椭圆弯晶谱仪分析器研制

针对激光惯性约束核聚变辐射的X射线分析,可得到关于等离子体电子密度、温度、电荷分布等重要信息.研究的X射线弯晶谱仪分析器是用来诊断X射线光谱,进而实现对激光惯性约束核聚变的控制.探讨了椭圆弯晶谱仪理论原理,分析了积分反射率和质量吸收系数.弯晶谱仪采用LiF弯晶分析器,椭圆焦距2c为1 350 mm,椭圆离心率e为0.958 6,晶体布拉格角范围为30°至60°.在此对LiF弯晶分析器的制作工艺进行详细描述.实验结果表明,该晶体分析器对X射线的分辨率(λ/Δλ)可达900以上,能够用来对激光等离子体的X射线光谱进行诊断.     

X射线椭圆弯晶谱仪实验研究

利用椭圆从一个焦点发射出的光线经椭圆面反射必汇聚于另一焦点的性质,设计了基于620～6200eV的X射线椭圆弯晶谱仪.文中分析了系统原理,完成了谱仪光学色散系统、探测系统及仪器的研制.采用KAP、LiF、PET、MiCa作为色散元件,其2d值在0.4～2.6nm、Bragg角为30°～67.5°,晶体尺寸为120×8×0.2mm,偏心率为0.9586,焦距1350mm,光程长1456mm,分析器基底材料用数控铣床加工.实验在上海"神光Ⅱ"号装置上实施,激光能量为150J,波长为0.35mm,真空度为3×10^-3Pa.为达到光学对准,采用了小点光源以及精密望远镜对中.实验结果显示出金靶在0.63～0.79nm范围,其分辨力(△λ/λ)达到了1/486.谱的分辨力还与晶体特征和激光靶源尺寸有关.谱仪性能良好、使用方便、简单,具有高的收集效率和分辨能力,能够有效获取激光惯性约束聚变中激光等离子体发射光谱的丰富信息.     

基于等离子体激光的X射线弯晶谱仪研究

X射线光谱议是一种强有力的激光等离子体诊断工具。为了获取激光等离子体发射的X射线中所包含大量信息,基于椭圆几何原理设计制造了X射线弯晶谱议。在上海神光 号装置上利用LiF弯曲晶体分析器,用150J激光能量对Ti靶进行了试验。通过X射线CCD记录获取的谱线,结果表明这种聚焦型晶体分析器的灵敏度有了明显的提高。     

软X射线椭圆晶体谱仪的研制

为了测量激光等离子体软X射线的空间和时间分辨光谱,研制了一种新型的双通道椭圆晶体谱仪,椭圆的离心率和焦距分别为0.9586和1350mm。将两个完全相同的椭圆晶体分析器进行上下对称布置,在上通道用软X射线CCD相机测量空间分辨光谱,在下通道用软X射线条纹相机测量时间分辨光谱。利用KAP椭圆晶体作色散元件,测量的波长范围是1.33~2.46nm。首次在“星光Ⅱ”激光装置上进行了打靶实验,利用该谱仪配软X射线CCD相机获取了钛激光等离子体X射线的光谱,实验结果表明该谱仪的最高光谱分辨率可以达到1173。     

双通道椭圆弯晶谱仪的光学设计

根据椭圆几何光学和X射线晶体的布拉格衍射原理,进行了弯晶谱仪的光学设计.设计的椭圆离心率和焦距分别是0.958 6 mm和1 350 mm,椭圆的弧长是125.64 mm,光路的光程为1 443.30 mm;布拉格衍射角为30～67.5°,谱线探测角为55.4～134°;柱面镜的掠入射角为3.7°,半径为10 127 mm;谱线探测器的阴极面中心到狭缝的距离是35 mm.利用LiF、PET、MiCa和KAP晶体作色散元件,测量的波长范围是0.20～2.46 nm,晶体的尺寸是125 mm×8 mm×0.2mm.此外,将两个弯晶进行上下对称交叉和前后错开布置,减小了谱仪的尺寸和减轻了它的重量.     

