intermediate zone. The movement of liquid and vapor in opposite directions in the intermediate zone is similar to the action of a heat pipe. Also, as drying proceeds the location of the intermediate zone and hence the heat pipe advances progressively through the thickness of the web.     

DRYING LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRETE SLABS

To study unsteady state problems of heat and mass transfer in concrete pavements, which are generally considered to be fine porous media, both relevant material characteristics and transport properties must be considered simultaneously. A system of nondimensional differential equations for heat and mass transfer in porous media is derived and used to investigate the drying history of moisture content in a particular light-weight concrete slab. An implicit finite difference numerical scheme is employed for obtaining the numerical results. The results show that the Lewis number Le, Bi_h number Bi_m play an essential role in the simultaneous mass and heat transfer.     

流体在超轻多孔金属泡沫中的流动和换热特性

以去离子水为冷却液,对其在超轻多孔铜泡沫中的流动和换热特性进行了实验研究。在测定和分析流量、压力降和温度等实验参数的基础上,获取了热流密度、金属泡沫孔密度、液体流量等参数对层流流体流过金属泡沫时的压力降、通道壁面温度、对流换热等特性的影响。结果表明金属泡沫会显著强化对流换热,大大降低通道的壁面温度,其对流换热能力会随Reynolds数的增大而逐渐增强,最大Nusselt数可达空矩形通道的13倍,但与空通道相比,金属泡沫通道的压力降显著增大,并随Reynolds数及金属泡沫孔密度的增大而增大。     

微细通道中R32流动沸腾换热的数值模拟

利用VOF多相流模型对R32在1、2 mm水平光管内流动沸腾换热进行了二维非稳态数值模拟。模拟的工况为：质量流速100 kg·m²·s^-1,热通量12 kW·m^-2,饱和温度15℃。模拟结果显示：2 mm通道内工质的流动沸腾过程依次经历了液相单相流、泡状流、弹状流;1 mm通道内工质的流动沸腾过程依次经历了液相单相流、泡状流、受限泡状流、弹状流。利用模拟所得气相体积分数分布、温度分布,分析了R32管内流动沸腾过程中的基本规律和气泡运动特点,以及管径对流动沸腾换热过程流型的影响。利用数值模拟结果与实验结果进行对比,显示较好的一致性。     

紧凑通道内CO2/润滑油混合物沸腾换热特性研究

为了测试润滑油对二氧化碳流动沸腾换热特性的影响,对外径6 mm、内径4 mm紧凑通道内的CO₂/润滑油混合物的换热进行实验研究。实验工况为质量流量2.74～5.61 kg·h^-1,饱和温度-4～8℃,热通量3.2～5 kW·m^-2,油浓度0～6%。结果表明：润滑油浓度越大,CO₂的局部传热系数越小;含1.5%油浓度相对于无油工况下平均传热系数下降了约42.4%; 传热系数随热通量、饱和温度的升高而增加,干涸后随着质量流量的增加传热系数增加;干涸随油浓度的增加、热通量的减小、饱和温度的升高、质量流量的增加而延迟;干涸特性对传热系数有显著影响,干涸阶段占整个换热过程的35.4%。     

吸波材料辅助的液体物料微波冷冻干燥多物理场耦合模型

为了研究吸波材料辅助微波加热对传统冷冻干燥过程的强化作用,建立了多孔介质温度、浓度和电磁场耦合的多相传递模型;以烧结的碳化硅(SiC)为吸波材料、以甘露醇水溶液为待干料液进行了微波冷冻干燥实验,并测定了甘露醇固体的介电特性。模拟和实验结果均表明,吸波材料对初始非饱和多孔物料微波冷冻干燥具有显著的强化作用。初始非饱和样品微波冷冻干燥时间比传统冷冻干燥缩短了18%,比常规饱和样品传统冷冻干燥缩短了30%。模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好。这表明提出的新型干燥方法确实能够实现过程传热传质的同时强化。通过考察样品内部温度、饱和度和电场强度的实时分布,分析了微波冷冻干燥过程的传热传质和电磁波传播与耗散机理。在微波冷冻干燥过程中,初始非饱和样品累计吸收的辐射能和微波能的总和与传统冷冻干燥相当。这说明,该干燥方法只是提高了能量效率,从而大幅缩短了冷冻干燥时间。     

Numerical Investigation on Dielectric Material Assisted Microwave Freeze-Drying of Aqueous Mannitol Solution

The dielectric material assisted microwave freeze-drying was investigated theoretically in this study. A coupled heat and mass transfer model was developed considering distributions of the temperature, ice saturation and vapor mass concentration inside the material being dried, as well as the vapor sublimation-desublimation in the frozen region. The effects of temperature and saturation on the effective conductivities were analyzed based on heat and mass flux equations. The model was solved numerically by the variable time-step finite-deference technique with two movable boundaries in an initially unsaturated porous sphere frozen from an aqueous solution of mannitol. The sintered silicon carbide (SiC) was selected as the dielectric material. The results show that dielectric material can significantly enhance microwave freeze-drying process. For case of the dielectric field strength, E = 4000 V/m under typical operating conditions, the drying time is 2081 s, 30.1% shorter and 47.2% longer, respectively, than those for E = 2000V/m and E = 6000 V/m. The heat and mass transfer mechanisms during the drying process were discussed.     

A two-dimensional, two-phase mass transport model for liquid-feed DMFCs

A two-dimensional, isothermal two-phase mass transport model for a liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is presented in this paper. The two-phase mass transport in the anode and cathode porous regions is formulated based on the classical multiphase flow in porous media without invoking the assumption of constant gas pressure in the unsaturated porous medium flow theory. The two-phase flow behavior in the anode flow channel is modeled by utilizing the drift-flux model, while in the cathode flow channel the homogeneous mist-flow model is used. In addition, a micro-agglomerate model is developed for the cathode catalyst layer. The model also accounts for the effects of both methanol and water crossover through the membrane. The comprehensive model formed by integrating those in the different regions is solved numerically using a home-written computer code and validated against the experimental data in the literature. The model is then used to investigate the effects of various operating and structural parameters, such as methanol concentration, anode flow rate, porosities of both anode and cathode electrodes, the rate of methanol crossover, and the agglomerate size, on cell performance.     

Multiphase Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Model for Concrete Under Drying at High Temperatures

This article presents a numerical study for the analysis of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of concrete subjected to high temperatures. Concrete is considered as a multiphase porous medium. The model, describing the strong coupling between mass, heat, and momentum transfers, takes into account the dehydration of the solid skeleton caused by a temperature increase. Simulations of the governing equations are presented in a two-dimensional configuration using the finite element method. Drying kinetics and mechanical behavior of concrete are presented and discussed in terms of moisture content, temperature, gas pressure, porosity, saturation, normal and shear stresses, and volumetric shrinkage evolutions. The model is validated in comparison with numerical and experimental results taken from the literature.     

生物膜填料床内含有生化反应的多相传输模型

废气处理生物膜滴滤塔的多孔填料床内是带有气液两相流动、有机污染物扩散、生物膜内生化反应的复杂生化反应体系.在平行平板理论模型基础上,建立了生物膜多孔填料床内含生化反应的多元多相流动及传输特性的多相混合模型,获得了废气处理生物膜滴滤塔净化效率的理论计算方法.模型的理论预测值与生物膜滴滤塔净化低浓度甲苯废气的实验结果基本吻合.