Magnetic field sensor based on peanut-shape structure and multimode fiber

An all fiber magnetic field sensor with peanut-shape structure based on multimode fiber (MMF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing structure and magnetic fluid (MF) are both encapsulated in capillary, and the effective refractive index of MF is affected by surrounding magnetic field strength. The measurement of magnetic field is realized by observing the wavelength drift of interference peak. The transmission spectrum generated by Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) includes core-core mode interference and core-cladding mode interference. Experimental results demonstrate that the core-cladding mode interference is sensitive to magnetic field, and the magnetic field sensitivity is 0.047 8 nm/mT. In addition, two kinds of interference dips are sensitive to temperature, and the sensitivities are 0.060 0 nm/°C and 0.052 6 nm/°C, respectively. So the simultaneous measurement of magnetic field strength and temperature can be achieved based on sensitivity matrix. This work has been supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No.2013AA014200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11444001), and the Municipal Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No.14JCYBJC16500). E-mail:13821538563@163.com      

Optical fiber magnetic field sensors with peanut-shape structure cascaded with LPFG

An optical fiber magnetic field sensor for the dual-parameter simultaneous measurement is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor head is constructed by a peanut-shape structure and long period fiber grating (LPFG) coated by magnetic fluid (MF). The external magnetic field intensity can be measured by the variation of characteristic wavelength (Dip1 and Dip2) in interference spectrum since the effective refractive index of MF changes with external magnetic field intensity. When the external magnetic field intensity changes from 0 mT to 20 mT, the magnetic field sensitivities of Dip1 and Dip2 are ?0.064 nm/mT and ?0.041 nm/mT, respectively. Experimental results show that the temperature sensitivities of the Dip1 and Dip2 are 0.233 nm/°C and 0.186 nm/°C, respectively. Therefore, the simultaneous measurement of the magnetic field intensity and temperature is demonstrated based on the sensitive matrix. It has some potential applications in aerospace, environmental monitoring and medical sensing fields.     

Fiber in-line magnetic field sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer integrated with magnetic fluid

In this paper, magnetic fluid (MF), a new type of optical functional nanomaterial with interesting optical characteristics under the external magnetic field, is adopted to form a novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor. The proposed sensor is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and has a multimode-singlemode-multimode (MSM) fiber structure. The MSM structure was fabricated by splicing a section of uncoated single mode fiber (SMF) between two short sections of multimode fibers (MMFs) using a fiber fusion splicer. The magnetic field sensing probe was made by inserting the fiber-optic structure in an MF-filled capillary tube. Variations in an external magnetic field is seen to cause changes in the refractive index of MF. This tunable change in the refractive index with magnetic field strengths between 0.6 mT to 21.4 mT produces a shift in the peak position of the wavelength. The shift of the valley wavelength with magnetic field intensity has a good linearity of up to 99.6%. The achieved sensitivity of the proposed magnetic field sensor is 0.123 nm/mT,which is improved by several folds compared with those of most of the other reported MF-based magnetic field sensors. Furthermore, we build the corresponding circuit-based measurement system, and the experimental results show that the voltage change indirectly reflects the change of the external magnetic field strength. Therefore, this provides the potential to fiber-based magnetic field sensing applications.     

Research on optical fiber magnetic field sensors based on multi-mode fiber and spherical structure

A magnetic field sensor with a magnetic fluid (MF)-coated intermodal interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interferometer is formed by sandwiching a segment of single mode fiber (SMF) between a segment of multi-mode fiber (MMF) and a spherical structure. It can be considered as a cascade of the traditional SMF-MMF-SMF structure and MMF-SMF-sphere structure. The transmission spectral characteristics change with the variation of applied magnetic field. The experimental results exhibit that the magnetic field sensitivities for wavelength and transmission loss are 0.047 nm/mT and 0.215 dB/mT for the interference dip around 1 535.36 nm. For the interference dip around 1548.41nm, the sensitivities are 0.077 nm/mT and 0.243 dB/mT. Simultaneous measurement can be realized according to the different spectral responses.     

