水流作用下双圆柱墩混凝土梁桥的动力响应实测与数值模拟

西藏达林大桥为一座7跨桥面连续的混凝土梁桥,下部结构采用双圆柱桥墩。2018年7月,在水流作用下达林大桥桥墩及桥面出现了显著的顺桥向振动。该文报道了水流作用下大桥的动力响应实测与数值模拟研究。实测表明:桥梁顺桥向振动表现为桥梁一阶纵向模态为主的拍振,横桥向为随机微振动;顺桥向最大加速度约为0.08 m/s2,梁端最大位移约为1.56 mm。基于一阶纵向振动模态参数,将双圆柱墩梁桥简化为单自由振动体系,在2 m/s~10 m/s流速范围内(折减流速U_r=1.69~8.45、雷诺数Re=2.6×106~1.3×107)进行了二维流固耦合数值模拟,得到了桥墩双圆柱升阻力系数以及不同结构阻尼比时的涡振响应。并对桥墩振型与水流流速剖面等三维效应进行修正,得到了墩顶位移随流速变化的关系。结果表明:上游柱尾流对下游柱的脉动涡激升力有显著增强作用,在3 m/s~6 m/s流速范围内双圆柱桥墩出现了涡激振动。在考虑三维修正后,ζ=0.01工况下墩顶位移数值模拟结果与实测值较为吻合。随着阻尼比ζ的增加,涡振最大振幅变小,锁定区间基本不变。     

Radiolytic modification of sulfur-containing amino acid residues in model peptides: fundamental studies for protein footprinting

Protein footprinting based on hydroxyl radical-mediated modification and quantitative mass spectroscopic analysis is a proven technique for examining protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, and structural allostery upon protein complex formation. The reactive and solvent-accessible amino acid side chains function as structural probes; however, correct structural analysis depends on the identification and quantification of all the relevant oxidative modifications within the protein sequence. Sulfur-containing amino acids are oxidized readily and the mechanisms of oxidation are particularly complex, although they have been extensively investigated by EPR and other spectroscopic methods. Here we have undertaken a detailed mass spectrometry study (using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry) of model peptides containing cysteine (Cys-SH), cystine (disulfide bonded Cys), and methionine after oxidation using gamma-rays or synchrotron X-rays and have compared these results to those expected from oxidation mechanisms proposed in the literature. Radiolysis of cysteine leads to cysteine sulfonic acid (+48 Da mass shift) and cystine as the major products; other minor products including cysteine sulfinic acid (+32 Da mass shift) and serine (-16 Da mass shift) are observed. Radiolysis of cystine results in the oxidative opening of the disulfide bond and generation of cysteine sulfonic acid and sulfinic acid; however, the rate of oxidation is significantly less than that for cysteine. Radiolysis of methionine gives rise primarily to methionine sulfoxide (+16 Da mass shift); this can be further oxidized to methionine sulfone (+32 Da mass shift) or another product with a -32 Da mass shift likely due to aldehyde formation at the gamma-carbon. Due to the high reactivity of sulfur-containing amino acids, the extent of oxidation is easily influenced by secondary oxidation events or the presence of redox reagents used in standard proteolytic digestions; when these are accounted for, a reactivity order of cysteine > methionine approximately tryptophan > cystine is observed.     

Catalytic Nanomotors: Self‐Propelled Sphere Dimers

Experimental and theoretical studies of the self‐propelled motional dynamics of a new genre of catalytic sphere dimer, which comprises a non‐catalytic silica sphere connected to a catalytic platinum sphere, are reported for the first time. Using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the fuel to effect catalytic propulsion of the sphere dimers, both quasi‐linear and quasi‐circular trajectories are observed in the solution phase and analyzed for different dimensions of the platinum component. In addition, well‐defined rotational motion of these sphere dimers is observed at the solution–substrate interface. The nature of the interaction between the sphere dimer and the substrate in the aqueous hydrogen peroxide phase is discussed. In computer simulations of the sphere dimer in solution and the solution–substrate interface, sphere‐dimer dynamics are simulated using molecular‐dynamics methods and solvent dynamics are modeled by mesoscopic multiparticle collision methods taking hydrodynamic interactions into account. The rotational and translational dynamics of the sphere dimer are found to be in good accord with the predictions of computer simulations.     

