Analysis of the Pump-turbine S Characteristics Using the Detached Eddy Simulation Method

Current research on pump-turbine units is focused on the unstable operation at off-design conditions, with the characteristic curves in generating mode being S-shaped. Unlike in the traditional water turbines, pump-turbine operation along the S-shaped curve can lead to difficulties during load rejection with unusual increases in the water pressure, which leads to machine vibrations. This paper describes both model tests and numerical simulations. A reduced scale model of a low specific speed pump-turbine was used for the performance tests, with comparisons to computational fluid dynamics(CFD) results. Predictions using the detached eddy simulation(DES) turbulence model, which is a combined Reynolds averaged Naviers-Stokes(RANS) and large eddy simulation(LES) model, are compared with the two-equation turbulence mode results. The external characteristics as well as the internal flow are for various guide vane openings to understand the unsteady flow along the so called S characteristics of a pump-turbine. Comparison of the experimental data with the CFD results for various conditions and times shows that DES model gives better agreement with experimental data than the two-equation turbulence model. For low flow conditions, the centrifugal forces and the large incident angle create large vortices between the guide vanes and the runner inlet in the runner passage, which is the main factor leading to the S-shaped characteristics. The turbulence model used here gives more accurate simulations of the internal flow characteristics of the pump-turbine and a more detailed force analysis which shows the mechanisms controlling of the S characteristics.     

预开导叶下水泵水轮机S特性及其压力脉动分析

可逆式水泵水轮机兼具了发电以及储能的特点既满足人们环保意识的需求也满足对功率的平衡与控制。但水泵水轮机在S特性区内运行会发生机组并网困难或者甩负荷过程中水压异常上升,使机组振动加剧。为探究预开启导叶的方法对水泵水轮机S特性的改善,对水泵水轮机模型分别在同步导叶和不同预开启导叶条件下进行能量试验及全流道内流场的(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值计算;通过试验数据与计算结果的对比分析预开导叶后水泵水轮机S特性及其压力脉动特征。CFD计算结果及模型试验数据表明,预开导叶的方法能有效解决水泵水轮机S特性问题,但是预开导叶后,飞逸工况下的单位流量变大,造成转轮内的流动轴对称特性较差,导致机组的脉动加大,尾水管压力脉动幅值较大,运行稳定性较差,所以通过预开导叶的方法来改善S特性仍然存在弊端。     

Three-dimensional flow simulation of transient power interruption process of a prototype pump-turbine at pump mode

The transient power failure process of a prototype pump-turbine was studied numerically by three-dimensional (3-D) simulations. Fluid coupling and dynamic mesh (DM) method were used to calculate the rotational speed of the runner. Simulations were performed based on turbulence model. Specific transient characteristics, such as the flow rate, head, rotational speed, were analyzed. The pumpturbine had a minimum head and a maximum axial force when the flow rate was 0 during the transient process. Pressure fluctuations increased when the pump-turbine ran at pump braking mode. Reverse flow in the casing as well as stall phenomenon in the runner had a great effect on the change of head. Pressure in the runner was greatly reduced when the pump-turbine ran at pump braking mode. The computational method could be used to interpret the abnormal phenomenon by the analysis of flow mechanism during a transient process.     

分体滑动导叶可调涡轮激波与载荷波动机制

针对某柴油机用可调涡轮在低速工况下的低效强激波特征，提出并设计了一种分体滑动导叶，并在10%、40%和100% 3个典型开度下进行了定常/非定常数值计算。结果表明：分体滑动导叶在小开度下可实现对间隙泄漏流动的有效抑制，大幅度提高涡轮效率；在10%开度下，分体滑动导叶提高了涡轮10%的峰值效率，同时涡轮效率在40%和全开工况下也有不同程度的提高。此外，通过合理设计转静间距，分体滑动导叶尾缘激波被大幅度削弱。导叶间隙泄漏流和尾缘激波的抑制可有效弱化转子定子干涉强度，降低下游转子叶片表面载荷波动幅值，提高转子叶片的可靠性。     

应用滑移网格技术分析多级离心泵的三维瞬态流动

运用滑移网格技术、三维非稳态Navier-Stokes方程和标准的k-e湍流模型对工业中常用的D型多级节段式离心泵进行了全三维瞬态流场的数值模拟,分析泵内叶轮与导叶间的动静干扰问题.滑移网格设置在多级离心泵叶轮出口与固定导叶入口之间的交互界面,对每个时间步求解流动方程.对任一个叶轮旋转周期内,分析叶轮径向力、静压等参数出现脉动信号频率与动、静叶片数的关系;分析静、动叶片间静压值沿周向的变化规律.该三维非稳态模拟结果可为多级离心泵的水力优化设计提供依据.     