Design and research of magnetic field sensor based on grapefruit optical fiber filled with magnetic fluid

A novel magnetic field sensor was proposed based on the grapefruit optical fiber with the magnetic fluid injected into the six air holes. The sensor utilizes the Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI). The light is transmitted through the single-mode fiber to the fusion splice point and is divided into two parts. When the light passes through the cladding air hole with magnetic fluid, it interferes with the core light, and the change of the interference light is related with the change of the magnetic field. The sensor cavity length is 6 cm. It can be obtained from the experimental results that the magnetic field sensitivity reaches up to 2.243 nm/Oe with the range from 0 to 2.28 Oe. The sensor has the advantages of easy fabrication, easy installation and low cost. The findings provide new ideas for the study of ocean wind electromagnetic fields.     

用于应力传感的双芯光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪

将一根单模双芯光纤(TCF)熔接在两根单模光纤(SMF)间,实验制得双芯光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)型梳状滤波器。用干涉原理分析了器件的传输谱相邻峰值的波长间隔与波长、TCF长度和两纤芯间有效折射率差的关系。结果表明,在滤波器梳状传输谱中的某中心波长处,相邻峰值的波长间隔与该中心波长的平方成正比,与TCF长度和两纤芯间有效折射率差的乘积成反比。实验检测了所制器件的应力特性,结果表明在轴向微应力的作用下,器件的传输谱向短波长方向移动,且微应力敏感度为-0.64 pm/με。     

基于磁流体和无芯光纤的磁场传感器

用无芯光纤(NCF)作为单模-多模-单模(SMS)结构中的多模光波导,并将其浸没在密封于毛细管内的磁流体(MF)中,形成了一种新型的全光纤化磁场传感器。传感器可利用磁场变化时其透射谱中谷值波长的移动或峰值波长处的透射率变化对相应的磁场变化进行测量。完成了传感器的制作并进行了实验研究,在传感器长约9cm时,实验得到的磁场灵敏度分别达到了78pm/Oe和0.129dB/Oe。除了作为磁场传感器,本文装置还可以用来作为磁控可调光衰减器或光调制器。     

Phase-sensitive radio-frequency magnetic probe using laser diode and optical fiber

Characteristics are described of a novel probe sensitive to the amplitude and phase of the radio-frequency magnetic field which is composed of a laser diode linked with a small loop antenna, an optical fiber, and a phase-sensitive detection instrument. The probe is highly sensitive and is radio-frequency interference free. The minimum detectable radio-frequency magnetic field is 10 μA/cm (38 nW/cm²in power density).     

级联FPI-MZI复合干涉光纤传感器双参数特性研究

为了实现工业生产过程中温度和溶液质量分数的同时测量和传感检测, 提出了一种由法布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI)和马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)级联干涉结构构成的双参数传感器。该传感器由融合在一起的单模光纤(SMF)和空芯光纤(HCF)组成。采用同时测量FPI反射光谱和MZI透射光谱的特征波长位移的方法, 获得了FPI和MZI对温度和折射率的灵敏度差, 建立了传感器温度-质量分数灵敏度矩阵, 实现了传感器双参数的测量。结果表明, 在40℃~150℃的温度范围内, FPI的温度敏感度为10pm/℃, 而MZI的对温度不敏感; 在质量分数0.05~0.40的范围内, FPI对折射率不敏感, 而MZI质量分数灵敏度是232.3nm/RIU; 该传感器可以实现温度与溶液质量分数的同时测量。该研究为石油、化工、电力、钢铁、机械等加工行业中双参数的动态测量提供了参考。     

基于环行腔光纤激光器的应力传感器

提出并演示了一种基于大直径光纤锥的马赫曾德尔干涉仪应力传感器。以锥形光纤马赫曾德尔干涉仪作为滤波器,对掺铒光纤的增益谱进行梳状滤波,最终在环行光纤谐振腔中实现激光的产生并输出。所采用的马赫曾德尔干涉仪在作为滤波器件的同时也能够对光纤轴向应力进行传感,最终实现激光器输出波长随应力增加而向短波长方向漂移,实验结果显示其在波长1557 nm附近传感的敏感度达到了3 pm/。基于该锥形光纤的马赫曾德尔干涉仪具有成本低、制作简便和机械强度高的优点,使其更有利于商业化规模制作。     

