HFC—32/134a在房间空调器中的理论与实验研究

本文主要是进行非共沸混合制冷剂HFC—32/HFC—134a(30/70％)在房间空调器中替代HCFC—22的理论与试验研究。理论与试验研究的结果表明:在对原来装置不作大的改动的情况下,HFC—32/HFC—134a(30/70％)的性能与HCFC—22相当,可以成为HCFC—22的直接替代制冷剂。     

空调用热泵工质HCFC22的替代物HFC32/HFC152a的应用特性分析

根据有关制冷剂替代的新的国际会议精神,通过热泵标准工况下的理论制冷制热循环特性的计算分析,认为摩尔成分为0.55/0.45的非共沸混合工质HFC32/HFC152a是HCFC22很有希望的一种替代工质。而且从温室效应、可燃性等方面的应用特性进行了研究分析。     

空气源低温热泵的热力学计算研究

基于现有理论循环性能分析方法,采用工质状态方程结合实验所得出工质的P-V-T关联式进行有机工质热力学性质的联合计算,同时结合热力学一般关系式计算出该工质的导出热力学参数。应用改进的理论循环性能计算方法,以HFC134a纯工质,在冷凝温度20~50℃、循环温升45~70℃的设计运行工况范围内进行热泵循环的循环效率和循环参数间关系以及循环参数选择和系统回热循环性能的特性研究。对该型工质的低温热泵系统,当循环有合理温升时,其有更高COP和较小的压比,得到了在各种应用条件下热泵的最优参数和最优循环。计算结果表明纯质HFC134a具有作为超低温热泵工质的潜力。     

美国推出替代R22和R502的HFC基混合工质

在由SHRAE和ARI举办的空调、供暖、制冷93展览会上,美国四大制冷剂制造厂商公布了各自的新的HFC基混合工质。 联合信号公司介绍了由它们开发的HFC基共沸混合工质GenetvonAZ—50和AZ—20,分别作为R502和R22的长期替代物,AZ—50由R125和R134a组成,AZ—20由R125和R32组成。 杜邦公司公布了它的R22替代制冷剂—SuvaAc9000,这是一种由R32、R125和R134a组成的HFC基共沸混合工质。     

空调用热泵工质HCFC22的替代HFC32／HFC152a的应用特性分析

根据有关制冷剂替代的新的国际会议精神，通过热泵标准工况下的理论制冷制热循环循环特性的计算分析，认为摩尔成分为0．55／0．45的非共沸混合工质HFC32／HFC152a是HCFC22很有希望的一种替代工质。而且从温室效应、可燃性等方面的应用特性进行了研究分析。     

三级自动复叠系统混合工质配比设计与验证

为了确定应用于三级自动复叠系统的混合工质,说明了混合工质组分确定的方法,并据此为一台设备选取了R134a/R23/R14/R50作为制冷剂。通过提出了一些理想状态假设之后,简化制冷剂在制冷系统中的循环过程。忽视非必须制冷剂R50对系统的影响,认为系统中只有R134a/R23/R14进行制冷循环。利用串联热平衡法计算了各组分的循环流量,以R14的循环量作为对比单位,与实验得出的最佳配比进行比较。通过分析误差原因,指出了在实际设备制造过程中根据计算结果确定混合工质配比的可行性。     

房间空调器用HCFC22替代物的试验研究

本文介绍了房间空调器应用HCFC22/HCFC142b、HCFC22/HFC152a、HFC32/HFC152a非共沸混合工质的模拟计算及试验研究情况,通过理论计算和大量的测试表明,上述混合工质是HCFC22很有希望的替代制冷剂,它不仅提高了空调器的能效比,有很高的节能意义,而且减少(或没有)了对大气O_3层的危害,为开发HCFC22的替代工质和研制无公害的节能型家用空调器提供了理论及实践基础。     

替代工质HFC134a在汽车空调上的应用

汽车空调是用CFC12作为制冷工质的,并且很早就开始了替代工质的研究,结果不含氯原子且与CFC12的蒸发压力相近的HFC134a被选为最佳替代物。由于HFC134a与CFC12化学性质不同,如果直接把HFC134a用于现在的制冷系统,就会导致可靠性和性能降低,这里就这些问题及其对策加以论述。     