轴流风机后导叶三维数值优化设计方法及其应用

基于轴流风机安装后导叶能明显改善性能,但用目前使用的二维理想的工程方法无法设计良好导叶,必须通过大量后导叶安装角试验,才能改进使用。本文提出轴流风机后导叶三维数值优化设计方法,并用于一个商用风机,设计工况全压和全压效率均提高13%,有很好的变工况性能;本文还对比了用传统工程方法设计的后导叶的性能。     

Unsteady shock waves in supersonic nozzles

The present paper describes the numerical and experimental results on unsteady nozzle flows induced by nonstationary shock waves. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved using the upwind TVD finite-difference scheme of the Harten-Yee type. For the purpose of computational visualization of shock waves in transient nozzle starting process, computer shadow graphs are developed based on the principle of the optical shadowgraph. Visualization experiments employing a conventional shock tube are also performed. Comparison of numerical and experimental results shows satisfactory agreement. Furthermore, the steady flow establishment process around an airfoil model installed inside the nozzle is numerically investigated. The simulated results successfully reveal the unsteady viscous flow structure around the model.     

Analysis of vorticity dynamics for hump characteristics of a pump turbine model

Conventional parameters based on CFD methodology for the investigation on hump characteristics of a pump turbine cannot reflect the dynamic interaction mechanism between the runner and the fluid. This research presents a dynamic interaction mechanism of a pump turbine operating in the hump region. First, vorticity dynamic parameters were obtained based on the theory of vorticity dynamics. Second, 3-D unsteady flow simulations were performed in a full pump turbine model using the SST k-ω turbulence model, and numerical results have a good agreement with the experiments. Then, analysis was carried out to determine the relation between the vorticity dynamic parameters and hump characteristics. The results indicate that the theory of vorticity dynamics has an advantage in evaluating the dynamic performance of a pump turbine. The energy transfer between the runner and the fluid is through vorticity dynamic parameters-pressure and friction terms, in which the pressure term accounts for the most. Furthermore, vortex generation mainly results from the skin friction. Combining vorticity dynamic analysis with the method of Q-criterion indicates that hump characteristics are related to the reduction of the surface normal pressure work and vortex motion on the suction surfaces close to the leading edges in the runner, and the increase of skin friction work in the stay-guide vanes.

     

Numerical study on the internal flow characteristics of an axial-flow pump under stall conditions

When an axial-flow pump works in low flow rate conditions, rotating stall phenomena will probably occur, and the pump will enter hydraulic unsteady conditions. The rotating stall can lead to violent vibration, noise, turbulent flow, and a sharp drop in efficiency. This affects the safety and stability of the pump unit. To study the rotating stall flow characteristics of an axial-flow pump, the steady and unsteady internal flow field in a large vertical axial-flow pump was investigated using 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technology. Numerical calculations were carried out using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver and Menter's shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. Steady flow characteristics including streamline, velocity vector, pressure and turbulent kinetic energy are presented and analyzed. Unsteady flow characteristics are described using post-processing signals for pressure monitoring points in the time and frequency domains. Using Q-criterion, the locations and evolution rules of the core region of the vortex structure in guide vanes under deep stall conditions were investigated. The reliability of the numerical simulation results was verified using the experimental prototype pressure fluctuation test. In this way, typical flow structure and pressure fluctuation characteristics in an axial-flow pump were analyzed, with contrastive analysis in design condition and stall conditions. Finally, the mechanism of low-frequency pressure fluctuation in a pump unit under the stall condition was revealed.     

高比转速双向泵马鞍区流动特性分析

为研究双向泵在正、反向运行时非稳定区的内流特性,以名以比转速为1600的双向轴流泵为研究对象,采用标准k-ε湍流模型对双向泵进行了正反向、多工况下的非定常数值模拟,比较了正、反向马鞍区内泵的内流特征及压力脉动变化情况,结果表明:反向时鞍型曲线出现的流量减小,马鞍区范围变窄;在所研究工况,正、反向运行时在叶片进口前靠近壁面处、出口后靠近轮毂处以及导叶内均出现了较大尺度漩涡,反向时,叶轮前的大尺度漩涡向上游移动,在轮毂后也形成了较大的回流区,同时,由于流场的非稳定特性,正向在1²、42、4⁵倍转频,反向在05倍转频,反向在0²倍转频出现了明显的压力脉动。     