应用于海水盐度测量的单模异芯结构光纤折射率传感器

提出了一种应用于海水盐度测量的单模异芯结构的光纤折射率传感器。在两段普通单模光纤(SMF28)之间熔接一段细芯单模光纤(TCSMF),构成全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(MZI)。以0-40‰NaCl溶液作为测试溶液,测量宽带光源经MZI后的透射光谱,应用特征峰波长和光谱差分积分两种方法进行解调,特征峰波长漂移量和光谱差分积分值均与NaCl浓度呈较好的线性关系。采用光谱差分积分法对全波段透射光谱强度进行解调,累积因折射率不同引起的透射谱差异,理论上可获得的盐水浓度分辨率为9.17×10-4‰,较之波长解调法提高了近3个数量级。本文的折射率传感器具有结构简单、机械强度好、测量灵敏度高和对温度不敏感等优点,可应用于海水盐度测量。     

一种光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的相位补偿方案

针对光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉（MZI）受环境影响的稳定性问题,设计了光纤MZI实验装置。从理论上分析了光纤MZI的输出光强,并给出了实验验证,由示波器直观地显示出光纤MZI的稳定性与环境的关系以及相位调制对干涉的影响等。为了解决振动噪声、温度变化等环境因素导致的光纤MZI不稳定,设计了一种新的相位补偿方案,即用两个2×2光纤耦合器的输出,实现相差检测及反馈控制。     

采用复合滤波器的温度可调谐多波长光纤激光器

提出了一种基于复合光纤滤波器的在室温下稳定输出多波长掺铒光纤激光器,该激光器由两个级联球状结构的马赫-增德尔干涉仪（MZI）和一个双折射光纤滤波器-Lyot滤波器组成。球状结构MZI是由光纤熔接机在一段单模光纤（SMF）放电设计而成的。Lyot双折射光纤滤波器是利用一段保偏光纤（PMF）和两个偏振控制器（PC）连接而成,该结构可以诱导非线性偏振旋转效应和双折射光纤效应来抑制模式竞争产生多波长。Lyot滤波器和球状结构的MZI作为模式限制器件,并且Lyot滤波器对级联球状结构MZI的透射谱进行调制,其透射谱周期决定了复合滤波器结构的透射谱周期。在室温下,该系统实现了边模抑制比约为40 dB的九个波长的同时激射,且波长间隔约为0.68 nm,与Lyot滤波器透射谱周期一致。为了验证输出波长的稳定性,在2 h内,每隔10 min观察输出的波长,实验证明,室温下中心波长输出功率的浮动小于0.67 dB。此外,将两个球状结构MZI放置在高温炉上,使其外界温度从30℃升至110℃时,输出波长光谱的调谐范围可达到6.69 nm。     

A variable coefficient microwave photonic filter based on multi-wavelength fiber laser and Mach-Zehnder interferometer

A microwave photonic filter（MPF） with variable coefficient is proposed and demonstrated, which is constructed by a multi-wavelength fiber laser and Mach-Zehnder interferometer（MZI）. Through changing the slope characteristics of Mach-Zehnder interference spectrum adjusted by optical variable delay line（OVDL）, the conversion from phase modulation（PM） to intensity modulation（IM） is realized. The multi-wavelength fiber laser with Lyot-Sagnac optical filter has variable wavelength spacing. So the designed filter has a variable number of taps and tap weights. As a result, the tunable range of passband center frequency is 2.6 GHz. The reconfigurability of MPF can be also realized by adjusting the output of fiber laser.     

基于光子晶体光纤M-Z干涉仪的折射率传感器研究

研制了一种通过手工熔接方法在两段单模光纤（SMF）间焊接一段实芯光子晶体光纤（PCF）而形成的Mach-Zehnder干涉仪（MZI）传感器,研究了传感器传输光谱与外界折射率的关系。实验结果表明,这种MZI传感器的中心波长随着外界折射率的增加向长波方向漂移,在1.340-1.384的折射率变化范围内,干涉长为3.2cm...     