偏心率和转速对迷宫密封力和动力学参数影响分析研究

通过数值方法和商用CFD(计算流体动力学)软件对密封-转子系统进行建模和求解,研究了5种偏心率和5种转速下的计算机求解时间、流场压力分布、密封力的变化情况,并对泄漏量影响分析和迷宫密封动力学参数影响进行分析研究。研究结果表明:该方法能较好地模拟计算迷宫密封泄漏量和动力学参数,得到腔室压力随着偏心率增大而增大,密封切向力随着偏心率、转速的增大而增大,密封径向力随着偏心率、转速的增大而负向增大;通过密封长度、密封间隙、密封压差对泄漏量影响计算,三者变化率分别为6.62%,65.21%和69.97%,表明密封间隙和压差变化是影响泄漏量变化的重要影响因素;通过密封压差和密封长度对动力学参数影响分析,得出增大密封压差和密封长度不利于系统稳定、增大密封间隙会使得系统趋于稳定。     

桥梁移动荷载识别的不适定性及其试验研究

对桥梁移动荷载识别方程不适定问题进行研究，提出采用预处理共轭梯度法（PCGM）求解超定方程组，通过选择不同的预优矩阵，改善和解决超定方程组的欠秩和病态问题。为验证基于PCGM方法的现场实用性，设计制作了车桥试验模型，通过试验采集到的桥梁弯矩响应数据识别桥面移动荷载。比较桥梁模态数、预处理共轭梯度法迭代次数、桥面粗糙度、车辆重量以及测点选择对识别结果精度的影响后，研究结果表明：基于PCGM方法能够很好地识别车辆荷载，收敛较快且能较好改善荷载识别方程的不适定性。     

Stress wave in monosized bead string with various water contents

Wet granular materials exhibit unique physical and mechanical properties, especially in relation to wave propagation, which is quite different from dry granular materials. In this paper, by introducing the capillary bridge force into the discrete element method, the stress wave in mono-sized bead string with various water content has been studied. First the vibration of two particles with liquid bridge has been analyzed. The presence of the liquid bridge force causes the kinetic response of the particles to exhibit completely different properties than that of the dry particles. The equilibrium position is affected by both the physical properties of the particles and the liquid bridge properties. Then the wave propagation behaviors in a mono-sized bead string have been analyzed. According to whether the liquid bridge volume has an effect on granular motion, the whole process can be divided into two stages. Stage I, particles are physically contacted with each other directly. The influence of liquid bridge force is independent of the bridge volume. Stage II, particles start to oscillate back and forth at their equilibrium positions, the influence of the liquid bridge force becomes related to the bridge volume. The kinetic energy dissipation first decreases and then increases. A U-shaped trend appears throughout the dissipation process. In our work, the mechanical properties of wet granular materials are studied from two levels: particle vibration and wave propagation, which will provide theoretical guidance for the application of granular materials in aqueous environment.     

Hysteresis in the flux flow characteristics of a type II superconductor associated with the presence of normal metal precipitates

Unusual history-dependent flux flow properties are observed in a Pb_0.871Sn_0.129 alloy as tin precipitates from solution at room temperature. We find that the critical currents and flux flow curves depend upon the field history, the current history, and the orientational history of the sample. Two volume pinning force curves are observed with different force magnitudes and field locations of the force peak, depending upon whether the field is cycled to high fields or zero field before the force is measured. Flux flow noise measurements in these samples yield very low noise, consistent with our recent model, which predicts low noise in samples with closely spaced pinning centers that interrupt the flux motion. The experimental results are explained in terms of the formation of a nonequilibrium flux line lattice in the presence of precipitates, and the response of such a lattice to current, field, and orientational changes.Research Supported by U.S. ERDA Grant No. EY-76-S-02-2890. Items of equipment used in this work were provided by a Research Corporation Grant.     