旋涡风机壳体在内流场作用下的动力响应

数值模拟了旋涡风机壳体在内流场作用下的动力响应。通过对燃料电池车上旋涡风机声振测试试验,数值模拟风机内部三维非定常流场,并对旋涡风机壳体进行动力响应计算。分析结果表明,旋涡风机在内流场作用下振动的激振频率与固有频率发生共振,造成风机结构振动向外辐射噪声,同时此方法能够较为准确地模拟壳体在内部流场激励下的动力响应。     

离心压缩机动静干涉信号特征识别方法

离心式压缩机由于内部静、动叶片排的相对运动,气流在压缩机内部流动时会产生动静干涉,从而会产生不定常气流激振力和高振幅压力脉动。这种非定常动静干涉对压缩机的稳定正常运行和实际工作效率有着重要的影响。为了有效研究动静干涉的信号特征,首先,对某模型级压缩机试验台离心叶轮进行运行模态仿真计算从而得到叶轮干涉图;其次,确定进口导叶(inlet guide vanes,简称IGV)和出口扩压器(outlet guide vanes,简称OGV)对叶轮存在干涉的转速;最后,在确定的试验转速工况下进行应变测试和压力脉动测试。通过分析对比,验证了仿真转速工况下干涉特征频率的存在,也证实了应变信号更适用于识别干涉信号特征。通过总结干涉较严重的转速工况干涉特征频率与叶轮固有频率的关系,为离心压缩机进一步改进设计奠定了基础。     

基于数值模拟的新型轴向导叶性能分析

由于塑料具有成本低、轻巧、表面光洁等优点已获得广泛的工程应用。但传统扭曲空间导叶由于叶片几何边界复杂,很难通过注塑工艺进行生产,而应采用圆柱叶片。因此,本文通过125QJ20型塑料泵的研发,设计出新型轴向导叶。为分析该导叶的性能,结合自主开发的导叶设计软件DLSJ,根据参数设计出另一径向导叶模型,并将同一叶轮分别与两个导叶进行匹配。再通过Fluent软件,采用标准k-ε模型、SIMPLEC算法对这两组模型分别进行了全流场数值计算,并对导叶内部内流场进行对比分析,结果表明轴向导叶外特性明显优于径向导叶。通过流场分析,该新型轴向导叶能改善导叶内部流动,提高井泵水力性能。同时,新导叶具有注塑简单的特点,可有效降低成本,有着较好的市场前景。     

水轮机固定导叶的涡街模拟与振动分析

研究三峡右岸部分机组水轮机固定导叶出水边处的卡门涡街共振问题.根据机组的实际运行情况和产生异常噪声的特点,应用计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值分析技术对固定导叶开展出水边处的涡街振动模拟,建立模拟涡街振动的CFD数值模型,采用Fluent软件实现对卡门涡街振动特性的定...     

Study on numerical methods for transient flow induced by speed-changing impeller of fluid machinery

In order to establish a reliable numerical method for solving the transient rotating flow induced by a speed-changing impeller, two numerical methods based on finite volume method (FVM) were presented and analyzed in this study. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of incompressible transient unsteady flow induced by an impeller during starting process were carried out respectively by using DM and DSR methods. The accuracy and adaptability of the two methods were evaluated by comprehensively comparing the calculation results. Moreover, an intensive study on the application of DSR method was conducted subsequently. The results showed that transient flow structure evolution and transient characteristics of the starting impeller are obviously affected by the starting process. The transient flow can be captured by both two methods, and the DSR method shows a higher computational efficiency. As an application example, the starting process of a mixed-flow pump was simulated by using DSR method. The calculation results were analyzed by comparing with the experiment data.     

直接空冷机组排汽管道内加装导流片的流场的数值模拟

研究直接空冷机组排汽管道的重点是均衡各蒸汽分配管内的流量和降低压降。利用计算流体力学软件FLU-ENT,在典型工况下对某600MW直接空冷汽轮发电机组排汽管道内的蒸汽流场进行了数值模拟,然后在管道内增加和调整导流片进行模拟来得出最佳的导流片布置方式。结果表明:在最佳导流片布置的情况下,蒸汽在蒸汽分配管道内流量均衡,流动阻力减少。     