椭圆石英弯晶的积分衍射效率标定

椭圆弯晶谱仪具有测谱宽度大,能谱分辨力高等特点,并在"神光II"激光惯性约束聚变实验研究中得到了很好的应用。利用X射线衍射仪铜(Cu)靶X射线管作为X射线线光源,选取合适厚度滤片,抑制Cu-Kβ线及韧致辐射,测量了Cu-Kα能点处二氧化硅石英椭圆弯晶的积分衍射效率和摆动曲线半高全宽,并开展了针对上述两个重要参数随晶体弯曲曲率半径改变的测试验证,预估了能谱分辨力。结果表明,椭圆弯晶的积分衍射效率和摆动曲线半高全宽对晶体弯曲半径改变敏感,通过提高晶体弯曲度可增强晶体"镶嵌"效果。该结果可为下一步优化设计多用途性椭圆弯晶谱仪,以及完善X射线光谱定量化测量提供了数据支撑。     

X射线单色成像用透射式对数螺线晶体分析器

利用对数螺线晶体在大视场范围内的保角特性,研究了一种用于等离子体X射线单色成像的透射式对数螺线晶体分析器。与反射式弯晶成像谱仪相比,该分析器具有单能成像视场更大,实现相同放大倍数时的空间排布简单等优点。根据晶体衍射成像原理及对数螺线晶体的表面方程,分析了透射式对数螺线晶体分析器的成像原理以及成像性能,包括子午、弧矢放大倍数以及视场大小等。以铜靶X射线源为背光源,用研制石英晶体透射对数螺线分析器对网丝直径为100μm的金属网格进行了单色背光成像实验。实验结果表明,晶体分析器的空间分辨力约为30μm,子午和弧矢方向视场分别达到15.938 7mm和5.900 6mm。     

激光等离子体X射线极化光谱研究

为了诊断激光等离子体X射线的极化光谱,研制了一种新型的基于空间分辨的极化谱仪。将平面晶体和球面弯晶色散元件在极化谱仪内正交布置,即在水平通道用PET平面晶体作为色散元件,而在垂直通道用Mica球面弯晶作为色散元件,球面半径为380mm。信号采用成像板进行接收,有效接收面积为30×80mm,从等离子体光源经晶体到成像板的光路约为980mm。物理实验首次在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心“2×10J激光装置”上进行,成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。实验结果表明该谱仪具有较高谱分辨率,适合激光等离子体x射线极化光谱的诊断。     

椭圆弯晶谱仪波长分辨能力的改进

讨论了椭圆弯晶谱仪的波长分辨能力。在假设谱线的固有宽度可以忽略的情况下,对两种实际影响椭圆弯晶谱仪波长分辨能力的主要因素,即光源空间尺寸和非理想椭圆分光晶面进行了分析。分别对上述两种情况进行了数学建模和数值模拟仿真。定量地分析了非理想椭圆晶面和光源空间尺寸对椭圆弯晶X射线谱仪波长分辨本领的影响程度,并给出了出射狭缝宽度与椭圆弯晶谱仪波长判读加宽的关系。从理论上论证了光源空间尺寸在限制谱仪的波长分辨能力方面仍然起关键主导作用;结合椭圆分光晶体的结构参数,合理地选择出射狭缝宽度,可使谱仪达到足够好的光谱分辨率和信噪比。用搭建的实验平台进行了实验测试,结果表明,当出射狭缝宽度(2δ)为10mm时,实测的谱线半高全宽(Δλ)为3.1×10-3nm;2δ为4mm时,Δλ为2.3×10-4nm,实测结果佐证了仿真结果的正确性。     

用于测量激光等离子体X射线的椭圆弯晶谱仪

研制了一种椭圆弯晶谱仪用于测量0.44～0.81 nm激光等离子体X射线光谱.该谱仪采用X射线CCD作探测器,用PET(2d＝0.874 nm)晶体作色散和聚焦元件,将晶体弯曲并粘贴在离心率和焦距分别为0.9586和1350 mm的椭圆形不锈钢基底上.对该谱仪在"星光Ⅱ"激光装置上进行了打靶实验,实验结果表明其光谱分辨率接近1000.     

X-ray microscopy of plant cells by using LiF crystal as a detector

A lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal has been utilized as a new soft X-ray detector to image different biological samples at a high spatial resolution. This new type of image detector for X-ray microscopy has many interesting properties: high resolution (nanometer scale), permanent storage of images, the ability to clear the image and reuse the LiF crystal, and high contrast with greater dynamic range. Cells of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas dysosmos and Chlorella sorokiniana, and pollen grains of Olea europea have been used as biological materials for imaging. The biological samples were imaged on LiF crystals by using the soft X-ray contact microscopy and contact micro-radiography techniques. The laser plasma soft X-ray source was generated using a Nd:YAG/Glass laser focused on a solid target. The X-ray energy range for image acquisition was in the water-window spectral range for single shot contact microscopy of very thin biological samples (single cells) and around 1 keV for multishots microradiography. The main aim of this article is to highlight the possibility of using a LiF crystal as a detector for the biological imaging using soft X-ray radiation and to demonstrate its ability to visualize the microstructure within living cells.     