高陡斜坡段桩柱式桥墩基础设计计算方法研究

与平地上的桥梁基桩相比,高陡斜坡段桩柱式桥墩基础的承载机理主要包括陡坡效应和嵌固深度效应。首先,根据极限平衡理论推导了高陡边坡剩余下滑力的计算公式;其次,通过对桩柱微元进行受力分析,得到了高陡斜坡段桩柱式桥墩基础内力与变形分析的挠曲变形微分方程及其幂级数解答;经过模型试验的对比分析,验证了该解答的合理性。在此基础上,通过对某工程实例的对比分析,探讨了桩径、嵌固深度以及边坡安全系数等对基桩设计与验算的影响,进而提出了高陡斜坡段桩柱式桥墩基础的设计计算方法,以期为桥梁基桩设计提供参 考。     

既有预应力空心板桥加宽设计的荷载横向分布计算方法

既有预应力空心板桥加宽时,一般将新旧空心板连接起来共同工作,荷载横向分布系数是该类型桥加宽设计的关键问题之一.该文根据铰接板法的基本假定,应用力法原理推导出了铰接板法的一般力法方程,可用于空心板截面、间距和材料属性等均不同的任意铰接空心板桥的荷载横向分布影响线计算.编制程序求解了荷载横向分布影响线、横向分布最不利位置和横向分布系数,对一座普通空心板桥和一座加宽空心板桥进行了计算分析.通过对比原规范与现行规范中相应汽车荷载,提出了旧桥加宽后各板最大横向分布系数允许值,以该值为标准校核各板横向分布系数计算值可以确定需要加固的空心板.通过对比各板横向分布系数值的变化,确定了需要增强横向联系的空心板.     

Numerical simulation of breakup and detachment of an axially stretching Newtonian liquid bridge with a moving contact line phase field method

The extensional, breakup and detachment dynamics of an axially stretching Newtonian liquid bridge are investigated numerically with a dynamic domain multiphase incompressible flow solver. The multiphase flow solver employs a Cahn–Hilliard phase field model to describe the evolution of the diffuse interface separating the liquid bridge fluid from the surrounding medium. The governing axisymmetric Navier–Stokes and Cahn–Hilliard phase field equations are discretized on a continuously expanding domain, the boundaries of which coincide with the planar solid surfaces containing the liquid bridge. The entire formulation, including the fast pressure correction for high density ratios and the semi-implicit discretization that overcomes the numerical stiffness of the fourth-order spatial operators, is performed on a fixed simplified computational domain using time-dependent transformation. Simulations reveal that the dynamic domain interface capturing technique effectively captures the deformation dynamics of the stretching liquid bridge, including the capillary wave formation, necking and interface evolution post breakup and detachment. It is found that the liquid bridge detachment is strongly influenced by the contact angle prescribed at the stationary and moving solid surfaces. At relatively small pulling speeds, the entire liquid is found to preferentially adhere to the less hydrophobic surface. When the prescribed contact angles are equal, however, the liquid bridge undergoes complete detachment so that no liquid resides either on the stationary or on the moving solid surface.     

An investigation into the structure of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutions under magnetic fields

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the effects of magnetic fields with intensities of 1–10 T on aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutions at 298 K. The simulations employ the F3C (flexible three centered) water model and investigate electrolyte solutions with both low (1 M) and high (5 M) NaCl concentrations. The results show that the self-diffusion coefficient of the water molecules decreases in a low-concentration solution as the magnetic field intensity is increased, but increases in a high-concentration solution. The magnetic field enhances the mobility of the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions in both low- and high-concentration solutions. The average number of hydrogen bonds increases when the magnetic field is applied to pure water or to a solution with a low NaCl concentration, but decreases in a solution with a high-concentration. The results show that the enhanced mobility of the ions under a magnetic field causes serious damage to the hydrogen bond network in the high-concentration solution. Conversely, in the low-concentration solution, the structural behavior is dominated by the properties of the water molecules, and hence the hydrogen bonding ability is enhanced as the magnetic field is increased.     