Simulations of the transient flow generated from a started flat plate

Transient operations are commonly founded in fluid machineries such as the starting, stopping, and variations of rotor speeds, etc. Flow generated from a started flat plate is of fundamental importance. Experiments have been done to observe the flow evolution in current researches. And in order to explore the flow in more detailed scale, some vortex methods with high resolution and other numerical methods were developed to solve various related problems by some researchers. But the promotion of vortex method to engineering application is rare due to its complexity and difficulty in specifying the boundary conditions. In order to build up a method of numerical study for such problems, a simplified model is built up with a flat plate. The development of two-dimensional viscous incompressible flow generated from an impulsively started and uniformly accelerated infinitesimally thin flat plate is simulated numerically. A dynamic mesh(DM) method based on the spring analogue and local remeshing is applied to realize the mesh motion caused by the started plate. Researches show that the mesh quality will decline under large grid shear force during the updating process. To conquer this problem, a region near the plate is separated to guarantee the mesh quality at location of interest which is the innovation of the present paper. All computations at least cover a period during which the plate translates 6 times its length. The simulated instantaneous velocity profiles, flow structures and drag coefficients under several Reynolds numbers (20 Re 126) and accelerations (20 m/s2 a 152 m/s2) are presented and compared with existing results in literatures. Comparisons are found to be satisfactory, confirming the validity of the current proposed method(region separated DM). The proposed DM method is firstly used to study the transient flow generated from a started flat plate and can be used in further study of transient characteristics during transient operations of turbo machineries.     

高深宽比微细结构电铸时传质过程数值分析

针对高深宽比微细结构电铸时存在严重传质受限的问题,以微深槽特征为分析对象建立液相传质两种数学模型——维扩散模型和二维对流—扩散模型,并分别用Matlab专用工具箱和Fluent 6.2流体仿真软件进行数值求解,依次分析以扩散、强制对流－扩散、复合对流(强制对流和自然对流)－扩散等为主导传质模式作用下微细电铸时,流场和离子浓度场的空间变化规律及其对液相传质效果的影响,并进行试验验证。结果表明：微细结构电铸时,单一扩散作用仅能用于深宽比小于2且电流密度小于2 A/dm2的液相传质场合;槽外强制对流只能对深宽比小于2的微槽内电解液产生一定搅拌作用;强化槽内自然对流作用并与槽外强制对流协同配合时,槽(深宽比为5)内可形成独特的单个或多个占据整个槽空间的涡流循环胞,涡流流速约为强制对流流速的1/20～1/2,明显改善传质效果,试验结果与此相印证。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING STALL FOR A LOW-SPEED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

Unsteady flows and rotating stall of a low-speed centrifugal compressor are investigated by measuring vaneless diffuser wall static pressure fluctuation and internal flow fields at different small flow fluxes. During the experiment, firstly the real time static pressure fluctuations on the vaneless diffuser shroud at different circumferential and radial position were acquired by high-frequency dynamic pressure transducers. Discrete Fourier transformation analysis and cross-correlation analysis were applied to the experimental results to ascertain the rotating stall beginning operation conditions and stall cells numbers and rotating speed. Secondly, the vaneless diffuser inlet flow angle distribution along diffuser width direction was acquired by single hotwire, which was compared with SENOO＇s analysis results. At last, the internal flow fields of the centrifugal compressor were investigated with a particle image velocimetry （PIV） system at different small flow fluxes. The flow field development of vaneless diffuser and blade flow passage are given at rotating stall conditions. The experiments enrich the understanding of rotating stall flow phenomenon of the low-speed centrifugal compressor and provide full experiment data for designing high performance centrifugal compressor.     

Hydraulic design and performance analysis on a small pump-turbine system for ocean renewable energy storage system

Korea has a myriad of islands in the south western coast that extensively rely on diesel generators for power production, which increase cost and environment pollution. The small hydro pump-turbine system for ocean renewable energy storage system is a kind of hybrid system that can reduce the usage of diesel generators and help to contribute to the environment in a positive manner by helping to reduce carbon emissions. The study focuses on initial hydraulic design and numerical analysis of a 30 kW-class pump-turbine system for energy independent islands in South Korea. The purpose of the study is to propose an ocean renewable energy storage system using a small pump-turbine system working with seawater. A 30 kW-class pump-turbine does not require a large head; approximately 30 m is sufficient for the design and application. Several other renewable energy systems like wind turbines, tidal turbines, wave energy converters and solar energy could be used to make a hybrid system with pump-turbine. The initial design achieved more than 85 % efficiency in both pump and turbine modes. However, further optimizations of the impeller blade shape and number of guide vane and stay vanes could improve the overall efficiency of the system.