CW可调谐单频环形染料激光器β-BaB2O4晶体内腔倍频

本文论述了利用β-BaB₂O₄晶体进行内腔连续波环形染料激光器倍频,获得了可调谐单频紫外相干辐射。在292nm附近,用3WAr⁺激光(全谱线)泵浦,得到非线性转换系数～8.33×10^-4W^-1。通过改变相位匹配角,在288～302nm范围内输出连续可调谐紫外谐波。β-BaB₂O₄晶体角灵敏度～27cm^-1/mrad。     

基于LabVIEW的光纤布拉格光栅多节点应变监测技术

针对光纤光栅传感系统多节点有源地址查询技术,发展了一种基于LabVIEW软件平台的虚拟仪器,控制模拟电子开关各信道的导通时间,将来自传感光栅的脉冲信号按时序分配至各光纤光栅对应的输出信道,而且使开关动作与环行腔激光器中F-P滤波器的扫描同步。系统的测量范围为-672~672με,分辨力为5.9n,ε1540nm波长时系统传感灵敏度的实验值为1.57°/με,与理论值1.59°/με基本吻合。     

Development and research of a laser photo-acoustic SF<Subscript>6</Subscript> gas analyzer

An analysis of various optical schemes for the development of a laser SF₆ gas analyzer based on a CO₂ laser operating in free-running mode and a resonant photo-acoustic detector (PAD) is presented. The use of a sealed gas-filled cell to normalize PAD signals on the absorbed power in the cell is suggested. Compensation for the influence of the tuning of the CO₂ laser wavelength near 10.6 μm on measured SF₆ concentration is possible. The results of experimental studies of a laser photo-acoustic SF₆ gas analyzer at various concentrations, including in the air flow, are presented. It is shown experimentally that the relative measurement error of the SF₆ concentration due to the instability of the laser radiation wavelength does not exceed 5% in the range from ~80 ppb to 40 ppm. The limit of the sensitivity of the developed gas analyzer was ~1 ppb SF₆.     

Contact X‐ray microscopy of living cells by using LiF crystal as imaging detector

In this paper, the use of lithium fluoride (LiF) as imaging radiation detector to analyse living cells by single‐shot soft X‐ray contact microscopy is presented. High resolved X‐ray images on LiF of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya VRUC135, two unicellular microalgae of the genus Chlamydomonas and mouse macrophage cells (line RAW 264.7) have been obtained utilizing X‐ray radiation in the water window energy range from a laser plasma source. The used method is based on loading of the samples, the cell suspension, in a special holder where they are in close contact with a LiF crystal solid‐state X‐ray imaging detector. After exposure and sample removal, the images stored in LiF by the soft X‐ray contact microscopy technique are read by an optical microscope in fluorescence mode. The clear image of the mucilaginous sheath the structure of the filamentous Leptolyngbya and the visible nucleolus in the macrophage cells image, are noteworthiness results. The peculiarities of the used X‐ray radiation and of the LiF imaging detector allow obtaining images in absorption contrast revealing the internal structures of the investigated samples at high spatial resolution. Moreover, the wide dynamic range of the LiF imaging detector contributes to obtain high‐quality images. In particular, we demonstrate that this peculiar characteristic of LiF detector allows enhancing the contrast and reveal details even when they were obscured by a nonuniform stray light.     

窄间隙条件下基于光纤Bragg光栅的曲面位移测量

在充分利用光纤Bragg光栅既是敏感元件又是传光元件这一特点的基础上,提出一种在曲面空间间隙小于1 mm的窄间隙条件下,测量两曲面间相对位移的方法。设计一种矩形弹片式传感探头,利用其挠度与应变之间存在的对应关系,通过应变对光栅Bragg波长的调制,获得光栅Bragg波长偏移量与曲面位移之间的线性关系。通过双光纤光栅的应变差动成功消除了光纤Bragg光栅存在的温度干扰问题。结果表明,当曲面相对位移量在0.35～0.85 mm范围内时,测量系统的灵敏度达2.54 nm/mm,线性度优于1%。     

基于激光位移传感器的面角度测量技术研究

针对面角度现场测试需求,利用激光位移传感器的漫反射测量特性,搭建了面角度非接触测量装置,提出了一种结合三坐标测量机和位置敏感探测器对激光位移传感器进行空间坐标化标定的方法,从而构建出精确的面角度测量模型;采用蒙特卡洛法对面角度非接触测量装置的不确定度进行评定,在±25°测量范围内其结果为U=0.044°~0.046°(k=2);通过性能验证试验、重复性试验和稳定性试验对装置的性能指标进行考核,在±25°测量范围内其绝对测量示值误差不超过0.036°,重复性不超过0.004°,稳定性不超过0.021°;实验结果表明该基于激光位移传感器的面角度非接触测量装置准确可靠,具备开展面角度现场测试应用的前景。