Magnetically Driven Self-Degrading Zinc-Containing Cystine Microrobots for Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed tumor disease in men, and its treatment is still a big challenge in standard oncology therapy. Magnetically actuated microrobots represent the most promising technology in modern nanomedicine, offering the advantage of wireless guidance, effective cell penetration, and non-invasive actuation. Here, new biodegradable magnetically actuated zinc/cystine-based microrobots for in situ treatment of prostate cancer cells are reported. The microrobots are fabricated via metal-ion-mediated self-assembly of the amino acid cystine encapsulating superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) during the synthesis, which allows their precise manipulation by a rotating magnetic field. Inside the cells, the typical enzymatic reducing environment favors the disassembly of the aminoacidic chemical structure due to the cleavage of cystine disulfide bonds and disruption of non-covalent interactions with the metal ions, as demonstrated by in vitro experiments with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In this way, the cystine microrobots served for site-specific delivery of Zn²⁺ ions responsible for tumor cell killing via a “Trojan horse effect”. This work presents a new concept of cell internalization exploiting robotic systems’ self-degradation, proposing a step forward in non-invasive cancer therapy.     

Stochastic stability of wind-excited long-span bridges

Due to its heavy weight, the motion instability of a wind-excited long-span bridge exhibits some unique features different from those of lightweight structures, such as airfoils. These features are explained, and accounts are given of earlier experimental and analytical investigations in the field. Since turbulence is generally present in a natural wind flow, its effects on bridge motion stability are discussed from a stochastic dynamics point of view. Some outstanding problems are indicated.     

Extending the lifetime of the running electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis by using additional compartments for external electrolysis

The use of two additional reservoirs to accommodate the electrodes of the power source is proposed to improve the stability of the running electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis. The basic idea is to use salt bridges to connect those reservoirs to the ones containing the capillary ends. Although simple, there are several issues that can be considered in the design and implementation of such system in order to prevent undesired transference of material between the electrolysis and the main reservoirs. The use of a sealed electrolysis reservoir without a gas phase, the use of materials that ensure volume stability, and the use of bridges as long as possible are three basic directions. A compromise is involved in the dimensions of the sectional area of the bridge, because a small area diminishes the amount of a species transferred by diffusion but leads to an undesirable increase of the electrical field during the electrophoretic running. Thus, a bridge composed of a main wide-bore tube connected to a small-bore capillary seems to give the best performance for practical use. A simple electrolysis-separated system was adapted to a preexisting capillary electrophoresis system, and its performance was evaluated with a mixture of tartaric, malic, and succinic acids that was separated in sodium benzoate solution (pH 5.5) using the original equipment and the modified one. Due to the water electrolysis and the small buffering capacity of the electrolyte, there was a significant pH change and consequently changes in the effective mobilities of the analytes and loss of resolution after a few runs using the original equipment. Using the electrolysis-separated system, no significant change in the migration time and resolution was observed even after 15 runs. Besides the freedom to prepare running electrolytes with electroactive species or unbuffered solution, high throughput and the use of small reservoirs, such as the ones used in microfluidic devices, are the main advantages of the system.     

车辆-路面-桥梁系统竖向振动分析

视车辆、路面体系和桥梁为整个系统,将车辆模拟成弹簧和阻尼器连接的多刚体,沥青路面层视为Kelvin模型及其上的无限长梁,混凝土路面和主梁一起模拟成Euler-Bernoulli梁。应用弹性系统动力学总势能不变值原理和形成矩阵的"对号入座"法则,建立了系统的竖向运动方程;并运用协方差等效方法模拟了车轮随机输入非平稳时域模型。研究了弹性支承下的车辆-路面-桥梁耦合系统的振动特性。计算表明:在其他条件相同时,混凝土路面层所对应的冲击系数约为沥青路面层所对应冲击系数的1.35倍;刚性支承对应的冲击系数约为弹性支承对应冲击系数的1.60倍,但当车速大于33.4m/s时,橡胶支座对冲击系数的影响就较小。     