大模面积双包层增益光纤优化设计

增益光纤的折射率和离子掺杂分布是决定光纤激光器输出功率和光束质量的重要因素,针对大模场光纤弯曲效应对模场面积和模场畸变的影响进行了数值分析,采用有限元方法计算了不同折射率和掺杂离子分布光纤的模场面积和增益系数。提出了高斯复合型折射率和掺杂离子分布的大模场增益光纤结构,该结构可有效提高增益光纤的增益系数和高阶模抑制系数,并具有较强的抗弯曲特性,较好的平衡了模场面积与抗弯曲特性的矛盾。根据计算结果设计了直径为65 m 的高斯复合型折射率和掺杂分布的增益光纤,在波长为1.064 m 的条件下,基模有效模面积达到1.17103 m2,基模相对增益系数和高阶模相对抑制系数分别达到0.58 和0.208 8,有效地提高了光纤激光器和放大器的输出光束质量。     

Intermodal interference based refractive index sensor employing elliptical core photonic crystal fiber

A refractive index (RI) sensor based on elliptical core photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF) has been proposed. The asymmetric elliptical core introduces the polarization-dependent characteristics of the fiber core modes. The performances of intermodal interference between the intrinsic polarization fiber core modes are investigated by contrast in two interferometers based on the Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) and Sagnac interference model. In addition, the RI sensing characteristics of the two interferometers are studied by successively filling the three layers air holes closest to the elliptical core in the cladding. The results show that the M-Z interference between LP01 and LP11 mode in the same polarized direction is featured with the incremental RI sensing sensitivity as the decreasing interference length, and the infilled scope around the elliptical core has a weak correlation with the RI sensing sensitivity. Due to the high birefringence of LP11 mode, the Sagnac interferometer has better RI sensing performance, the maximum RI sensing sensitivity of 12 000 nm/RIU is achieved under the innermost one layer air holes infilled with RI matching liquid of RI=1.39 at the pre-setting EC-PCF length of 12 cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the M-Z interferometer with the same fiber length. The series of theoretical optimized analysis would provide guidance for the applications in the field of biochemical sensing.     

基于单模异芯光纤结构的液位传感器

提出了一种新颖的光纤液位传感器。在普通单模光纤(SMF)中间熔接一段细芯单模光纤(TCSMF),构成共轴光纤马赫曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)。液位的变化引起包层模与芯模的相位差发生改变,从而导致干涉仪的透射光谱发生改变。对传感器的工作原理和测量灵敏度及精度进行了理论分析,实验结果显示透射光谱中特征峰波长漂移量跟液位变化量呈较好的线性关系,且灵敏度随待测液体折射率的增大而增高,与理论分析结果相一致。测量得到纯水和饱和氯化钠溶液的测量灵敏度分别为0.160 nm/mm和0.228 nm/mm。该传感器采用全光纤结构,制备简单、测量精度高,可适用于折射率低于光纤包层折射率液体的高精度液位测量。     

Tunable fiber laser based on a cascaded structure consisting of in-line MZI and traditional MZI

A tunable erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser with a cascaded structure consisting of in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and traditional MZI is proposed. The transmission spectrum of the in-line MZI is modulated by the traditional MZI, which determines the period of the cascaded structure, while the in-line MZI’s transmission spectrum is the outer envelope curve of the cascaded structure’s transmission spectrum. A stable single-wavelength lasing operation is obtained at 1 527.14 nm. The linewidth is less than 0.07 nm with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) over 48 dB. Fixing the in-line MZI structure on a furnace, when the temperature changes from 30 °C to 230 °C, the central wavelength can be tuned within the range of 12.4 nm.     

基于飞秒激光制备的光纤Fabry-Perot折射率传感器

在对光纤Fabry-Perot(F-P)传感器多光束干 涉原理仿真分析的基础上,利用波长为800nm的飞秒 激光脉冲在普通单模光纤(SMF)上制备微型传感器,并对其折射率响应性能进行了实验测试 。理论分析表明,在低、高折射率区域,F-P传感器的反射谱对比度随着折射率的增加分别 呈现先降低后增加的趋势(折射率高低分界点1．457)。飞秒激光 的制备方法通过计算机控制腔长等可以进行参数可选择的微型光纤F-P传感器的制作。利用 制备的传感器对一系列不同折 射率的溶液进行了折射率响应测试实验,测试结果表明,传感器反射谱对比度对低折射率物 质(折射率小于 1.457)的灵敏度为27.65dB/RI,对高折射 率 物质(折射率大于1.457)的灵敏度为3.50dB /RI,且均具有良好的线性响应。