小湾水电厂机组转轮裂纹分析及处理

小湾水电厂水轮机转轮叶片频繁产生裂纹,通过对水轮机转轮叶片进行有限元计算分析,应力过于集中通常是叶片裂纹产生的主要原因。对易产生裂纹部位进行无损探伤检查,及时处理缺陷,消除事故隐患。优化机组运行方式,减少机组在禁止运行区域和限制运行区域内的运行时间,是减少机组转轮叶片裂纹最有效,最经济的方法。     

混流式水轮机叶片疲劳裂纹分析及其改进方案

近年来,国内外一系列大型混流式水轮发电机组频繁发生转轮叶片的疲劳裂纹问题,对电站机组的安全稳定运行构成了严重威胁。本文以混流式水轮机为研究对象,通过全流道CFD计算及基于顺序流固耦合的转轮结构应力场计算,分析该转轮产生疲劳裂纹的原因。随后提出在叶片出水边和上冠连接处加装应力释放三角块的方案,以降低叶片最大有效应力值、改善叶片应力分布。计算结果表明该方案可以明显降低叶片最大有效应力、改善叶片应力分布。计算结果也可为其它水轮机转轮的疲劳裂纹及其应力特性分析提供参考。     

混流式水轮机叶片强度计算及其应力特性改善

近年来，国内外一系列大型混流式水轮发电机组频繁发生转轮叶片的疲劳裂纹问题，对电站机组的安全稳定运行构成了严重威胁。本文以一混流式水轮机为研究对象，通过混流式水轮机全流道CFD计算及基于顺序流固耦合的转轮结构应力场计算，分析该转轮产生疲劳裂纹的原因；其次通过在叶片出水边和上冠连接处加应力释放三角块来降低叶片最大有效应力值和改善叶片应力分布。结果表明应力释放三角块可以明显降低叶片最大有效应力和改善叶片应力分布。本文计算结果可为其它水轮机转轮的转轮疲劳裂纹分析及应力特性改善提供参考。     

凤滩电站二号机组转轮叶片裂纹处理

凤滩二号机组自投运以来,因受铸造质量、焊接残余应力、材质、振动、压力脉动等多方因素影响,转轮有11块叶片出现裂纹,其中有7块叶片同一部位反复出现多次裂纹。由于叶片裂纹频发,电站与制造商经分析研究,制定了加装三角筋处理方案,处理后叶片裂纹大幅减少,为机组安全稳定运行提供了保证。     

二滩水电站转轮裂纹原因浅析和处理对策

二滩水电站转轮在投运初期，转轮叶片多次出现裂纹，造成裂纹的主要原因是分瓣转轮的组合焊接残余应力，在机组的不良运行工况的诱发下产生裂纹，现场合理处理后，采取有效措施应对，裂纹的发生得到有效的控制。     

小湾水电站机组转轮裂纹分析及修型处理

小湾水电站机组检修过程中发现转轮叶片存在裂纹现象,通过分析转轮裂纹产生的原因及对转轮进行修型处理,对今后机组运行过程中减少转轮叶片裂纹的产生,提高机组安全、优质运行具有一定参考价值。     

二滩水电站转轮裂纹原因浅析和处理对策

二滩水电站在投运初期．转轮叶片多次出现裂纹。产生裂纹的主要原因是分瓣转轮的组合焊接残余应力。在机组的不良运行工况诱发下产生裂纹。现场合理处理后．采取有效应对措施,裂纹的发生得到了良好的控制。     

大型混流式水轮机转轮应力研究综述

混流式水轮机转轮的裂纹问题,降低了转轮的使用寿命,给机组运行带来了安全隐患,也是制约大型机组宽域运行的主要因素之一。混流式水轮机在低负荷工况的水力稳定性,决定了其运行的安全稳定范围。而叶片裂纹的产生及发展,与叶片在不同工况下的应力特性密切相关。本文总结了混流式水轮机裂纹出现的不同原因,分析了裂纹处理及预防的不同案例,详细对比了三种转轮应力研究方法的不同,最终对大型混流式水轮机转轮应力的研究前景做了总结和展望。     

某电站转轮裂纹原因分析及处理方案

针对某电站近5年水轮机转轮出现裂纹的位置和数量,从转轮叶片强度、机组运行稳定性和叶片焊接工艺等方面进行了裂纹原因分析,根据相关实践经验,提出了在叶片出水边与上冠、下环相交处施加降应力三角块加强叶片强度,并改进焊接工艺,对转轮的综合性能、动态特性等基本没有影响。已按此方案处理的景洪、龙头石、岩滩等水电站的运行效果良好。     

鲁地拉水电站转轮裂纹原因分析及处理方法研究

水电站机组转轮叶片裂纹严重影响电站的安全运行。鲁地拉水电站3号机组 C 级检修期间,发现了转轮叶片裂纹问题。本文从转轮制造、转轮材质、工程设计、机组性能及运行状态方面分析了转轮叶片裂纹产生的原因,介绍了裂纹处理方案。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.