Dynamics of multibody systems in planar motion in a central gravitational field

Multibody systems in planar motion are modelled as two or more rigid components that are connected and can move relative to each other. The dynamics of such multibody systems in planar motion in a central gravitational force field is analysed. The equations of motion of the system include the equations for the orbital motion of the bodies, the orientation (attitude) of the assembly, and the relative orientation (shape) of the bodies with respect to each other. Dynamic coupling between these degrees of freedom gives rise to complex dynamical systems that are usually not integrable. Relative equilibria, corresponding to circular orbits of the multibody system, are obtained. The free dynamics has a symmetry due to a cyclic coordinate. Routh reduction is carried out to eliminate this coordinate and obtain the reduced dynamics. The stability of the relative equilibria is analysed using the Routh stability criterion when it is applicable; an expansion of the Hamiltonian in normal form is used otherwise. We apply the general results to a multibody system consisting of two hinged planar bodies, each modelled as a rigid massless link with a point mass at one end with their other ends connected by a hinge joint. We obtain the relative equilibria of this model, and carry out a stability analysis for the relative equilibria. Numerical simulations using a symplectic integrator are carried out for perturbations to these relative equilibria, to confirm their stability properties.     

Oscillatory and Steady Dynamics of a Cylindrical Body Near the Border of Vibrating Cavity Filled with Liquid

The results of experimental study of vibrational dynamics of cylindrical solid in a rectangular cavity filled with viscous incompressible fluid are generalized. The cavity performs high-frequency translational oscillations in a horizontal plane. Experiments are carried out with bodies of different relative density: more or less than liquid’s density. The cylinder oscillates in the cavity under the influence of oscillating inertia force. An averaged force repels the body from the boundary and holds a heavy body over the bottom of the cavity and the light one at some distance from the ceiling. The vibrational lift force depends on the amplitude and frequency of vibrations as well as on the properties of liquid. It is shown that the value of the averaged lift force decreases with increasing dimensionless amplitude. Special attention is paid to the oscillatory behavior of a solid. The rotational oscillations of the body, observed in experiments simultaneously with the translational ones, and fluid motion, excited by an oscillating body, are investigated. The different modes of interaction of the body with the container’s boundary were found. The oscillatory dynamics of bodies with different relative density is studied by high-speed video-registration.     

车辆撞击作用下泡沫铝防撞桥墩的动态响应特性

针对车辆撞击桥墩问题,设计了一种采用泡沫铝材料的桥墩防撞装置.采用LS-DYNA软件分别建立有无防撞装置的桥墩三维实体单元模型,分析了车辆撞击作用下各桥墩的动态时程响应.对比了两种情况下车辆对桥墩的撞击力、桥墩位移和应力等特征参量,并从能量传递的角度分析了泡沫铝防撞装置的耗能能力和撞击车辆损伤.结果表明:采用泡沫铝防撞...     

曲率半径对曲线箱梁桥车辆荷载作用下冲击效应的影响

针对复杂的车桥耦合振动问题,桥梁结构采用三梁式模型进行离散,首先基于ANSYS提出了简便的分离迭代解法,给出了该问题的详细推导过程和计算步骤,同时通过现场试验对所提出的方法进行了验证。通过快速傅里叶逆变换采用三角级数方法模拟了桥面不平度及其速度项,考虑车辆在曲线梁桥上的行驶偏心,分析了曲率半径和车速对曲线梁桥冲击效应的影响。结果表明:曲线梁桥的位移和内力动力放大系数大于直线梁桥的,且不同位置不同项目的内力和位移之间的动力放大系数的数值差别很大。内力和位移的动力放大系数对曲率半径的变化的敏感性各不相同,当曲率半径小于某个特征值后,动力放大系数变化很大。