二甲醚作为冰箱制冷剂的理论分析

对二甲醚（DME）用作冰箱制冷剂进行理论分析，比较制冷剂DME与冰箱制冷剂HFC134a和HC600a的基础热物理性质。对它们的冰箱标准工况制冷循环性能和变工况制冷循环性能进行理论计算及分析。分析表明：制冷剂DME的制冷性能与HFC134a和HC600a的制冷性能基本相似，性能系数（COP）却优于HFC134a和HC600a。并且，二甲醚具有环保、无毒和与材料兼容的特点。因此，二甲醚适合做新一代的冰箱制冷剂。     

汽车空调系统工质替代研究现状及未来

提出了汽车空调工质替代原则,指出制冷剂R134a已成为汽车空调的主流替代工质,但R134a只能作为过渡性替代物,最终将使用自然工质作为制冷剂。同时,讨论了采用自然工质作为制冷剂的其它循环方式,认为固体吸附式制冷系统是一种有潜力的汽车空调制冷系统。     

离心式冷水机组制冷剂选择的探讨

阐述了离心式冷水机组的两种替代制冷剂HFC134a和HCFC123的性能,综合比较了这两种制冷剂的安全性、效率和其它一些因素。从安全性能来讲,HFC134a占有优势;在效率方面,HCFC123略高于HFC134a;由于HCFC123的ODP不为零,根据蒙特利尔议定书这一强制性条约,它将限制禁用;同时京都议定书也要求限制HFCs的排放量。最后文中结合了中国国情对HCFC123的使用进行了风险分析,认为就目前而言,HFC134a应当成为替代剂的主流。     

Analysis based on EU Regulation No 517/2014 of new HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration and HVAC systems

The EU Regulation No 517/2014 is going to phase-out most of the refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems (R134a, R404A and R410A) because of their extended use and their high GWP values. There are very different options to replace them; however, no refrigerant has yet imposed. In this paper we review and analyze the different mixtures proposed by the AHRI as alternative refrigerants to those employed currently. These mixtures are composed by HFC refrigerants: R32, R125, R152a and R134a; and HFO refrigerants: R1234yf and R1234ze(E). It is concluded, from the theoretical analysis, that most of the new HFO/HFC mixtures perform under the HFC analyzed (although some experimental studies show the contrary) and, in most cases, do not meet the GWP restrictions approved by the European normative. Furthermore, some of the mixtures proposed would have problems due to their flammability.     

HFC32, a low GWP substitute for HFC410A in medium size chillers and heat pumps

This paper presents the experimental heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops measured during refrigerant HFC32 condensation inside a commercial Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE) and compares this data with similar measurements previously obtained for refrigerant HFC410A to assess its capability as low GWP substitute for HFC410A in medium size chillers and heat pumps. The effects of saturation temperature, refrigerant mass flux, and vapour super-heating are investigated. HFC32 exhibits heat transfer coefficients much higher and frictional pressure drop slightly higher than those of HFC410A. Therefore, considering that HFC32 exhibits a GWP just one-third that of HFC410A, taking into account also its good thermodynamic properties, it seems to be a very promising low GWP substitute for HFC410A in medium size chillers and heat pumps.     

A simple experimental investigation of saturated vapour pressure for HFC134a-oil mixtures

A new refrigerant , HFC134a, seems to be the most promising substitute for CFC12. The vapour pressure of HFC134a-oil mixtures is one parameter that is important for a proper analysis of the operation of refrigeration systems. This paper presents vapour pressure curves for HFC134a and three kinds of representative oil for different oil percentages, and for the temperature range from -20 to +40°C (253.15–313.15 K).     

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of mixtures containing HFC32, HFC125, and HFC134a

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of binary and ternary mixtures composed of HFC32, HFC125, and HFC134a on a horizontal smooth tube of 19.0 mm outside diameter were measured. A cartridge heater was used to generate uniform heat flux on the tube. Data were taken in the order of decreasing heat flux from 80 kW m⁻² to 10 kW m⁻² with an interval of 10 kW m⁻² in the pool temperature at 7 °C. HTCs of nonazeotropic mixtures of HFC32/HFC134a, HFC125/HFC134a, and HFC32/HFC125/HFC134a showed a reduction of HTCs as much as 40% from the ideal values while the near azeotropic mixture of HFC32/HFC125 did not show the reduction. Four of the well known correlations were compared against the present data for binary mixtures. Stephan and Körner's and Schlünder's correlations yielded a good agreement with a deviation of less than 10% but they can not be easily extended to multi-component mixtures of more than three components. A new correlation was developed utilizing only the phase equilibrium data and physical properties. A regression analysis was carried out to account for the reduction of HTCs and the final correlation, which can be easily extended to multi-component mixtures of more than three components, yielded a deviation of 7% for all binary and ternary mixtures.     

An experimental investigation of the energetic performances of HFO1234yf and its binary mixtures with HFC134a in a household refrigerator

In this paper, a comparative experimental analysis between HFC134a, HFO1234yf and a refrigerant mixture of HFC134a/HFO1234yf (10/90% weight) implemented in a domestic refrigerator is introduced. Adding 10% of HFC134a to HFO1234yf, the mixture becomes non-flammable with GWP still less than 150. The experimental tests have been conducted under sub-tropical conditions in accordance with the UNI-EN-ISO15502 standard. Two kinds of tests have been shown: pull down and 1-day energy consumption. The results show that HFC134a/HFO1234yf (10/90% weight) is the best drop-in refrigerant fluid for HFC134a in the domestic refrigerator used for the experimental tests. The refrigerant mixture has the closest behaviour to that of HFC134a in terms of temperatures and pressures. Furthermore, the cycle working with the optimal charge of the mixture shows an energy saving of 16 and 14% with respect to HFC134a and HFO1234yf, respectively.     

HFC134a/HC600a/HC290 mixture a retrofit for CFC12 systems

The environmental concerns with the impact of refrigerant emissions lead to the importance in identifying a long-term alternative to meet all requirements in respect of system performance and service. Even though HFC134a and HC blend (containing 55.2% HC600a and 44.8% HC290 by weight) have been reported to be substitutes for CFC12, they have their own drawbacks in respect of energy efficiency/flammability/serviceability aspects of the system. In this present work, experimental investigation has been carried out on the performance of an ozone friendly refrigerant mixture (containing HFC134a/HC blend) in two low temperature systems (a 165 l domestic refrigerator and a 400 l deep freezer) and two medium temperature systems [a 165 l vending machine (visi cooler) and a 3.5 kW walk-in cooler]. The oil miscibility of the new mixture with mineral oil was also studied and found to be good. The HFC134a/HC blend mixture that contains 9% HC blend (by weight) has better performance resulting in 10–30% and 5–15% less energy consumption (than CFC12) in medium and low temperature system, respectively.     

Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Binary and Ternary HFC Refrigerant Mixtures

A recently developed scheme, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous prediction of the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of binary and ternary HFC refrigerant mixtures, consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a. In this prediction scheme, the hypothetical molecular parameters of HFC refrigerant mixtures were assumed to be the molar average of the pure component values. The close agreement between the predicted values and the experimental results of thermal conductivity and viscosity demonstrate the predictive power of this scheme.     

Condensation heat transfer coefficients of binary HFC mixtures on low fin and Turbo-C tubes

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are measured for nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) of HFC32/HFC134a and HFC134a/HCFC123 on a low fin and Turbo-C tubes. All measurements are taken at the vapor temperature of 39 °C with the wall subcooling of 3–8 °C. Test results showed that condensation HTCs of NARMs on enhanced tubes were severely degraded from the ideal values showing up to 96% decrease. HTCs of the mixtures on Turbo-C tube were degraded more than those on low fin tube such that HTCs of the mixtures at the same composition were similar regardless of the tube. The mixture with larger gliding temperature differences (GTDs), HFC134a/HCFC123, showed a larger heat transfer reduction from the ideal values than the mixture with smaller GTDs, HFC32/HFC134a. Heat transfer enhancement ratios of the enhanced tubes with NARMs were almost 2 times lower than those with pure refrigerants and they decreased more as the GTDs of the mixtures increased.